Module 6-3 WAN Frame Relay
Frame Relay 综述 Purpose: This figure provides a big-picture definition of Frame Relay. Emphasize: Frame Relay is used between the CPE device and the Frame Relay switch. It does NOT affect how packets get routed within the Frame Relay cloud. Frame Relay is a purely Layer 2 protocol. The network providing the Frame Relay service can be either a carrier-provided public network or a network of privately owned equipment serving a single enterprise. Make a clear distinction between DCE, DTE, and CPE. Emphasize that Frame Relay over SVCs is not discussed in this chapter because it is not widely supported by service providers at this time. The service provider must also support SVCs in order for Frame Relay over SVCs to operate. Note: In Cisco IOS Release 11.2, two traffic shaping features were introduced: Generic (adaptive) traffic shaping Frame Relay traffic shaping Both of these features can be used to adjust the rate at which traffic is sent by the router. In addition, these features allow th 目的:这个数字提供了一个大图片定义帧中继。 强调:使用帧中继之间的CPE设备和帧中继交换机。这不会影响数据包传输的帧中继云。 帧中继是一个纯粹的第2层的协议。 该网络提供帧中继服务可以是运营商提供的公共网络或网络私人拥有的设备提供一个单一的企业。 明确区分的DCE ,终端,和CPE 。 强调指出,帧中继超过不是在本章中讨论,因为它没有得到广泛支持的服务提供者在这个时候。服务提供商还必须支持上腔静脉综合征,以便帧中继超过上腔静脉综合征运作。 注:思科IOS版本11.2 ,两个流量整形功能介绍: 通用(自适应)流量整形 帧中继流量整形 这两种功能可以用来调整速率交通发出的路由器。此外,这些功能使次 通过虚电路连接
Frame Relay 术语
Frame Relay 术语 DLCI:数据链路连接标识 CIR: 承诺信息速率 Bc:承诺突发量 LMI:本地管理接口 Active state:活动状态 Inactive state:非活动状态 Deleted state:删除状态 SVC:交换虚电路 PVC:永久虚电路 CIR: 承诺信息速率 Bc:承诺突发量 Be:允许超过突发量 FECN:前向拥塞指示 BECN:后向拥塞指示 DE:可抛弃标志 DTE:客户端设备(CPE),数据终端设备 DCE:数据通信设备或数据电路端接设备 虚电路(VC):通过为每一对DTE设备分配一个连接标识符,实现多个逻辑数据会话在同一条物理链路上进行多路复用。 SVC:交换虚电路;PVC:永久虚电路 数字连接识别号(DLCI):用以识别在DTE和FR之间的逻辑虚拟电路。 本地管理接口(LMI):是在DTE设备和FR之间的一种信令标准,它负责管理链路连接和保持设备间的状态 目的:这个数字概括的术语,使学生愿意了解帧中继业务的讨论。 所使用的术语与帧中继不同的服务供应商。这些是常用的术语。 指出本地接入环路和注意到,本地接入率是不同的速度内使用帧中继云。 该数据链路连接识别码是当地重要意义,因此,指出同数据链路连接识别码可用于在多个地方的网络。 该autosensing本地管理界面是2月11日发布或更新的功能。 帧中继连接使用室早。电路所确定数据链路连接识别码指定服务供应商。 参考:欲了解更多有关帧中继,包括帧中继词汇,指的是帧中继论坛万维网网页: http://www.frforum.com/4000/4003.html 这当然不讨论帧中继流量问题。诸如逆向拥塞通知,前向拥塞通知,并丢弃资格都没有讨论这个方向发展。这些吨
Selecting a Frame Relay Topology 全网结构:提供最大限度的相互容错能力;物理连接费用最为昂贵。 部分网格结构:对重要结点采取多链路互连方式,有一定的互备份能力。 星型结构:最常用的帧中继拓扑结构,由中心节点来提供主要服务与应用,工程费最省 目的:这个数字是一个过渡的讨论,以说明需要subinterfaces 。现在,学生都熟悉的概念和配置帧中继,他们准备考虑问题和解决办法有关的广播更新的NBMA帧中继网络。 强调:比较不同的拓扑结构描述。 解释说,在默认情况下,接口,支持帧中继的多点连接类型。这种类型的连接不是一个问题时,只有一个聚氯乙烯支持一个单一的界面,但它是一个问题,当多个室早所支持的一个界面。在这种情况下,广播路由更新收到由中央路由器无法播放其他远程站点。 广播路由的更新是由距离向量协议。链路状态和混合协议使用组播和单播地址。 Frame Relay default: NBMA
Frame Relay 地址映射 LMI从帧中继交换机收到当地数据链路连接识别码。 Purpose: This figure illustrates mapping the data-link connection identifier (DLCI) to the network-layer address such as IP. Emphasize: The DLCI is of local significance, therefore, point out that the same DLCI can be used in multiple places in the network. Frame Relay connections are made using PVCs. The circuits are identified by the DLCI assigned by the service provider. Explain what Inverse ARP is used for. Static mapping can be configured instead of Inverse ARP. 目的:这个数字说明了测绘数据链路连接标识符(数据链路连接识别码)的网络层地址,如IP 。 强调:数据链路连接识别码是当地的重要意义,因此,指出同数据链路连接识别码可用于在多个地方的网络。帧中继连接使用室早。电路所确定数据链路连接识别码指定服务供应商。 解释什么是逆ARP协议是用来。静态映射可以配置不是逆ARP协议。 LMI从帧中继交换机收到当地数据链路连接识别码。 Inverse ARP 映射本地的DLCI值到远端路由器的网络地址。
