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Ch3. Maxwell’s Equations in Differential Form

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1 Ch3. Maxwell’s Equations in Differential Form
• Faraday’s Law and Ampere’s Circuital Law (法拉第定律與安培迴路定律) • Gauss’ Laws and the Continuity equation (高斯定律與電流連續方程) • Curl and Divergence (旋度與散度) • Uniform Plane Waves in Time Domain in Free Space (自由空間時域平面波) • Sinusoidally Time-Varying Uniform Plane Waves in Free Space (自由空間正弦時變平面波) • Polarization of Sinusoidally Time-Varying Vector Fields (正弦時變向量場的偏振) • Power Flow and Energy Storage (功率流與能量貯藏)

2 Ch3. Maxwell’s Equation in Differential Form
• Faraday’s Law and Ampere’s Circuital Law (法拉第定律與安培迴路定律) • Gauss’ Laws and the Continuity equation (高斯定律與電流連續方程) • Curl and Divergence (旋度與散度) • Uniform Plane Waves in Time Domain in Free Space (自由空間時域平面波) • Sinusoidally Time-Varying Uniform Plane Waves in Free Space (自由空間正弦時變平面波) • Polarization of Sinusoidally Time-Varying Vector Fields (正弦時變向量場的偏振) • Power Flow and Energy Storage (功率流與能量貯藏)

3 Faraday’s Law and Ampere’s Circuital Law (法拉第定律與安培迴路定律)
(積分形式) 安培定律 相當於 法拉第定律 (微分形式) 安培定律

4 在 z-x 平面上, 當x, z 0時 相當於 ( 方向)

5

6 在 x-y-z 空間中, 當x, y, z 0時 相當於 x y z

7 各座標系中的Curl計算 符號定義: 直角座標 圓柱座標 球座標 1, 1, 1 1, r, 1 1, r, rsin

8 各座標系中的Curl計算 直角座標 圓柱座標 球座標

9 Ch3. Maxwell’s Equation in Differential Form
• Faraday’s Law and Ampere’s Circuital Law (法拉第定律與安培迴路定律) • Gauss’ Laws and the Continuity equation (高斯定律與電流連續方程) • Curl and Divergence (旋度與散度) • Uniform Plane Waves in Time Domain in Free Space (自由空間時域平面波) • Sinusoidally Time-Varying Uniform Plane Waves in Free Space (自由空間正弦時變平面波) • Polarization of Sinusoidally Time-Varying Vector Fields (正弦時變向量場的偏振) • Power Flow and Energy Storage (功率流與能量貯藏)

10 Gauss’ Laws and the Continuity equation (高斯定律與電流連續方程)
電場高斯定律 (積分形式) 磁場高斯定律 電荷守恆 相當於 電場高斯定律 (微分形式) 磁場高斯定律 電荷守恆

11 電場高斯定律 當x,  y,  z0時,

12

13 磁場高斯定律 當x,  y,  z0時, 空間中, 或材料內 任意點之 的散度= 0

14 電荷守恆 當x,  y,  z0時,

15 各座標系中的Divergence的計算 符號定義: 直角座標 圓柱座標 球座標 1, 1, 1 1, r, 1 1, r, rsin

16 各座標系中的Divergence的計算 直角座標 圓柱座標 球座標

17 Ch3. Maxwell’s Equation in Differential Form
• Faraday’s Law and Ampere’s Circuital Law (法拉第定律與安培迴路定律) • Gauss’ Laws and the Continuity equation (高斯定律與電流連續方程) • Curl and Divergence (旋度與散度) • Uniform Plane Waves in Time Domain in Free Space (自由空間時域平面波) • Sinusoidally Time-Varying Uniform Plane Waves in Free Space (自由空間正弦時變平面波) • Polarization of Sinusoidally Time-Varying Vector Fields (正弦時變向量場的偏振) • Power Flow and Energy Storage (功率流與能量貯藏)

18 4.3 Curl and Divergence (旋度與散度的意義)
法拉第定律 安培定律 微分形式之 Maxwell’s Equations 電場高斯定律 磁場高斯定律 電荷守恆

19 A. 旋度

20 B. 散度

21 C. Stokes’ 定理

22 散度(divergence)定理

23 利用散度(divergence)定理及 Stokes’定理可以證明:

24 Ch3. Maxwell’s Equation in Differential Form
• Faraday’s Law and Ampere’s Circuital Law (法拉第定律與安培迴路定律) • Gauss’ Laws and the Continuity equation (高斯定律與電流連續方程) • Curl and Divergence (旋度與散度) • Uniform Plane Waves in Time Domain in Free Space (自由空間時域平面波) • Sinusoidally Time-Varying Uniform Plane Waves in Free Space (自由空間正弦時變平面波) • Polarization of Sinusoidally Time-Varying Vector Fields (正弦時變向量場的偏振) • Power Flow and Energy Storage (功率流與能量貯藏)

25 James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857-1894)
Maxwell’s Equations, Prediction of electromagnetic waves Experimental verification of electromagnetic waves

26 均勻平面波 (Uniform Plane Waves)
電磁波:

27 平面電磁波之波源 在 z = 0 * 靜磁場:

28 平面電磁波的傳遞 由 z = 0 向外傳遞

29 平面電磁波的傳遞 波動方程式

30 平面電磁波的傳遞 x z y

31 空間電磁波的波速 m/s

32 空間電磁波的波函數 向 z 傳遞

33 Ch3. Maxwell’s Equation in Differential Form
• Faraday’s Law and Ampere’s Circuital Law (法拉第定律與安培迴路定律) • Gauss’ Laws and the Continuity equation (高斯定律與電流連續方程) • Curl and Divergence (旋度與散度) • Uniform Plane Waves in Time Domain in Free Space (自由空間時域平面波) • Sinusoidally Time-Varying Uniform Plane Waves in Free Space (自由空間正弦時變平面波) • Polarization of Sinusoidally Time-Varying Vector Fields (正弦時變向量場的偏振) • Power Flow and Energy Storage (功率流與能量貯藏)

34 Sinusoidally Time-Varying Uniform Plane Waves in Free Space
, 在 z = 0 處 向 z 傳遞 其中

35 線偏振電磁波 (linearly polarized EM wave)
正弦電磁波 x E z H y x E H z y 線偏振電磁波 (linearly polarized EM wave)

36 正弦電磁波  真空中 m/s 波長(m)  頻率 (MHz) = 300 mMHz

37 正弦電磁波-波長 電磁波的波長  米 m 釐米 mm 微米 m 奈米 nm 102 100 101 102 103 104
105 106 107 108 109 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 101 無線電波 微波 遠 紅外光 紅外光 可 見 光 紫 外 光 X 光  射線 老鼠 螞蟻 塵螨 mm 細菌 50-1 m 病毒 nm 分子 原子 原子核

38 正弦電磁波-無線電波(radio wave)及微波(microwave)之頻率

39 正弦電磁波之 “電場-磁場比值” 及傳遞方向
向 z 傳遞, 波速

40 正弦電磁波-例: 天線陣列

41 Ch3. Maxwell’s Equation in Differential Form
• Faraday’s Law and Ampere’s Circuital Law (法拉第定律與安培迴路定律) • Gauss’ Laws and the Continuity equation (高斯定律與電流連續方程) • Curl and Divergence (旋度與散度) • Uniform Plane Waves in Time Domain in Free Space (自由空間時域平面波) • Sinusoidally Time-Varying Uniform Plane Waves in Free Space (自由空間正弦時變平面波) • Polarization of Sinusoidally Time-Varying Vector Fields (正弦時變向量場的偏振) • Power Flow and Energy Storage (功率流與能量貯藏)

42 y 時變向量場 F F2 x F1 F1 F2

43 Circular polarization (圓偏振) Elliptical polarization (橢圓偏振)
時變向量場的 “偏振” 形式 Linear polarization (線偏振) Circular polarization (圓偏振) Elliptical polarization (橢圓偏振)

44 時變向量場的 “線偏振”

45 時變向量場的 “圓偏振”

46 Ch3. Maxwell’s Equation in Differential Form
• Faraday’s Law and Ampere’s Circuital Law (法拉第定律與安培迴路定律) • Gauss’ Laws and the Continuity equation (高斯定律與電流連續方程) • Curl and Divergence (旋度與散度) • Uniform Plane Waves in Time Domain in Free Space (自由空間時域平面波) • Sinusoidally Time-Varying Uniform Plane Waves in Free Space (自由空間正弦時變平面波) • Polarization of Sinusoidally Time-Varying Vector Fields (正弦時變向量場的偏振) • Power Flow and Energy Storage (功率流與能量貯藏)

47 Power Flow (功率流) in an Electromagnetic Field
Poynting vector

48

49 電磁場之能量密度 S封密面上淨功率流出 消耗功率 電能密度 磁能密度 時間平均之單位面積 功率流出


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