疫苗與新藥開發 Vaccine and Drug Development Chemotherapy and Target therapy Ih-Jen SU 南臺科技大學 - 生物科技系 (碩研生技一甲&四技生技四甲乙合開)
九十五年臺灣地區主要死亡原因
新藥開發前十大疾病領域
Treatment of cancers Surgical removal ( 手術 ) Radiotherapy ( 電療 ) Chemotherapy ( 化療 ) Targeted therapy ( 標靶治療 )
AJCC, 臨床分期 and Survival
Kinetics of tumorigenesis: Tumor development usually takes a long period, a balance between tumor cells and environment factors
Categories of chemotherapeutics 1.DNA-acting agents: alkylators— cyclophosphamide, melphalan, cisplatin, bleomycin, doxorubicin Anti-metabolite: methortrexate, gemcitabine, hydroxyurea Anti-mitotics: vincristine, paclitaxel— Toxicity: Marrow suppression, mucositis, alopecia, nausea, neuropathy, asthenia---
Chemotherapy Toxicity Management ( 化學治療副作用的處理 )
Targetedtherapy 癌症的標靶治療
標靶治療的種類 1. 阻斷癌細胞傳遞生物訊息的小 分子代表藥物 2. 癌細胞表面抗原單株抗體的標 靶治療 3. 抑制新生血管的標靶治療
Oncogenes NormalCell Apoptosis genes Tumor suppressor genes CancerCell DNA mismatch repair genes Principal Targets of Genetic Damage 致癌基因 凋亡 抑癌 錯誤配對修護
Oncogenes ( 致癌基因 ), Oncoproteins Growth factors: PDGF, FGF, TGF… Growth factor receptors: EGFR, PDGFR Signal-transducing proteins: RAS, RAF, β- catenin Transcription factors: MYC Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases
Growth factors and signal-transducing proteins
The Difference between Chemotherapy ( 化療 ) and Targeted Therapy ( 標靶療法 ) ChemotherapyTargeted therapy Mechanisms; efficacy, side effects Nonspecific, kill normal cells too, high side effect in BM, skin, immune, GI tract Specific signal molecule for specific cancers ; high efficacy, low side effect, kill cancer cells: a. Anti-cell proliferation: DNA, mitosis, cell cycle Tyrosine kinase inhibitors-HER2, Gleevec, Iressa ( EGFR ), VEGF-R b.Cytotoxicity : Protein synthesis, cytoskeleton ( tubulin ), DNA topoisomerase. Monoclonal Abs: anti-CD20. c.Combinations: CHOP Non- specific; high toxicity, less effective. Conjugated Mo Abs plus C/T drugs. Immunomodulators : Glycobiology. Matrix inhibitors. New delivery system.
轉移癌標靶藥物之選擇
IPASS Studies : EGFR mutation
基立克 (Imatinib) 慢性骨髓性白血病及胃腸基質瘤 Gleevec 能有效抑制激脢 (kinase) 群組,一種酵素群組, 其組成成 分有百來個以上,當中的三個分 子的活動。它可以對抗 Bcr-Abl 、 c-Kit 、 PDGF-R 等標靶。因此, 只要是與這三種酵素有關的癌症, Gleevec 就有機會發揮抑制其擴 散的作用。
bcr-abl Gene: The t(9;22) Translocation
肺癌 - 艾瑞莎 (Gefitinib) Gefitinib 為表皮細胞生長 因子 (EGFR)tyrosine kinase( 能夠把蛋白質中的 tyrosine 接上磷酸根的酵 素 ) 專一性抑制劑 → 抑制 tyrosinekinase 活性 → 阻止 細胞內訊號傳遞 → 抑制腫 瘤生長、轉移及血管增生。
肝癌 -Sorafenib ( 雷莎瓦 ) 1. Multi-targeted tyrosine multikinase inhibitor 2. Advanced renal cell carcinoma 3. Advanced hepatocelluar carcinoma
VEGF-A/Akt/mTOR Signals Involve in Oncogenic Pathways Induced by ER-localized Pre-S Mutants in GGHs
腎細胞癌 - 舒癌特 (Sutent) 研究證實 Sutent 對於轉移性腎細 胞癌及惡性胃腸道基質瘤有明顯 的療效。 多重標靶治療的癌症藥物,可同 時作用於多種酪胺酸激酶接受器, 而抑制癌細胞血管新生及癌細胞 增殖,達到 抗癌的療效。
Erbitux ( 爾必得舒 ) Herceptin ( 賀癌平 ) MabThera ( 莫須瘤 ) 癌細胞表面抗原單株抗體的 標靶治療
標靶藥物治療:臨床對抗多種癌症 Erbitux® 「爾必得舒」是一種單株抗體,也是上皮生 長因子接受器( EGFR )的阻斷劑。可有效抑制大腸 直 腸癌細胞的生長,並增強癌細胞對化療藥物的效 果。
乳癌 ‐Trastuzumab (Herceptin) 1. 單獨使用於治療腫瘤細胞上有過 度表現 HER2 之轉移性乳癌病人。 2. 和化療 paclitaxel 或 docetaxel 併 用,使用於未曾接受過化學治療 之轉移性乳癌病患。
淋巴瘤 ‐Rituximab (MabThera) 用於復發或對化學療法有 抗性之低惡度 B- 細胞非何 杰金氏淋巴瘤,且用於做 為濾泡性淋巴瘤患者對誘 導療法產生反應之後的維 持治療用藥 。
淋巴瘤 : CD20 Expression in B-Cell Development
MabThera Combination as Primary Treatment D LC LD LC L FLFL I n do le n tI n do le n t Ma n t leMa n t le CL LCL L CRPRCRPR 89% 97% Coiffier et al. Blood 2000; Howard et al. Blood 1999; Keating et al. Blood 2000; Birhiray et al.Blood 2000; Jager et al. Blood 2000, Emmanouilides et al. Blood % 100% 95% 使用標靶藥物於淋巴瘤有九成的反應率
大腸直腸癌細胞的轉移需要血管新生、抑制血管 新生可以抑制癌細胞生長和轉移 抑制腫瘤新生血管的標靶治療 Avastin ( 癌思停 )
標靶藥物,副作用低 常見的副作用為皮膚疹 副作用治療建議副作用治療建議 發炎後反應痤瘡樣紅疹甲溝炎皮膚乾 Topical antiacne creams (drying effect) ± tetracyclines ± antihistamines Pulse dye laserEmollients Hydrocolloid dressing or propylene glycol ± acetylsalicyl Antiseptic soaks, silver nitrate (pyogenic granuloma) Segaert S, et al. Ann Oncol. 2005;16: 皮膚裂隙
標靶藥物治療:臨床對抗多種癌症 Avastin 「癌思停」是一種單 株抗體,也是血管生長因子 (VEGF )的阻斷劑。
標靶治療,提昇整體存活大腸直腸癌 Bevacizumab + IFL for Metastatic CRC: Phase III AVF2107g Trial Hurwitz H, et al. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2335.
The combination approach: Need for Rational Combination Molecular diversity of tumors may require a combination of agents to maximize therapeutic benefit There is a potential role for agents with multiple targets Priority research adressing best use of these agents, mainly in combination Molecular targeted therapy Monoclonal antibody therapy Chemotherapy Anti- angiogenesis therapy Radiation therapy
Major issue for targeted therapy: High cost, 600,000NTDs/course