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Lisa N Boggio, MS, MD Rush University Medical Center

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1 Lisa N Boggio, MS, MD Rush University Medical Center
先天性血友病的抑制物 Lisa N Boggio, MS, MD Rush University Medical Center

2 Faculty Disclosure CSL Behring – Advisory Board, Investigator
Novo Nordisk – Investigator Baxter – Advisory Board, Investigator Bayer – Investigator Biogen-Idec - Investigator

3 教育目的 识别患者发生FVIII和 FIX抑制物的风险 评估伴有抑制物患者处理急性出血时的治疗选择 讨论手术和非手术时出血的治疗选择

4 介绍 先天性出血性疾病 FVIII 或 FIX缺乏 X-连锁的 80%-85% FVIII 缺乏 (hemophilia A)
60% 时严重出血 15% 中度 25% 轻度

5 反复关节出血 Right Left This slide shows the typical swelling that is characteristic of chronic hemophilic synovitis. This boy’s right knee appears to be swollen due to hypertrophy of the femoral condyles, muscular atrophy of calf muscles as well as because of synovial hypertrophy. ©2009 Rush University Medical Center.

6 抑制物 发生于对于 30% 具有严重出血的血友病A的患者 (<1% FVIII) 未增加死亡, 但出血难以控制
3% 为 血友病 B 未增加死亡, 但出血难以控制 不可控制的出血,破坏关节并不能活动

7 何为抑制物? FVIII 分子的抗体 以 Bethesda 单位 (BU)测量 低反应抑制物, 0.6-5 BU
IgG4 亚型 不固定补体 非没有复合物疾病 以 Bethesda 单位 (BU)测量 正常, <0.6 BU 低反应抑制物, BU 暂时的或持续的 高反应抑制物, >5 BU 记忆反应

8 FVIII 抑制物的作用机制 A1 A3 A2 C1 C2 FIXa 相互作用 FVIIIa FX 相互作用 磷脂相互作用
Scandella D. Vox Sang. 1999;77 (suppl 1):17-20.

9 Residual FVIII (% of control)
Bethesda 单位 1 BU = amount of inhibitor that inactivates half of FVIII in incubation mixture 100 75 50 Residual FVIII (% of control) 25 10 0.4 1 2 BU per mL Plasma Kasper CK et al. Thromb Diath Haemorrh. 1975;34:

10 FVIII 抑制物的遗传学 某些分子异常与抑制物的发生高度相关 缺乏蛋白可与抑制物的发生相关 大的缺失 (69% risk)
Schwaab R et al. Thromb Haemost. 1995;74: Oldenburg J, Pavlova A. Haemophilia. 2006;12(suppl 6):15-22.

11 Inhibitor Prevalence (%)
100 Multidomain 88% 75 Inhibitor Prevalence (%) 50 Large deletions 41% Light chain 40% Non–A-Run 21% Single domain 25% Nonsense 31% Intron 22/1 inversions 21%/17% 25 Small deletions 16% Heavy chain 40% Splice site 17% C1-C2 10% A-Run 3% Missense 5% Non–C1-C2 3% Oldenburg J, Pavlova A. Haemophilia.2006;12 (suppl 6):15-22.

12 抑制物的发生 FVIII: 15%-30% 少量纯化产品可以产生低低度抑制物 重组产品, 24% 中度纯化, 20% 单克隆产品, 16%
25%: 暂时抑制物 30%: 低反应抑制物 45%: 高反应抑制物 Lusher JM et al. N Engl J Med. 1993;328: Bray G. Ann Hematol. 1994;68(suppl 3):S29-S34.

13 严重血友病患者出血和抑制物的发生情况 100 80 60 Patients (%) % With Bleeding 40 20 1 2 3
All patients Joint 20 20 >5 BU Other <5 BU 1 2 3 4 5 50 100 150 200 250 Age (years) FVIII Exposure (days) Pollmann H et al. Eur J Pediatr. 1999;158(suppl 3):S166-S170. White GC II et al. Am J Hematol. 1982;13:

14 抑制物的发生 抑制物常发生于年轻患者 抑制物发生于严重血友病患者 (<2% FVIII 活性)
中位, 纯化产品用后20 个月 少量纯品用后晚期发生 2% 发生于曾用药的成人 抑制物发生于严重血友病患者 (<2% FVIII 活性) 轻中度 (2.5% 发生) 抑制物发生于用药后早期: 中位, 9 次 Lusher JM et al. N Engl J Med. 1993;328: ; Bray G. Ann Hematol. 1994;(suppl 3):S29-S34; McMillan CW et al. Blood. 1988;71:

15 抑制物治疗相关危险因素 CANAL: 回顾性研究 366 例严重血友病 A 患者 首次用药年龄 与外科手术和高剂量治疗的相关性增加显著
发生率:从第一个月用药时的41% 下降为18月后首次用药时的18% 当调整剂量强度后相关性显著消失 与外科手术和高剂量治疗的相关性增加显著 60% 予以预防 vs 按需治疗的患者是低危的 Gouw SC et al. Blood. 2007;109:

16 抑制物发生的危险因素 不合的 FVIII 替代治疗可为黑人患者的高危因素 950例血友病A患者抑制物研究(HIS)中,下列为高危因素
对纯品高敏 CNS 出血 非洲裔美国人 缺乏错义突变 Viel KR et al. N Engl J Med. 2009;360: ; Ragni MV et al. Haemophilia. 2009;15:

17 治疗模式 控制出血 高剂量因子替代品 猪FVIII 旁路药物 PCC 重组 FVIIa 清除抑制物 诱导免疫耐受

18 控制出血 高剂量因子 仅对低低度抑制物有帮助 旁路药物 猪 FVIII aPCC 重组 FVIIa (rFVIIa)

19 猪 FVIII 现无药 可发挥VIII 活性 并发症: 抑制物, 血小板减少, DIC 64 例获得性抑制物的研究 控制出血
极好 26 好 24 一般或差 14 平均剂量 90 U/kg q12 h Morrison et al. Blood 1993: 1513

20 活化凝血酶原浓缩物 比凝血酶原浓缩物 (PCC)更有效 剂量: 50-75 U/kg, 控制出血需要时每 12 h
36% 患者单次给药aPCC 50 U/kg后12h内起效 剂量 >200 U/kg/d,血栓发生率增加 并发症较 PCC多见 特别是DIC 少见并发症: MI, PE, DVT, 过敏 Sjamsoedin LJ et al. N Engl J Med. 1981;305: ; Hilgartner MW et al. Blood. 1983;61:36-40.

21 重组 FVIIa 作用机制: 活化FIX 和 FX 传统剂量: 90 µg/kg 每2好直至出血停止
凝血酶产生所必需的 (数量和率) essential 传统剂量: 90 µg/kg 每2好直至出血停止 近期研究证实 270 μg/kg单剂量与90 μg/kg x 3相似 当病情改善逐渐延长给药间隔 Young G et al. Haemophilia. 2008;14: ; Kavakli K et al. Thromb Haemost. 2006;95:

22 重组FVIIa 剂量 药物说明: 剂量, 90-120 µg/kg 临床研究证明,此剂量需 2.2 次 可以止血 早期治疗效果更佳
23% 的患者在单剂 rFVIIa 90 µg/kg 给药3 h内起效 Key NS et al. Thromb Haemost. 1998;80: ; Lusher JM. Blood Coag Fibrinolysis. 2000;11 (suppl 1):S45-S49.

23 aPCC vs rFVIIa 两组止血的有效率均为 70%-90% 两个头对头的前瞻性aPCC 和rFVIIa的比较性研究
FENOC 研究 (Baxter 研究者发起的研究)1 F7Haem-2068 (Novo Nordisk 公司赞助的研究)2 Astermark J et al. Blood. 2007;109: ; Young G et al. Haemophilia. 2008;14:

24 FENOC 研究 随机、开放研究比较单剂 aPCC 75-100 U/kg vs 2 剂 rFVIIa 90-120 µg/kg
主要研究终点 止血有效性 疼痛 结果 aPCC和rFVIIa 对关节出血效果相似 等效性统计不满足 FENOC = FEIBA NovoSevenComparative .Astermark J et al. Blood. 2007;109:

25 FENOC 研究: 有效性结果 治疗任意时间点结果分布无统计学差异 主要终点等效性不满足 50 40 30 Frequency 20 10
6 2 6 12 12 40 24 24 36 48 36 48 30 Frequency 20 Not effective Poorly effective 10 Partially effective Effective This figure illustrates the frequencies (counts) of efficacy outcomes by time point and type of treatment. There were no statistically significant differences in the distribution of outcomes by treatment at any time point. The primary endpoint of equivalence was not met. Astermark J et al. A randomized comparison of bypassing agents in hemophilia complicated by an inhibitor: the FEIBA NovoSeven Comparative (FENOC) Study. Blood. 2007;109: Hour aPCC rFVIIa Treatment 治疗任意时间点结果分布无统计学差异 主要终点等效性不满足 Astermark J et al. Blood. 2007;109:

26 with hemophilia + inhibitors
F7Haem-2068: 研究设计 第1次 bleed T0 T+3h T+6h 第2次 bleed T0 T+3h T+6h 第3次 bleed T0 T+3h T+6h rFVIIa 90 μg/kg rFVIIa 270 μg/kg rFVIIa 90 μg/kg aPCC 75 U/kg Placebo 27 patients with hemophilia + inhibitors rFVIIa 90 μg/kg Placebo rFVIIa 270 μg/kg rFVIIa 90 μg/kg aPCC 75 U/kg Placebo rFVIIa 90 μg/kg Placebo rFVIIa 90 μg/kg rFVIIa 270 μg/kg rFVIIa 90 μg/kg Placebo rFVIIa 90 μg/kg aPCC 75 U/kg Placebo rFVIIa 90 μg/kg The rFVIIa doses were blinded and placebo-controlled. Young G et al. Haemophilia. 2008;14:

27 Patients Not Needing Rescue Medication at 9h (%)
F7Haem-2068: 止血成功 *P = 0.032 P = 0.069 100 91.7 90.9 22/24 80 20/22 63.6 60 Patients Not Needing Rescue Medication at 9h (%) 14/22 40 20 rFVIIa 270 μg/kg single dose rFVIIa 3 x 90 μg/kg multiple doses aPCC 75 U/kg Key et al, 92%; Kavakli et al, 90.5%; Young G et al. Haemophilia. 2008;14:

28 F7Haem-2068: 总结 单剂 rFVIIa 270-μg/kg 较 aPCC显著减少补救治疗
多剂 rFVIIa 较 aPCC有显著优势倾向 这可能由于研究设计的偏倚 Young G et al. Haemophilia. 2008;14:

29 伴有抑制物患者的预防 潜在益处 减少出血发生 允许有更多正常的生活质量 缓解靶关节 防止关节受损 改善大手术前的整体功能

30 Mean No. of Bleeds per Month
rFVIIa 预防研究 预防前期 预防后期 预防期 Mean No. of Bleeds per Month 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 90 µg/kg 270 µg/kg * +35%; +22% *** *** – 45%; –59% ** *** – 27%; –50% Bracketed data are the estimated changes (%) in no. of bleeds/month (defined as 28 days) for the 90 µg/kg and 270 µg/kg rFVIIa treatment groups during the prophylaxis or postprophylaxis period as compared with the preprophylaxis period, and during the prophylaxis period as compared with the postprophylaxis period. ***P≤0.001; **P≤0.01; *P≤0.05. Konkle BA et al. J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5:

31 % Patients With No Problems
rFVIIa 预防的生活质量 80 60 % Patients With No Problems 40 EQ-5D 标准 焦虑 自理 疼痛 少见的活动 20 移动性 筛查 预防 预防终点 预防后终点 Hoots WK et al. Haemophilia. 2008;14: 31

32 aPCC 预防病例 Joint ROM Bleeding Author Year N Unit/Wk Better No Δ Worse
Reduction Valentino 2009 6 700 NR 100% Leissinger 2007 5 225 1 4 78% Ohga 150 DiMichele 2006 14 245 3 8 2 53% Siegmund 2005 210 Hilgartner 2003 7 375 32

33 Giangrande PLF et al. Haemophilia. 2009;15:501-508.
33 10 种手术: 8例13次 术前予以 rFVIIa µg/kg 手术时出血控制良好 最终结果“极好”或“非常满意” Giangrande PLF et al. Haemophilia. 2009;15: 33

34 小手术 大手术 中位 (范围) 35 µg/kg (n = 10) 90 µg/kg (n = 7)* (n = 5) (n = 6)
34 小手术 大手术 中位 (范围) 35 µg/kg (n = 10) 90 µg/kg (n = 7)* (n = 5) (n = 6) 给药时间 (天) 4.0 (3-6) 6.0 15.0 (2-26) 9.5 (8-17) 注射次数 29.5 (24-44) 38.0 (26-67) 135.0 (11-186) 81.0 (71-128) rFVIIa总剂量 (mg) 45.5 (14-171) 67.0 (31-122) 656 (31-839) 569 ( ) *Excluding one outlier. Shapiro AD et al. Thromb Haemost. 1998;80: 34

