Basic Terms of Chemistry

Periodic Table of the Elements

Basic Elements: No 1-20 1.H 2.He 3.Li 4.Be 5.B 6.C 7.N 8.O 9.F 10.Ne 11.Na 12.Mg 13.Al 14.Si 15.P 16.S 17.Cl 18.Ar 19.K 20.Ca

Other Important Elements Heavy metals: Cd Zn Cr Mn Ni Co Fe Pb Cu Noble metals: Au Ag Pt Non-metal elements: Hg As Se Br I

chemical elements Non-metals: H, C, N, O, F, Si, P, S, Cl, Br, metals: Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Fe, Zn, Hg,

chemical elements (continued) Non-metals: hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, bromine metals: sodium, magnesium, aluminium, potassium, calcium, copper, iron (ferric, ferrous), zinc, mercury

Common Inorganic Compounds Six groups Carbon Nitrogen Fluorine Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine

Common Inorganic Compounds (C) carbon Suffix 中文含义 Example -ic carbonic -ide carbide -ate carbonate -ation carbonization carbonic acid carbon dioxide carbon monoxide 含碳的 …的 碳化物 …化物 碳酸盐 …盐 碳化作用 …作用(过程) 碳酸 二氧化碳 一氧化碳

Common Inorganic Compounds (N) nitrogen Suffix 中文含义 Example -ic nitric -ous nitrous -ide nitride -ate nitrate -ite nitrite -ation nitrification denitrification nitrogen monoxide nitrifying bacteria nitrogen oxides nitric acid nitrate nitrogen nitrous acid nitrite nitrogen nitrogen dioxide ammonia nitrogen (尤指高价)…的 含氮的(5价) (尤指低价)…的 含氮的(3价) …化物 氮化物 (尤指高价的)…盐 硝酸盐 (尤指低价的)…盐 亚硝酸盐 …作用(过程) 硝化作用 反硝化作用 一氧化氮 硝化细菌 氮氧化物 硝酸 硝态氮 亚硝酸 亚硝态氮 二氧化氮 氨氮

Common Inorganic Compounds (F) fluorine fluoric fluorous fluoro- fluoride hydrofluoric acid

Common Inorganic Compounds (P) phosphor=phosphorus Suffix 中文含义 Example -ic (尤指高价)…的 含磷的(5价) -ous (尤指低价)…的 含磷的(3价) -ide …化物 磷化物 -ate (尤指高价的)…盐 磷酸盐 -ite (尤指低价的)…盐 亚磷酸盐 -ation …作用(过程) 磷酸化作用 磷酸 亚磷酸 五氧化二磷

Some Common Negative Ions Negative ions, anions, may be monatomic or polyatomic. All monatomic anions have names ending with -ide. Two polyatomic anions which also have names ending with -ide are the hydroxide, OH-, and the cyanide, CN-.

Some Common Negative Ions --- Monatomic Negative Ions(单原子阴离子） Name Formula fluoride chloride bromide iodide sulphide oxide F- Cl- Br- I- S2- O2- Note: Only two polyatomic anions which also have names ending with -ide are: hydroxide, OH- cyanide, CN-

Some Common Negative Ions --- Polyatomic Negative Ions(多原子阴离子） Many polyatomic anions contain oxygen in addition to another element. The number of oxygen atoms in such oxyanions is denoted by the use of the suffixes -ite and -ate, meaning fewer and more oxygen atoms, respectively. 许多多原子阴离子含有氧和另一种元素。在这些含氧阴离子中，氧原子的数目用后缀 -ate 和 –ite 来表示，意为较多的和较少的氧原子。 Formula Name NO3- AsO43- NO2- AsO33- SO42- PO43- SO32- PO33- HSO4- HSO3- nitrate arsenate nitrite arsenite sulphate phosphate sulphite phosphite hydrogen sulphate hydrogen sulphite

Some Common Negative Ions --- Polyatomic Negative Ions(多原子阴离子） In cases where it is necessary to denote more than two oxyanions of the same element, the prefixes hypo- and per-, meaning still fewer and still more oxygen atoms, respectively, may be used. 当同一元素有两种以上的含氧阴离子时，就要使用前缀hypo-（次）和per-(高）, 意为更少和更多的氧原子。 Formula Name ClO- ClO3- ClO2- ClO4- hypochlorite chlorate perchlorate chlorite 还有其它一些价态固定的多原子阴离子，如： hydrogen carbonate, HCO3-; carbonate, CO32- ; acetate, OAc-等。