Frame Relay 信号 Cisco 支持三种 LMI 标准: Cisco ANSI T1.617 Annex D Purpose: This figure describes the Local Management Interface (LMI) and shows the key standards. Emphasize: Explain LMI. Note: Other key American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards are T1.606, which defines the Frame Relay architecture, and T1.618, which describes data transfer. Other key International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) specifications include I.122, which defines ITU-T Frame Relay architecture, and Q.922, which standardizes data transfer. Use of these LMI standards is especially widespread in Europe. The original “gang of four” no longer exists; StrataCom® merged with Cisco, and Digital Equipment Corporation was acquired by Compaq Computers. 目的:这个数字说明了本地管理界面( LMI方法) ,并显示关键标准。 强调:解释本地管理界面。 注:其它主要美国国家标准学会( ANSI )标准T1.606 ,它定义了帧中继架构和T1.618 ,描述数据传输。 其他重要的国际国际电信联盟电信标准化部门( ITU - T )的规格包括I.122 ,确定ITU - T的帧中继架构和Q.922 ,其中规范的数据传输。使用这些本地管理界面标准,尤其在欧洲普遍。 原来的“四人帮”不再存在; StrataCom ®合并思科和数字设备公司收购了康柏电脑。 Cisco 支持三种 LMI 标准: Cisco ANSI T1.617 Annex D ITU-T Q.933 Annex A
Inverse ARP and LMI 操作阶段 Layer 4 of 4 Purpose: This figure describes the Inverse ARP and LMI process. Emphasize: Step 1—Indicates that each router must connect to the Frame Relay switch. Step 2—Discusses what information is sent from the router to the Frame Relay switch. Step 3—Discusses what the Frame Relay switch does with the received information. Step 4—Discusses the sending of Inverse ARP messages. 第4层的4 目的:这个数字说明了逆ARP和本地管理界面过程。 强调:第1步,显示每个路由器必须连接到帧中继交换机。 第2步,讨论什么样的信息发送到路由器的帧中继交换机。 第3步,讨论什么帧中继交换机并与收到的资料。 第4步,讨论了逆ARP协议发送邮件。
Inverse ARP and LMI 操作阶段 Layer 3 of 3 Purpose: This figure describes the Inverse ARP and LMI process. Emphasize: Step 5—Discusses how the Inverse ARP message is used to create the Frame Relay map table dynamically. Step 6—Shows how Inverse ARP has a periodic interval. Step 7—Discusses the periodic interval for keepalive messages. It’s an LMI function. Transition: The next section explains how to configure Frame Relay. 第3层3 目的:这个数字说明了逆ARP和本地管理界面过程。 强调:第5步,讨论如何逆ARP协议的信息是用来建立帧中继映射表动态。 第6步,显示了如何逆ARP协议的定期间隔。 第7步,讨论了定期间隔保活信息。这是一个本地管理界面功能。 过渡:下节说明如何配置帧中继。
Configuring Basic Frame Relay Slide 1 of 2: Purpose: This figure introduces basic Frame Relay configuration over a physical interface. It is important that students understand how configuration occurs in order for them to understand the subinterfaces discussion later in the chapter. These steps assume that LMI and Inverse ARP are supported, therefore no static maps are needed. 幻灯片1 2 : 目的:这个数字介绍了基本帧中继配置一个物理接口。重要的是,学生了解如何配置情况,以便他们了解subinterfaces讨论以后的章节中。 这些步骤假设本地管理界面和逆ARP协议的支持,因此没有静态都需要地图。 