应用型高等教育的兴起 与大学内部治理结构变革 应用型高等教育的兴起 与大学内部治理结构变革 The rise of application-oriented higher education and the reform of internal governance structure of universities 刘向兵 Liu Xiangbing

主要内容 Content 一 二 外部困境“倒逼”型变革： 中国应用型高等教育兴起的政策环境 从“教授治理”走向“合作治理”： A reform forced by external predicament: the policy environment for the rise of application-oriented higher education in China 从“教授治理”走向“合作治理”： 应用型大学内部治理结构的变革策略 二 From “faculty governance” to “collaborative governance”: the reform strategy of internal governance structure of universities of applied sciences

一 外部困境“倒逼”型变革： 中国应用型高等教育兴起的政策环境 1.1 学科逻辑主导：中国高等教育系统的“内卷化” 与趋同困局 1.1 学科逻辑主导：中国高等教育系统的“内卷化” 与趋同困局 Discipline-driven logic：The dilemma of “involution” and homogenization 1.2 应用逻辑的制度化：应用型高等教育建设的政策演进 Institutionalization of application-oriented logic: changes in policy on improving application-oriented higher education in China

1.1 学科逻辑主导：中国高等教育系统的“内卷化”与趋同困局

1.1 学科逻辑主导：中国高等教育系统的“内卷化”与趋同困局 国外应对类似困局的策略 Coping strategies adopted by foreign countries

1.1 学科逻辑主导：中国高等教育系统的“内卷化”与趋同困局 爱尔兰政府颁布的法案(Acts enacted by Irish government) 《地区性技术学院法案》(Regional Technology Institute Act) 《大学法案》（University Act） 《都柏林理工学院法案》（Dublin Polytechnic College Act）

1.2 应用逻辑的制度化：应用型高等教育建设的政策演进 2013年初，教育部组织开展了地方高校转型发展课题研究。 At the beginning of 2013, the Ministry of Education carried out a research on “Development and Transformation of Local Higher Education Institutes in China”.

1.2 应用逻辑的制度化：应用型高等教育建设的政策演进 2014年2月，国务院总理李克强提出“要引导一批本科高校向应用技术型高校转型。” In February 2014, Premier Li Keqiang proposed that a number of higher education institutes should be guided to transform into universities of applied sciences. 2014年5月，国务院发布《关于加快发展现代职业教育的决定》，指出要“实行分类管理，加快建立分类设置、评价、指导、拨款制度。” In May 2014, the State Council issued the “Decision on Accelerating the Development of Modern Vocational Education”, which pointed out that the State should initiate the implementation of category management, accelerating the establishment of classification settings, evaluation, guidance and funding system.

1.2 应用逻辑的制度化：应用型高等教育建设的政策演进 2015年10月，教育部、国家发改委、财政部三部委联合发布关于《引导部分地方普通本科高校向应用型转变的指导意见》 指出提出“建立学校、地方、行业、企业和社区共同参与的合作办学、合作治理机制”。 合作办学 Cooperation in Running Schools In October 2015, the Ministry of Education, National Development and Reform Commission, and the Ministry of Finance jointly issued the “Guidance on Transforming a Certain Number of Local Higher Education Institutes into Universities of Applied Sciences”，pointing out that the State should explore a mechanism in which the higher education institutes, local authorities, industries, enterprises and communities can all participate in and share the governance. " 合作治理 Collaborative Governance

1.2 应用逻辑的制度化：应用型高等教育建设的政策演进 “转型高校可以与行业、企业实行共同组建教育集团，也可以与行业企业、产业集聚区共建共管二级学院。建立有地方、行业和用人单位参与的校、院理事会（董事会）制度、专业指导委员会制度，成员中来自于地方政府、行业、企业和社区的比例不低于50%。” “The transformed universities can establish commercial groups of education or Secondary Colleges jointly with other enterprises or entities. A Professional Guidance Committee system and the Board of Trustees’ system which consists of members from local institutions, industries and employers should be established. Moreover, the proportion of members from the local government, industries, enterprises and the community should not be less than 50%.