Names of Some Metal Oxides, Bases and Salts Note: 当同一金属元素有两种以上的价态时，要使用不同的后缀,用-ous表示低价态,用-ic表示高价态。 Formula Name FeO iron(II) oxide Fe2O3 iron(III) oxide Sn(OH)2 tin(II) hydroxide Sn(OH)4 tin(IV) hydroxide Hg2SO4 mercury(I) sulphate HgSO4 mercury(II) sulphate ferrous oxide ferric oxide stannous hydroxide stannic hydroxide mercurous sulphate mercuric sulphate

Naming Nonmetal Oxides（非金属氧化物） 命名方法：非氧元素名称 + 氧化物(oxide)。化合物中氧原子和其它元素数目用希腊前缀来表示。这些前缀是(1) mono-, 有时可简写为mon-,  (2) di-， (3)tri-， (4) tetra-， (5) penta-， (6) hexa-，(7) hepta-，(8) octa-，(9) nona- 和（10）deca-。 一般来说，当命名非金属氧化物时，这些前缀中的字母a常被省略[从(4)tetra- 起]，并且mono-的字母o也经常被省略掉。

Naming Nonmetal Oxides（非金属氧化物） Formula Name CO CO2 SO3 N2O3 P2O5 Cl2O7 carbon monoxide carbon dioxide sulphur trioxide dinitrogen trioxide diphosphorus pentoxide dichlorine heptoxide

Some Common Negative Ions Negative ions, anions, may be monatomic or polyatomic. All monatomic anions have names ending with -ide. Two polyatomic anions which also have names ending with -ide are the hydroxide, OH-, and the cyanide, CN-. 负离子，即阴离子,既可以是单原子的，也可以是多原子的。所有单原子阴离子的名字都是以-ide结尾的。两个以-ide结尾的多原子阴离子是氢氧根OH-和氰根CN-。 

Some Common Negative Ions --- Polyatomic Negative Ions(多原子阴离子） Many polyatomic anions contain oxygen in addition to another element. The number of oxygen atoms in such oxyanions is denoted by the use of the suffixes -ite and -ate, meaning fewer and more oxygen atoms, respectively. 许多多原子阴离子含有氧和另一种元素。在这些含氧阴离子中，氧原子的数目用后缀 -ate 和 –ite 来表示，意为较多的和较少的氧原子。 Formula Name NO3- AsO43- NO2- AsO33- SO42- PO43- SO32- PO33- HSO4- HSO3- nitrate arsenate nitrite arsenite sulphate phosphate sulphite phosphite hydrogen sulphate hydrogen sulphite

Some Common Negative Ions --- Polyatomic Negative Ions(多原子阴离子） In cases where it is necessary to denote more than two oxyanions of the same element, the prefixes hpoy- and per-, meaning still fewer and still more oxygen atoms, respectively, may be used. 当同一元素有两种以上的含氧阴离子时，就要使用前缀hypo-（次）和per-（高）, 意为更少和更多的氧原子。 Formula Name ClO- ClO3- ClO2- ClO4- hypochlorite chlorate perchlorate chlorite 还有其它一些价态固定的多原子阴离子，如： hydrogen carbonate, HCO3-; carbonate, CO32- ; acetate, OAc-等。

Names of Some Metal Oxides, Bases and Salts Note: 当同一金属元素有两种以上的价态时，要使用不同的后缀,用-ous表示低价态,用-ic表示高价态。 Formula Name FeO iron(II) oxide Fe2O3 iron(III) oxide Sn(OH)2 tin(II) hydroxide Sn(OH)4 tin(IV) hydroxide Hg2SO4 mercury(I) sulphate HgSO4 mercury(II) sulphate ferrous oxide ferric oxide stannous hydroxide stannic hydroxide mercurous sulphate mercuric sulphate

Naming Nonmetal Oxides（非金属氧化物） Formula Name CO CO2 SO3 N2O3 P2O5 Cl2O7 carbon monoxide carbon dioxide sulphur trioxide dinitrogen trioxide diphosphorus pentoxide dichlorine heptoxide

Naming Acids（酸） Acid names may be obtained from the name of the acid ion (the negative ion ), followed by its corresponding suffix (-ic or –ous) plus acid. The Negative Ion  Corresponding Acid   -ate                       -ic + acid -ite         -ous + acid -ide Examples: Acid Ion  Acid Acid acetate  nitrate perchlorate nitrite chloride bromide sulphate phosphite acetic acid nitric acid perchloric acid nitrous acid hydrochloric acid hydrobromic acid sulphuric acid phosphurous acid

compounds 酸(acid): adj+acid 酸盐 碱 (base, alkali) hydroxide 某化物 -ide carbonic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid 酸盐 正盐: -ate sodium nitrate 亚酸盐: -ite sodium nitrite 酸式盐: bi…-ate sodium bisulfite 碱 (base, alkali) hydroxide sodium hydroxide 某化物 -ide carbon monoxide (dioxide, peroxide), potassium chloride