Regarding Step 3: Cisco’s Frame Relay encapsulation uses a 4-byte header, with 2 bytes to identify the DLCI and 2 bytes to identify the packet type. Use the ietf encapsulation command to connect to other vendors. The IETF standard is defined in RFCs 1294 and 1490. Regarding Step 4: The LMI connection is established by the frame-relay lmi-type [ansi | cisco | q933a] command. The default values established during initial setup are usually sufficient to maintain connectivity with the Frame Relay network. Altering these values would only be required in case of intermittent failures. Changing the default values of the LMI should only be attempted after consulting with your service provider. These configuration steps are the same, regardless of the network-layer protocols operating across the network. 关于第3步: 思科公司的帧中继封装使用4字节的头, 2字节,以确定数据链路连接识别码和2个字节,以确定数据包类型。 使用的IETF封装命令连接到其他厂商。在IETF标准中定义RFCs 1294年和1490年。 关于第4步: 连接的本地管理界面设立的帧中继LMI的类型[的ANSI |思科| q933a ]命令。默认值建立在初始安装通常足以维持连接的帧中继网络。改变这些值只需要在发生间歇性的失败。改变默认值的本地管理界面只应试图协商后您的服务供应商。 这些配置步骤是相同的,不论网络层协议的整个网络的运行。
Configuring a Static Frame Relay Map Purpose: This figure discusses the static map command option: Emphasize: You can use the frame-relay map command to configure multiple DLCIs to be multiplexed over one physical link. Instead of using Inverse ARP, the Frame Relay map tells the Cisco IOS software how to get from a specific protocol and address pair to the correct DLCI. Point out that this command is similar to building a static route. The simplest way to generate a static map is to let the router learn the information dynamically first. Some users let the router learn the information dynamically, then enable static maps for easier network administration. These configuration steps are the same, regardless of the network-layer protocols operating across the network. Although static maps are not needed when Inverse ARP is enabled, it is a good idea to configure them for each connection for easier network administration. 目的:这个数字讨论了静态地图命令选项: 强调:您可以使用帧中继地图命令来配置多个DLCIs是多路复用的一个物理链接。而不是使用反向ARP协议的帧中继地图讲述了Cisco IOS软件如何从特定的协议和地址配对正确数据链路连接识别码。 指出,这项命令是建立一个类似的静态路由。 最简单的方法来产生一个静态地图是让路由器学习的动态信息首次。有些用户的路由器让学习的动态信息,然后启用静态地图,方便网络管理。 这些配置步骤是相同的,不论网络层协议的整个网络的运行。 虽然静态地图时并不需要逆ARP协议已启用,这是一个好主意来配置他们为每个连接,方便的网络管理。 Configure a static Frame Relay map when: 帧中继网络的对端不支持Inverse ARP 需要控制广播流量通过PVC 需要不同的帧中继对应不同的PVC
Resolving NBMA Reachability Issues Purpose: This figure defines subinterfaces and how they can resolve NBMA issues. Emphasize: You can have connectivity problems in a Frame Relay network if the following conditions exist: You are using an NBMA model. Your configuration is in a partial mesh. You are using a distance vector routing protocol. Split-horizon is enabled on the routing protocol. If the routing protocol is configured with split-horizon, routing updates from one router connected on the multipoint subinterface are not propagated to other routers connected on this multipoint subinterface. For example, if router C sends a routing update, this split horizon will keep this update from being sent back out the subinterface to router D. To resolve this problem you can do the following: Use Frame Relay subinterfaces to overcome the split-horizon problem. Use a routing protocol that supports disabling split-horizon. Use this configuration if you want to save IP address space. You can also use this type of co 目的:这个数字定义subinterfaces以及他们如何才能解决NBMA问题。 