Chapter 4. Vitamins and Coenzymes
Lecture 1. Water-soluble vitamins and coenzymes Lecture 2. Fat-soluble vitamins
Introduction of Vitamins Organic molecules, essential for the normal growth and development, required in tiny amounts Cannot be synthesized by mammalian cells, must be supplied in the diet an organic substance that is distributed in foodstuffs (and sometimes in intestinal bacteria) in relatively minute amounts, is distinct from the main organic components of food , and is needed for the normal nutrition of the organism (or species) in question. Deficiency or absence of any particular vitamin causes a corresponding specific deficiency disease.
The Classification of Vitamins Water-soluble:thiamineVB1, riboflavinVB2, pantothenic acid(VB3), niacin(VPP、VB5), VB6, biotin(VB7), folic acid(VB11 ?VB9 ), cobalaminVB12, VC Fat-soluble:VA、VD、VE、VK 【水溶性】【硫胺素】【核黄素】【泛酸】【尼克酸、烟酸】【生物素】【叶酸】【钴胺素】【脂溶性】
Lecture 1 Water-soluble Vitamins and Coenzymes
Nicotinamide Coenzymes Containing: nicotinic acid , nicotinamide 1. VitB3 Nicotinamide Coenzymes Containing: nicotinic acid , nicotinamide 【烟酰胺辅酶】【尼克酸/烟酸】 【尼克酰胺/烟酰胺】
Coenzyme:NADH and NADPH 烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(CoI)烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(CoII)
Function:the coenzyme of dehydrogenase,transfer of hydride anion The nicotinamide coenzymes play a role in many oxidation–reduction reactions. Mechanism: 【脱氢酶】
Deficiency Pellagra. 呕吐、失眠、疲劳
Snapshot 7-8, p, 238
2. VitB2 Riboflavin—— precursor for the coenzymes FAD, FMN Flavin Coenzymes 【黄素辅酶】【核黄素】【核糖醇】【黄素】 【二甲基异咯嗪】 Riboflavin powder
二甲基异咯嗪+核糖醇
Flavin mononucleotide Flavin adenine dinucleotide FMN, FAD Coenzyme: Flavin mononucleotide FMN Flavin adenine dinucleotide FAD
Function:electron acceptors and donors in the oxidation-reduction reactions FMN + 2H == FMNH2 FAD + 2H == FADH2 在氧化还原反应中,起着传递氢的作用。
Deficiency:Growth retardation 广泛存在于乳类、蛋类、肝肾、豆类、谷类等; 在加工、烹饪和储藏过程中有不同程度的损失;主要症状为口腔发炎,舌炎、角膜炎、皮炎等,但不会引起严重病症。 对光十分敏感; 在碱性溶液中加热极易破坏。
3. VB5, Pantothenic Acid “Pantothenic acid” Coenzyme A 【泛酸】泛酸,又称遍多酸,1919年发现----无所不在,分布广泛,在蜂王浆中含量最多,肠道细菌也可合成 缺乏症很少发生。但长期服用抗生素时,应注意补充
Function: This coenzyme is involved in acyl-group–transfer reactions Deficiency:
4. VB1( Thiamin) Structure: Thiamin pyrophosphate(TPP) The first discovery of vitamin Structure: 【硫胺素】【焦磷酸硫胺素】嘧啶环+噻唑环
Coenzyme: thiamine pyrophosphate
- cofactor for the pyruvate dehydrogenase TPP - cofactor for the pyruvate dehydrogenase α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase catalyzed reactions the coenzyme of pyruvate decarboxylase the transketolase catalyzed reactions of the pentose phosphate pathway. function:糖代谢中羰基碳合成与分解反应的辅酶(decarboxylations of α-keto acids, α-酮酸的氧化脱羧反应) 丙酮酸脱羧酶的辅酶
Deficiency:beriberi 【脚气病】
sources: Snapshot 7-6, p, 236 以种皮及胚芽、瘦肉、米糠、麦麸、黄豆、酵母的含量较为丰富。 加工过程易造成其损失,如过度碾磨(破坏化学键)、过度淘洗(易溶于水)。 某些食物中含有抗VB1因子。如某些海产品(特别是鲤鱼、鲱鱼、虾)和茶。 Snapshot 7-6, p, 236
5. VitB6 Pyridoxine 【吡哆素】【磷酸吡哆醛】 【吡哆醇】【吡哆醛】【吡哆胺】
Coenzyme:pyridoxal phosphate(PLP)and pyridoxamine phosphate(PMP) (—NH3) Function: 【磷酸吡哆醛】【磷酸吡哆胺】【转氨】【脱羧】【消旋】 Coenzymes of amino acid metabolism (transamination , decarboxylation, racemization)
Deficiency: - Anemia - Skin problems - Sores in the mouth 贫血症、 神经损伤(精神混乱,过敏,神经质) 嘴疼痛 脂溢性皮肤炎 临床上用于治疗婴儿昏厥和缓解呕吐
Snapshot 7-11, p, 243
6. VitC Ascorbic Acid Reduction Oxidation Ascorbic Acid【抗坏血酸】分子中C2和C3形成二烯醇的形式,具有很强的还原性(reducibility),极易被氧化成氧化型抗坏血酸(dehydro-L-ascorbic acid) Reduction Oxidation
Function: Deficiency:scurvy Prevention of scurvy(protect the membrane) Participate in oxidation-reduction reaction The coenzyme of prolyl hydroxylase (the synthesis of collagen protein ) prevention of scurvy【坏血病】(protect the membrane【细胞膜】)reduction【还原态】 oxidation【氧化态】 prolyl hydroxylase【脯氨酸羟化酶】collagen protein【胶原蛋白】 【坏血病】表现为牙龈发炎出血,皮肤出现小血斑、牙齿松动,严重者死亡 VC能够防治坏血病:抗坏血酸(ascorbic acid) 化学结构:酸性多羟基化合物 Deficiency:scurvy