Exercises FeSO4, Na2CO3, NaNO2, CO, CO2, H2O2, HCL, HAC, KOH

Exercises Ferric sulfate, sodium carbonate, sodium nitrite, potassium bisulfate Sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen peroxide Hydrochloric acid, acetic acid Ammonium hydroxide

Binary Acids A binary compound consists of two elements. Binary acids have the prefix hydro in front of the full name of the nonmetallic element. They have the ending -ic. Examples include hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acid.

Hydrofluoric Acid - HF Hydrochloric Acid - HCl Hydrobromic Acid - HBr Hydroiodic Acid - HI Hydrosulfuric Acid - H2S

Ternary Acids Ternary acids commonly contain hydrogen, a nonmetal, and oxygen. The name of the most common form of the acid consists of the nonmetal root name with the -ic ending. The acid containing one less oxygen atom than the most common form is designated by the -ous ending. An acid containing one less oxygen atom than the -ous acid has the prefix hypo- and the -ous ending. The acid containing one more oxygen than the most common acid has the per- prefix and the -ic ending.

Nitric Acid - HNO3 Nitrous Acid - HNO2 Hypochlorous Acid - HClO Chlorous Acid - HClO2 Chloric Acid - HClO3 Perchloric Acid - HClO4

Sulfuric Acid - H2SO4 Sulfurous Acid - H2SO3 Phosphoric Acid - H3PO4 Phosphorous Acid - H3PO3 Carbonic Acid - H2CO3 Acetic Acid - HC2H3O2 Oxalic Acid - H2C2O4 Silicic Acid - H2SiO

Bases Sodium Hydroxide - NaOH Potassium Hydroxide - KOH Ammonium Hydroxide - NH4OH Calcium Hydroxide - Ca(OH)2 Magnesium Hydroxide - Mg(OH)2

Barium Hydroxide - Ba(OH)2 Aluminum Hydroxide - Al(OH)3 Ferrous Hydroxide or Iron (II) Hydroxide - Fe(OH)2 Ferric Hydroxide or Iron (III) Hydroxide - Fe(OH)3 Zinc Hydroxide - Zn(OH)2 Lithium Hydroxide - LiOH

Exercise NaOH H2SO4 KOH H2SO3 NH4OH H3PO4 Ca(OH)2 H2CO3 Mg(OH)2 HNO3 HNO2 HClO HClO3 HF HCl H2S NaOH KOH NH4OH Ca(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 Al(OH)3 Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)3 Zn(OH)2 H2SO4 H2SO3 H3PO4 H2CO3

Exercise Na2CO3 NaHCO3 NaHSO3 Na2SO3 NaNO2 FeSO4 NaCl K2S NaF CO CO2 H2O2 Na2CO3 NaHCO3 NaHSO3 Na2SO3 NaNO2 FeSO4

Terms for organic chemistry

hemi- semi- mono, haplo- uni- di- bi-,duo- tri- triplo- quarto- tetra- 表达数量含义的基本词素 中文 阿拉伯数字 英文 希腊语 拉丁语 二分之一 1/2 one-half hemi- semi- 一 1 one mono, haplo- uni- 二 2 two di- bi-,duo- 三 3 three tri- triplo- 四 4 four quarto- tetra- quadri- 五 5 five pento- quinque- 六 6 six hexa- sex-,sexi- 七 7 seven hepta- septem- 八 8 eight octo- 九 9 nine nona- novem- 十 10 ten deca- decem- 全部 whole holo- 多 many poly- multi- 少 few, little oligo-

meth-, eth-, prop-, but-,

code means an only carbon-carbon single bonds en contains a carbon-carbon double bond