强调:您可以连接问题在帧中继网络,如果存在以下情况: 您使用的是NBMA模式。 您的配置在部分网状。 您使用的是距离矢量路由协议。 斯普利特视距上启用了路由协议。 如果路由协议配置分裂视距,路由更新从一个路由器连接的多界面下不传播到其他相连接的路由器在此多界面下。例如,如果路由器ç发送路由更新,这将保持水平分割的这一更新,被送回了界面下对路由器4 要解决此问题,您可以做到以下几点: 利用帧中继subinterfaces克服分裂视距问题。 使用路由协议,支持禁用分裂地平线。 使用此配置,如果您想保存的IP地址空间。 您也可以使用这种类型的公司 在NBMA环境的网络中使用水平分割可能造成一些问题 划分子端口可以解决水平分割造成的问题 一个物理端口可以被划分成多个逻辑意义上的子端口
Configuring Frame Relay Subinterfaces 点到点子接口 子接口看作是专线 每一个点到点连接的子接口要求有自己的子网 适用于星型拓扑结构 多点子接口(和其父物理接口一样的性质) 一个单独的子接口用来建立多条PVC,这些PVC连接到远端路由器的多点子接口或物理接口 所有加入的接口都处于同一的子网中 适用于 partial-mesh 和 full-mesh 拓扑结构中 Purpose: This figure begins the discussion on configuring subinterfaces. Emphasize: The encapsulation frame-relay command is assigned to the physical interface. All other configuration items, such as the network-layer address and DLCIs, are assigned to the subinterface. Multipoint may not save you addresses if you are using VLSMs. Further, it may not work properly given the broadcast traffic and split-horizon considerations. The point-to-point subinterface option was created to avoid these issues. Note: Subinterfaces are also used with ATM networks and IPX LAN environments where multiple encapsulations exist on the same medium. 目的:这个数字开始讨论设定subinterfaces 。 强调:封装帧中继命令分配给物理接口。所有其他的配置项,如网络层地址和DLCIs ,被分配到的界面下。 多点可能不会节省您的地址如果您使用的是VLSMs 。此外,它可能无法正常工作给予广播流量和分裂豪华考虑。在点对点的界面下选择的成立是为了避免这些问题。 注: Subinterfaces也用于ATM网络和IPX网络环境下多encapsulations存在于同一媒介。
Configuring Frame Relay Point-to-Point Subinterfaces Purpose: This figure continues the discussion of configuring subinterfaces. Emphasize: The Frame Relay service provider will assign the DLCI numbers. These numbers range from 16 to 992. This range will vary depending on the LMI used. Use the frame-relay interface-dlci command on subinterfaces only. Use of the command on an interface, rather than a subinterface, will prevent the device from forwarding packets intended for the DLCI. It is also required for multipoint subinterfaces for which dynamic address resolution is enabled. It is not used for multipoint subinterfaces configured with the frame-relay map command for static address mapping. 目的:这个数字继续讨论配置subinterfaces 。 强调:帧中继服务提供商将指派数据链路连接识别码号码。这些数字从16到992 。这个范围将取决于本地管理界面使用。 使用帧中继接口dlci命令subinterfaces只。使用该命令的一个接口,而不是一个界面下,将防止设备转发数据包旨在数据链路连接识别码。这也是需要多subinterfaces而动态地址解析是启用的。它不是用于点对多点subinterfaces配置帧中继地图指挥静态地址映射。 Using the frame-relay interface-dlci command with subinterfaces provides greater flexibility when configuring Frame Relay networks. On multipoint subinterfaces, the frame-relay interface-dlci command enables Inverse ARP on the subinterface. When this command is used with point-to-point subinterfaces, all traffic for the subinterface’s subnetwork are sent out this subinterface. The ability to change a subinterface from point-to-point to multipoint, or vice versa, is limited by the software architecture. The router must be rebooted for a change of this type to take effect. An alternative exists to rebooting the router and creating a network outage. Create another subinterface in the software and migrate the configuration parameters to the new subinterface using the proper point-to-point or multipoint setting, as required. 