35 rFVIIa 用于具有抑制物的血友病患者手术: 有效性
满意止血的患者数* (%) 小手术 大手术 P-Value 时间点 35 µg/kg (n = 10) 90 µg/kg (n = 8) (n = 5) (n = 6) vs OR 100 88 NS Hour 0 90 8 80 24 48 60 Day 3 40 0.014 4 70 0.008 5 83 0.030 *Effective or partially effective. Shapiro AD et al. Thromb Haemost. 1998;80: 35

36 Rodriguez-Merchan EC et al. Haemophilia. 2007;13:613-619.
手术 手术例数 血液学治疗 结果 并发症 放射行滑膜切除术 20 均用 aPCC 19 好, 1 一般 1 例注射后出血 全膝成形术 3 2例 aPCC, 1例 rFVIIa 2 好, 1 一般 1 例术后出血 股骨颈损伤固定术 1 rFVIIa 全臀关节成形术 踝关节融合术 aPCC 膝关节融合术 Rodriguez-Merchan EC et al. Haemophilia. 2007;13: 36

37 DiMichele D, Négrier C. Haemophilia. 2006;12:352-362.
37 手术前/中注射 术后注射 治疗天数 总剂量 (U/kg) 大手术 (N = 4) 2 (1-5) 21 (12-31) 9 (6-14) 1174 ( ) 小手术 (N = 12) 1 (1-2) 9 (1-33) 11 (1-74) 748 ( ) DiMichele D, Négrier C. Haemophilia. 2006;12: 37

38 Excellent/Good Efficacy (%)
aPCC 预防: 有效性 100 90 80 70 60 Excellent/Good Efficacy (%) 50 40 30 20 10 手术前/中 手术后 DiMichele D, Négrier C. Haemophilia. 2006;12:

39 清除抑制物 诱导免疫耐受 (ITI) Regimen FVIII Other Bonn 100-150 IU/kg bid aPCC prn
Los Angeles 50 IU/kg/d 糖皮质激素 Malmö 保持 FVIII >0.40 CTX, IVIg, EACA van Creveld 25 IU/kg 隔日 Oxford 按需 There is no consensus for the optimal regimen, as they have not been systematically compared. They may differ more in time to success rather than in the overall success rate. CTX = cyclophosphamide; IVIg = intravenous immunoglobulin; EACA = epsilon aminocaproic acid.

40 应用 ITI 定义结果 国际公认 正常化FVIII 药物动力学 不可测的抑制物滴度 <0.6 BU 和
以 Bethesda 或 Nijmegen 分析 正常化FVIII 药物动力学 血浆 FVIII 恢复 >66% 预期 半衰期 >6 h(72h后不在应用 FVIII 时)

41 ITI 证据医学 ITI 失败 33个月不间断ITI未达成功的定义标准
Failure to demonstrate a progressive 20% reduction in inhibitor titer over each successive 6-month period of uninterrupted ITI, beginning 3 months after initiation to allow for expected anamnesis

42 血友病 B中的IX因子抑制物 发生于%3的病人 大约80%是高反应性的 在发生抑制物之前或同时常发生过敏反应 FIX蛋白的抗体
IgG4和IgG1亚群 Occur in 3% of patients Approximately 80% are high-responding Frequent occurrence of allergic/anaphylactic reactions prior to or simultaneously with the onset of inhibitors Antibodies to FIX protein IgG4 and IgG1 subclasses DiMichele D. Br J Haematol. 2007;138:

43 血友病B:遗传学 突变的种类: 错义突变 (69.5%), 无义突变 (14.4%), 小缺失 (6.4%), 剪切位点突变 (5.9%), 大缺失(2.5%), 启动子突变 (1.3%) 与疾病严重性的关系 缺失, 无义突变: 严重血友病 B (HB) 错义突变 : 轻度 HB (88%), 中度 HB (90%), 严重 HB (59%) 突变的种类和抑制物产生的风险 4.7%的抑制物与严重 HB有关 大缺失,无义突变, 移码突变 Belvini D et al. Haematologica. 2005;90:

44 国际的ISTH-SSC中FIX 抑制物记录
发现抑制物的中位年龄:19.5月(9-156) FIX替代治疗的中位暴露时间:11天(2-180) 抑制物滴度的平均峰值:30BU(1-1156) Focus on patients with FIX inhibitor-related complications (severe allergic or anaphylactic reactions) Median age at inhibitor detection: 19.5 months (9-156) Median exposure days to FIX replacement therapy: 11 days (2-180) Mean peak inhibitor titer: 30 BU (1-1156) ISTH-SSC = International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis Scientific and Standardization Committee. Chitlur M et al. Haemophilia. 2009;15:

45 针对 FVIII 抑制物的ITI治疗的成功率
International North American Combined Success 114 (69%) 93 (72%) 207 (70%) Failure 51 (31%) 37 (28%) 88 (30%) A rigorous definition of success requires that there be no inhibitor detectable by Bethesda assay and that the in vivo recovery of FVIII must be normal. After achieving immune tolerance, patients are often placed on a continuous prophylactic FVIII schedule. The International Registry is maintained by Dr. G. Mariani, University of Palermo, Italy. The North American registry is maintained by Dr. D. DiMichele, Columbia University, New York. International and North American ITI Studies; reported at Bonn, August 1997.

46 ITI预后因素中的宿主因素 没有一个单纯的宿主相关的变异对预测抗FVIII抗体的产生是特异和充足的 -血友病严重性 -FVIII基因突变(无效突变) -种族 -IL-10(危险系数,4.4)和TNFa多样性 No single host-related variable has been shown to be specific and sufficient for predicting anti-FVIII antibody development Hemophilia severity FVIII gene mutation (null mutations) Ethnicity Family history IL-10 (odds ratio, 4.4) and TNFa polymorphism IL = interleukin; TNFa = tumor necrosis factor-alpha DiMichele D. J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5(suppl1):

47 F8 基因突变和 ITI 后果 成功的ITI 无效突变并未影响取得成功的ITI的几率 12/17 (70%) 的病人 内含子 22 倒转
5/7 (75%) of 的病人有其他 的无效突变 无效突变并未影响取得成功的ITI的几率 Rocino A et al. Haematologica. 2006;91:

48 Coppola A et al. J Thromb Haemost. 2009;7:1809-1815.

49 ITI 的成功和F8突变 Cumulative ITI Success Rate (%) Time (months) 100
Low risk 80 60 Cumulative ITI Success Rate (%) High risk 40 20 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Time (months) Coppola A et al. J Thromb Haemost. 2009;7:

50 ITI的预后因素 ITI前滴度 历史的峰滴度 FVIII浓缩物剂量 FVIII产物种类 免疫调节 治疗护理 出血预防的旁路治疗
Pre-ITI titer Historical peak titer Dose of FVIII concentrate FVIII product type Immune modulation Supportive care Bypass therapy bleeding prophylaxis DiMichele D. J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5(suppl 1):

51 抑制物滴度的影响 DiMichele D. J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5(suppl 1):

52 国际 ITI 研究: 结果 Hay and DiMichele. Blood ; 119: 1335

53 耐受的时间 Responding Group Intent to Treat Group
Time to success by treatment arm. (A) Kaplan-Meier plot showing the time to tolerance for the 66 patients who achieved a success, partial success, or failure end point, broken down by HD and LD treatment arm. (B) Intention-to treat Kaplan-Meier plot showing the time to tolerance for all 115 patients randomized and broken down by treatment arm. This plot shows no significant difference between treatment arms (P .942), but a lower success rate because those not completing ITI or who were withdrawn for logistical reasons are also included. Hay and DiMichele. Blood ; 119: 1533

54 ITI治疗方面的里程碑 n LD HD p 1期:ITI的开始到阴性滴度 29 9.2 (4.9-17.0) 31 4.6
( ) .017 2期: 阴性滴度到首次恢复正常 27 13.6 ( ) 23 6.9 ( ) .001 3期:恢复正常到耐受 24 15.5 ( ) 22 10.6 ( ) .096 Hay and DiMichele. Blood ; 119: 1533

55 仍然需要做的工作 基因单倍体在抑制物产生中的作用 PUPs 与血浆来源的因子 (SIPPET)中抑制物产生的几率
长期作用因子的抑制物产生概率 Role of gene haplotypes in inhibitor development Rates of inhibitor development in PUPs with plasma-derived factor (SIPPET) Inhibitor rates with long-acting factors


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