methane n−undecane ethane n−dodecane propane n−tridecane n−butane 构造式 中文名 英文名 CH4 甲烷 methane CH3(CH2)9CH3 （正）十一烷 n−undecane CH3CH3 乙烷 ethane CH3(CH2)10CH3 （正）十二烷 n−dodecane CH3CH2CH3 丙烷 propane CH3(CH2)11CH3 （正）十三烷 n−tridecane CH3(CH2)2CH3 （正）丁烷 n−butane CH3(CH2)12CH3 （正）十四烷 n−tetradecane CH3(CH2)3CH3 （正）戊烷 n−pentane CH3(CH2)13CH3 （正）十五烷 n−pentadecane CH3(CH2)4CH3 （正）己烷 n−hexane CH3(CH2)14CH3 （正）十六烷 n−hexadecane CH3(CH2)5CH3 （正）庚烷 n−heptane CH3(CH2)15CH3 （正）十七烷 n−heptadecane CH3(CH2)6CH3 （正）辛烷 n−octane CH3(CH2)16CH3 （正）十八烷 n−octadecane CH3(CH2)7CH3 （正）壬烷 n−nonane CH3(CH2)17CH3 （正）十九烷 n−nonadecane CH3(CH2)8CH3 （正）癸烷 n−decane CH3(CH2)18CH3 （正）二十烷 n−icosane

Alkyl groups A methyl group is CH3. An ethyl group is CH3CH2

methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl (amyl), hexyl, heptyl, phenyl, benzyl, isobutyl, isopentyl cyclopropyl, cyclohexyl

2-methylpentane

2,3-dimethylbutane

2,2-dimethylbutane

cycloalkanes cyclohexane

alkenes but-1-ene

3-methylhex-2-ene

Compounds containing halogens 1,1,1-trichloroethane

1-iodo-3-methylpent-2-ene

Alcohols:-ol methanol 2-methylpropan-1-ol

ethane-1,2-diol

Aldehydes:-al propanal 2-methylpentanal

Ketones : -one propanone pentan-3-one

Carboxylic acids :-oic acid 3-methylbutanoic acid 2-hydroxypropanoic acid

2-chlorobut-3-enoic acid

Common Names of Carboxylic Acid formic acid, acetic acid, propionic a, butyric a, valeric a, capronic a, enanthic a, caprylic a, pelargonic a, capric a, lauric (dodecanoic) a, palmitic ( hexadecanoic) a, stearic (octadecanoic) a, benzoic a, oxalic a

Esters methyl propanoate

ethyl ethanoate

Acyl chlorides (acid chlorides) -oyl chloride ethanoyl chloride

Acid anhydrides propanoic anhydride.

Amides:-CONH2 propanamide

Nitriles :-CN (cyanides ) ethanenitrile 2-hydroxypropanenitrile

Primary amines ethylamine 2-aminopropane

Amino acids 2-aminopropanoic acid

Ether Dimethyl ether

各类化合物英文名称词尾变化 丙烷 propane 丙酰氯 propanoyl chloride 丙醇 propanol 丙酸酐 propanoic anhydride 丙醛 propanal 丙酰胺 propanamide 丙酮 propanone 丙酸酯 propanoate 丙腈 propanonitrile 丙胺 propylamine 丙酸 propanoic acid 丙醚 dipropyl ether

Benzene Ring

Case Where the name is based on benzene chlorobenzene nitrobenzene

Methylbenzene (toluene ) (chloromethyl)benzene

benzoic acid (benzenecarboxylic acid)

Cases where the name is based on phenyl Phenylamine (aniline), aminobenzene Phenylethene (styrene)

phenylethanone phenyl ethanoate

phenol

Differentiating benzyl &phenyl

Aromatic compounds with more than one group attached to the benzene ring

3-chloromethylbenzene

2-hydroxybenzoic acid benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid

methyl 3-nitrobenzoate 2,4,6-trichlorophenol methyl 3-nitrobenzoate

Exercise 3−(2−methylpropyl)cyclohexene或3−isobutyl cyclohexene

1,3-butadiene                     1,3,6-heptatriene                                   

5-methyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene                    

4-amino-3-isopropyl-2-hexanone                               5,5-dimethyl-3-oxohexanoic acid                                      

2-mercapto-4-oxo-heptanal *                                   

ethanedioic acid * or oxalic acid 4-amino-6-heptenoic acid                       4-amino-6-heptenoic acid                                            

3-chloroethylbenzene or m-chloroethylbenzene                      isopropyl benzoate

4-hydroxybenzaldehyde or p-hydroxybenzaldehyde                            

1-chloro-2-methyl-4-propylbenzene                    

2,4,6-trimethylbenzoic acid                                 

3-bromo-4-methyl-benzenesulphonic acid                               

ethyl 2,4-dimethylbenzoate                                         

(R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-((S)- 1,2-dihydroxyethyl)furan-2(5H)-one (R)-3,4-二羟基-5-((S)- 1,2-二羟乙基)呋喃-2(5H)-酮