利用帧中继接口dlci命令subinterfaces时提供更大的灵活性,配置帧中继网络。 关于点对多点subinterfaces的帧中继接口dlci命令可让逆ARP协议的界面下。当此命令一起使用点对点subinterfaces ,所有车辆的界面下的子网都发出了这个界面下。 能够改变一个界面下从点对点到多,反之亦然,而受到限制的软件架构。路由器必须重新启动改变这种类型才能生效。另一种存在,以重新启动路由器和建立一个网络故障。创建另一个界面下的软件和配置参数迁移到新的界面下使用适当的点对点或点对多点设置,视需要而定。
Configuring Frame Relay Multipoint Subinterfaces Purpose: This graphic illustrates a multipoint subinterface example. Emphasize: In this example, the subinterface is configured to behave as a normal NBMA Frame Relay interface. No IP address is configured on the physical interface. It is important that the physical interface NOT have an address, otherwise routing will not work. The frame-relay map command is used to create the multiple PVC connections from a single interface. All connections are in the same subnet. The DLCIs are provided by your service provider. 目的:本图显示了多界面下的例子。 强调:在这个例子中,界面下配置为表现为正常的NBMA帧中继接口。 没有IP地址上配置的物理接口。重要的是,物理接口没有解决,否则将无法正常工作的路由。 在帧中继地图命令是用来建立多个聚氯乙烯连接从一个单一的接口。 所有连线都在同一个子网中。 该DLCIs提供您的服务供应商。
Verifying Frame Relay Operation RouterX# show interfaces type number Displays information about Frame Relay DLCIs and the LMI RouterX# show interfaces s0 Serial0 is up, line protocol is up Hardware is HD64570 Internet address is 10.140.1.2/24 MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255 Encapsulation FRAME-RELAY, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec) LMI enq sent 19, LMI stat recvd 20, LMI upd recvd 0, DTE LMI up LMI enq recvd 0, LMI stat sent 0, LMI upd sent 0 LMI DLCI 1023 LMI type is CISCO frame relay DTE FR SVC disabled, LAPF state down Broadcast queue 0/64, broadcasts sent/dropped 8/0, interface broadcasts 5 Last input 00:00:02, output 00:00:02, output hang never Last clearing of "show interface" counters never Queueing strategy: fifo Output queue 0/40, 0 drops; input queue 0/75, 0 drops <Output omitted> Slide 1 of 6 Purpose: This figure shows how the show interface command is used to verify whether Frame Relay operation and router connectivity to remote routers are working. Emphasize: Describe the highlighted output to the students. 幻灯片1 6 目的:本图显示如何查看interface命令是用来验证是否帧中继业务和路由器连接到远程路由器工作。 强调:描述强调输出给学生。
Verifying Frame Relay Operation (Cont.) RouterX# show frame-relay lmi [type number] Displays LMI statistics RouterX# show frame-relay lmi LMI Statistics for interface Serial0 (Frame Relay DTE) LMI TYPE = CISCO Invalid Unnumbered info 0 Invalid Prot Disc 0 Invalid dummy Call Ref 0 Invalid Msg Type 0 Invalid Status Message 0 Invalid Lock Shift 0 Invalid Information ID 0 Invalid Report IE Len 0 Invalid Report Request 0 Invalid Keep IE Len 0 Num Status Enq. Sent 113100 Num Status msgs Rcvd 113100 Num Update Status Rcvd 0 Num Status Timeouts 0 Slide 2 of 6 Purpose: This figure shows how the show frame-relay LMI command is used to verify the LMI type used for signaling. Emphasize: Describe the highlighted output to the students. 幻灯片2 6 目的:本图显示如何查看帧中继本地管理界面命令用于验证本地管理界面类型用于信号。 强调:描述强调输出给学生。