Snapshot 7-5, p, 232 广泛存在于水果及蔬菜中(猕猴桃、橙类、辣椒) 许多动物都可以体内合成VC,必须从食物中获得的现在所知只有人、猿猴及豚鼠。 Snapshot 7-5, p, 232
6. Biotin Vitamin H (VB7) Cocarboxylase Pentanoate【戊酸】 Urea Thiophene 【生物素】【羧化辅酶】噻吩环 + 尿素 + 戊酸 Urea 【尿素】Thiophene 【噻吩】 Pentanoate【戊酸】
Function:Biotin is a prosthetic group for enzymes that catalyze carboxyl group transfer reactions and ATP-dependent carboxylation reactions. carboxylase【羧化酶】肠道细菌可以合成生物素,一般不会出现生物素缺乏症。 生蛋清可使生物素失去活性,并抑制它在小肠的吸收。加热煮熟则可避免。
p-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA) Peteroylglutamic acid 7. Folic Acid( Folate) VitM, VB11 p-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA) 6-Methylpteridin Pteroic acid 【叶酸】Tetrahydrofolic Acid【四氢叶酸】又称造血维生素 6-Methylpteridin 2-氨基-4-羟基-6-亚甲基蝶呤 p-Aminobenzoic acid(pABA)对氨基苯甲酸Pteroic acid蝶酸Glutamic acid谷氨酸Peteroylglutamic acid蝶酰谷氨酸 Glutamic acid Peteroylglutamic acid
Function:the coenzyme of one-carbon units transferase Coenzymes:tetrahydrofolic acid(THFA, FH4) Function:the coenzyme of one-carbon units transferase -CH3、-CH2-、-C(O)-H、=C- :tetrahydrofolic acid【四氢叶酸】 甲基 亚甲基 甲酰基 甲川基
Deficiency: megaloblastic anemia 由于叶酸参与嘌呤、嘧啶的合成,进而影响到DNA和蛋白质的合成,一旦缺乏会影响细胞合成。如巨红细胞性贫血病( megaloblastic anemia)(缺乏症)。
8. VB12 Cobalamin Function: Methyltransferases, Methyl (-CH3) group transfers between two molecules. Deficiency:pernicious anemia cobalamin【钴胺素】变位酶的辅酶,催化底物分子内基团(主要为甲基)的变位反应。pernicious anemia【恶性贫血】
structure:最复杂,主体为类卟啉环+拟核苷酸,中心三价的Co,其上可联结一个基团 VB12分子中与Co相连的CN基被5’-脱氧腺苷(5’-deoxyadenosyl)取代,形成VB12辅酶(5’-脱氧腺苷钴胺素,5’-deoxyadenosylcobalamin)。
Snapshot 7-10, p, 242
9. Lipoic Acid Forms: lipoic acid (oxidized form)and dihydrolipoic acid (reduced form ) Lipoic Acid【硫辛酸】Forms:lipoic acid 【硫辛酸】(oxidized form【氧化型】)and dihydrolipoic acid【二氢硫辛酸】(reduced form【还原型】)acyl group【酰基】 Function:electron carrier;acyl group carrier
Lecture 2 Fat-soluble Vitamins 均溶于脂类溶剂,不溶于水 在食物中通常与脂肪一起存在,吸收需要脂肪和胆汁酸。
维生素A存在于动物性食物中 ,植物中β—胡萝卜素进入动物体后,受肠壁中的一种酶的作用而转变成VA Retinol Sources:animals and β-carotene VA1 VA2 retinol dehydroretinol VA(retinol【视黄醇】β-carotene【胡萝卜素】不饱和的一元醇(萜类衍生物)retinol【视黄醇】dehydroretinol【脱氢视黄醇】 维生素A存在于动物性食物中 ,植物中β—胡萝卜素进入动物体后,受肠壁中的一种酶的作用而转变成VA
Deficiency: Night Blindness
Snapshot 7-1, p, 219
2. VD Function: Promotes calcium (Ca)and phosphonium(P)absorption into intestine. Skin of animals: 7-dehydrocholesterol 固醇衍生物7-dehydrocholesterol 【7-脱氢胆固醇】 into intestine【肠道】 UV 230~300nm VD3
Deficiency: rickets, osteomalacia
Snapshot 7-2, p, 223 sources: 动物肝脏、鱼肝油、禽蛋等 人和动物的皮肤和脂肪组织中含有一种物质7-脱氢胆固醇,当皮肤接受日照就是取得VD3 Snapshot 7-2, p, 223
3. VE ,, and are physiological active. -Tocopherol ,, and are physiological active. -Tocopherol is the most active form. -Tocopherol【生育酚】
Functions: Maintaining animal procreating ability, anti-infertilitas. An antioxidant in cells: prevent the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. Promote metabolism of heme. procreating ability【生殖能力】 , anti-infertilitas【抗不育症】 . antioxidant【抗氧化剂】 heme【血红素】提高ALA合成酶和ALA脱水酶的活性
Sources and Deficiency
Snapshot 7-3, p, 226
4. VK They are 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (3-) derivatives VK1 VK2 1
Deficiency: coagulopathy Functions:promote the blood clotting Blood coagulation: prothrombin (factor II), factors VII, IX, and X, and proteins C, S, and Z Bone metabolism: osteocalcin, also called bone Gla protein (BGP), matrix Gla protein (MGP),[36] and periostin. Vascular biology: growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6) the blood clotting【凝血】 Deficiency: coagulopathy
Snapshot 7-4, p, 228