1.2 应用逻辑的制度化：应用型高等教育建设的政策演进 我关注应用型本科教育的原因：The reasons why I pay so much attention to application-oriented undergraduate education： 3.我曾参与了宁夏大学中卫校区的筹建，在应用型本科教育方面有些探索和思考。I personally participated in the construction of Zhongwei campus of Ningxia University, which made me have some “probing” and thoughts on undergraduate application- oriented education. 1.应用型教育转型是当前和今后高教领域的一个重大时代课题 Transformation of application-oriented education is a major issue in the field of Higher Education at this particular juncture. 2.“985”大学同样需要应用型的本科教育和研究生教育 Universities involved in “985 Project” also need to embrace application-oriented education.

二 从“教授治理”走向“合作治理”： 应用型大学内部治理结构的变革策略 2.1 应用型学术治理体系：从“教授治学”走向“合作治学” Application-oriented academic governance system : from “faculty governance” to “collaborative governance” 2.2 服务型行政管理团队：从“泛行政化”走向“企业化”管理 Service-oriented executive management team: from “Expansion of Bureaucracy " to “Entrepreneurial " management 2.3 创业型自治的基层学术组织：从“教授治院”走向“合作治院” Entrepreneurial, autonomous, and grass-roots academic organizations: from "college governance by professors" to “shared governance"

2.1应用型学术治理体系：从“教授治学”走向“合作治学”

应厘清学术治理体系与行政管理体系之间的任务边界和互动方式。 2.2服务型行政管理团队：从“泛行政化”走向“企业化”管理 在学术治理体系与行政管理体系的关系方面 The relationship between academic governance system and administrative management system 应厘清学术治理体系与行政管理体系之间的任务边界和互动方式。 We should clarify the boundary between academic governance system and administrative management system, as well as how they interact with each other. 保障学术治理体系的相对独立性，明确行政管理体系的服务特质和战略导向。 We should also guarantee the relative independence of academic governance system, having a specific strategic orientation and explicit services characteristics of administrative management system.

在行政管理团队与基层学术组织的关系方面 协商民主的治理理念 集权与分权的动态平衡 扁平化的组织结构 2.2服务型行政管理团队：从“泛行政化”走向“企业化”管理 在行政管理团队与基层学术组织的关系方面 协商民主的治理理念 集权与分权的动态平衡 扁平化的组织结构 The relationship between executive management team and the grassroots academic organizations the concept of deliberative democracy governance  the dynamic balance of centralization and decentralization flat organizational structure

在处理与外部的关系方面 2.2服务型行政管理团队：从“泛行政化”走向“企业化”管理 行政管理团队特别是大学的领导层应扮演“制度性企业家”的功能，增强与行业、企业、地方政府以及社区的制度性互动，持续增加大学组织变革的“制度性利益”。 Administrative management team, especially leaders in universities should play a role of "institutional entrepreneurs", enhancing institutional interaction with industries, enterprises, local authorities and communities, increasing "institutional interest" of organizational reform of universities continually. 大学行政管理团队要增强“市场嗅觉”，不断寻求应用型大学发展的战略机遇。 The administrative management teams of universities should enhance their ability of sensing the market, seeking strategic opportunities for the development of universities of applied sciences.

Within the administrative management team 2.2服务型行政管理团队：从“泛行政化”走向“企业化”管理 在行政管理团队内部 Within the administrative management team 突破传统的科层制色彩浓厚的组织架构，建立“类企业”的组织结构。 We should break the traditional organization structure which is bureaucratic and establish a new type of quasi-enterprise structure. 例如，可设立教学科研部、校企合作部、战略规划部等能够彰显应用型大学办学理念和特色的校级组织结构 For instance, a teaching and research unit could be established, as well as a school-enterprise cooperation unit or a strategic planning department, which can highlight the educational philosophy and characteristics of universities of applied sciences.

2.3 创业型自治的基层学术组织：从“教授治院”走向“合作治院” 创建应用型特色学院 凸显基层学术组织的能动作用 激活学术心脏地带 应用型高等教育获得持续发展的资源与动力 关键在于 The key to accessing resources and power for sustainable development of application-oriented higher education is to create colleges with specific characteristics, which can highlight the role of grassroots academic organizations and activate academic heartland.