Verifying Frame Relay Operation (Cont.) RouterX# debug frame-relay lmi Frame Relay LMI debugging is on Displaying all Frame Relay LMI data RouterX# 1w2d: Serial0(out): StEnq, myseq 140, yourseen 139, DTE up 1w2d: datagramstart = 0xE008EC, datagramsize = 13 1w2d: FR encap = 0xFCF10309 1w2d: 00 75 01 01 01 03 02 8C 8B 1w2d: 1w2d: Serial0(in): Status, myseq 140 1w2d: RT IE 1, length 1, type 1 1w2d: KA IE 3, length 2, yourseq 140, myseq 140 1w2d: Serial0(out): StEnq, myseq 141, yourseen 140, DTE up 1w2d: 00 75 01 01 01 03 02 8D 8C 1w2d: Serial0(in): Status, myseq 142 1w2d: RT IE 1, length 1, type 0 1w2d: KA IE 3, length 2, yourseq 142, myseq 142 1w2d: PVC IE 0x7 , length 0x6 , dlci 100, status 0x2 , bw 0 Displays LMI debug information
Verifying Frame Relay Operation (Cont.) RouterX# show frame-relay pvc [type number [dlci]] Displays PVC statistics RouterX# show frame-relay pvc 100 PVC Statistics for interface Serial0 (Frame Relay DTE) DLCI = 100, DLCI USAGE = LOCAL, PVC STATUS = ACTIVE, INTERFACE = Serial0 input pkts 28 output pkts 10 in bytes 8398 out bytes 1198 dropped pkts 0 in FECN pkts 0 in BECN pkts 0 out FECN pkts 0 out BECN pkts 0 in DE pkts 0 out DE pkts 0 out bcast pkts 10 out bcast bytes 1198 pvc create time 00:03:46, last time pvc status changed 00:03:47 Slide 3 of 6 Purpose: This figure shows how the show frame-relay pvc command is used to verify whether Frame Relay operation and router connectivity to remote routers are working. Emphasize: Describe the highlighted output to the students. 幻灯片3 6 目的:本图显示如何查看帧中继聚氯乙烯命令用于验证是否帧中继业务和路由器连接到远程路由器工作。 强调:描述强调输出给学生。
Verifying Frame Relay Operation (Cont.) RouterX# show frame-relay map Displays the current Frame Relay map entries RouterX# clear frame-relay-inarp Clears dynamically created Frame Relay maps, created by using Inverse ARP Slide 4 of 6 Purpose: This figure shows how the show frame-relay map command is used to verify that Frame Relay has a map entry in the Frame Relay map table. Emphasize: Describe the highlighted output to the students. 幻灯片4 6 目的:本图显示如何查看帧中继地图命令是用来验证帧中继的地图进入帧中继映射表。 强调:描述强调输出给学生。 RouterX# show frame-relay map Serial0 (up): ip 10.140.1.1 dlci 100(0x64,0x1840), dynamic, broadcast,, status defined, active RouterX# clear frame-relay-inarp RouterX# show frame map RouterX#
FR DTE的配置步骤总结 为接口分配IP 封装形式 LMI管理参数 - 映射对端IP到自己的DLCI号 (普通物理接口或者多点子接口) (用于点到点的子接口)
Visual Objective 8-1: Establishing a Frame Relay WAN WG Router s0/0/0 A 10.140.1.2 B 10.140.2.2 C 10.140.3.2 D 10.140.4.2 E 10.140.5.2 F 10.140.6.2 G 10.140.7.2 H 10.140.8.2 Lab 16 Frame Relay Objectives: Enable the Frame Relay on a serial link. Purpose: Teach students how to enable Frame Relay. Laboratory Instructions: Refer to the lab setup guide. 实验室16帧中继 目标:启用帧中继的串行链路。 目的:教导学生如何启用帧中继。 实验说明:参考实验室安装指南。
Summary 帧中继通过DLCI建立PVC,并使用LMI协议。 帧中继点对点subinterfaces需要一个单独的子网为每个PVC,以及点对多点subinterfaces共用一个单一的子网与帧中继同行。 显示连接的帧中继提供商,使用show frame-relay lmi命令。显示连接的帧中继同行,使用show frame-relay pvc和show frame-relay map命令。