2.3 基层学术组织：从“教授治院”走向“合作治院” 研究型大学的基层学术组织属于“教授治院”的 “研究型自治”，应用型大学基层学术组织呼唤形成学院理事会（董事会）与学院决策机构“合作治院”的“创业型自治”格局。 The "research autonomy" of grassroots academic organizations in research universities can be regarded as "faculty governance". Grassroots academic organizations in universities of applied sciences, however, should adopt a pattern of “collaborative governance” with "entrepreneurial autonomy" which is characterized by setting a board of trustees. 同时，完善各权力（权利）组群分权制衡、民主监督的应用型大学基层学术组织治理结构。 At the same time, to improve the governance structure of grassroots academic organizations of universities of applied sciences, we need to optimize the separation of powers and enhance the mechanism of democratic supervision.

2.3 基层学术组织：从“教授治院”走向“合作治院” 凸显基层学术组织行政管理团队的服务与执行功能，避免基层学术组织“复制”大学层面的治理结构。 Grassroots academic organizations should aim to highlight the service and executive efficiency of administrative management teams, refraining from copying the governance structure of the upper level. 探索校、院理事会（董事会），从传统的“咨询议政者”向参与大学“学术治理体系”和“学院治理”的决策参与者转变，具有重大意义。它将成为应用型大学与行业、企业、地方政府、社区深度合作的制度基础和载体。 With regard to the board of trustees, it is significant to transform its role of a counselor into the role of a participant and a decision maker on academic governance and institutional management, which offers an institutional platform for a deeper cooperation among universities of applied sciences, industries, enterprises, local authorities and communities.

2.3 创业型自治的基层学术组织：从“教授治院”走向“合作治院” 地方应用型大学对于“共建共管”学院治理机制的探索 Explore a school governance mechanism of joint construction and collaborative governance 康力电梯学院 Canny Elevator College 光伏科技学院 Institute of Photovoltaic Science 常熟理工学院 的行业学院 Industry Colleges of Changshu Institute of Technology   汽车工程学院 College of Automotive Engineering 国际服务工程学院 College of International Engineering Services 旅游学院 Institute of Tourism Studies 沙家浜行政管理学院 Shajiabang School of Administration

2.3 基层学术组织：从“教授治院”走向“合作治院” 汽车工程学院的特色 The characteristic of College of Automotive Engineering 对接区域经济发展 Docking Regional Economic Development 是集成式、综合性二级学院 Integrated, Comprehensive Secondary College 签订校企合作共建实践教育基地20余家 Signing school-enterprise cooperation protocols with more than 20 practical education bases 常熟理工学院 Changshu Institute of Technology 共同建设 Joint construction 常熟市委市政府 Municipal Party committee and Municipal Government of Changshu 常熟汽车行业企业 Changshu automobile industry enterprises

2.3 基层学术组织：从“教授治院”走向“合作治院” 宁夏大学葡萄酒学院 Institute of Wine, Ningxia University 由宁夏大学、宁夏金龙集团（民营企业）、法国格勒诺布尔第二大学葡萄酒学院三方联合创办的应用型学院 金龙集团董事局主席担任葡萄酒学院董事长 聘请十余位国内外著名葡萄酒专家为客座教授 培养葡萄酒行业营销与品牌管理相关领域的人才 It is co-founded by Ningxia University, Golden Dragon Group (a private enterprise), and Institute of Wine of Université Pierre Mendès France Grenoble2, which aims to train personnel in the fields of wine industry marketing and brand management. The institute invited the Chairman of the board of directors from Golden Dragon Group to be the chairman of the Institute of Wine and hired a number of well-known wine experts as visiting professors at home and abroad.

The Zhongwei campus of Ningxia University 2.3 基层学术组织：从“教授治院”走向“合作治院” 宁夏大学亚马逊AWS云计算学院 宁夏大学亚马逊AWS云计算学院是AWS在中国落地的第一个冠名学院，由宁夏大学、中卫市和美国亚马逊AWS联合建设。 Ningxia University- Amazon AWS Cloud Computing School is the first institute titled by AWS in China. It is jointly founded by Ningxia University, Zhongwei City and Amazon AWS. 宁夏大学中卫校区 The Zhongwei campus of Ningxia University

中国应用型大学内部治理结构模型 Internal governance structure of Chinese universities of applied sciences

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