Archaeology The Ages of Man

The Ages of Man 1. The Stone Age (10,000—2,000 BC) Food Housing Home decoration wall paintings, animal skins , animal bones, pottery (陶器） Tools tools made of stone, clay and animal bone, fishing nets Artefacts (人工制品） simple objects such as jewellery made of animal teeth and bone Entertainment story telling, singing and dancing around the fire wild fruit , plants , meat , fish caves , tents , huts

2. The Bronze Age (2,000—250 BC) Food rice, vegetables, meat, fish, milk products Housing wooden buildings Home decoration painted walls, pots and containers made of clay or bronze, wooden furniture, woven mats Tools stone, wood, pottery, bronze Artefacts (人工制品） bronze objects, bones, stone objects, pottery and clay figures Entertainment story telling, singing and dancing, music with simple instruments, poetry, handicrafts

3. The Han Dynasty Food fine foods of all varieties, wine and alcohol Housing wooden buildings Home decoration painted walls, containers made of clay and bronze, wooden furniture, woven mats, silk,woolen cloth Tools all kinds of tools made of different metals, wood, glass, or stone Artefacts (人工制品） clay figures, statues, woven cloth of silk and other materials, jade（翡翠）, gold, written bamboo texts, pottery Entertainment song and poetry, music, hunting

4. The Tang Dynasty Food a choice of fine foods and wines Housing wooden and stone buildings Home decoration painted walls, pots and vases made of porcelain（瓷器）, wooden stone and metal sculptures（雕塑）, furniture, woven mats and woolen cloth Tools all kinds of tools made of different materials Artefacts (人工制品） pottery, tools, jewellery, paper,and silk materials, jade, gold and metal objects Entertainment various forms of musical entertainment, reading, hunting, travel

Unit 20 Archaeology 关键词(key words): archaeology----考古学 cultural relics----文物 Archaeology is the scientific study of peoples in the past, their culture and their relationship with their environment

Mawangdui Han DanastyTomb Qin terracotta soldiers Sanxingdui 马王堆汉墓（长沙） 三星堆（四川） 秦兵马俑（西安）

unearthed cultural relics

北京十三陵 南京明孝陵 The Ming Tombs The Ming Tombs are located about 31 miles from Beijing, with 13 emperors buried in a complex that spreads some 15 square miles

Discussion What kinds of objects were buried with kings and emperors in China ? Models of houses and palaces, pots, weapons, armies made of clay, valuable objects, jewellery, things and objects and tools from everyday use, paintings, books, musical instruments, sometimes real people such as wives or slaves Why were dead kings given these objects after they died? To be used in their next life.

The King of Stonehenge 巨石王墓（英国） The Pyramids in Egypt 埃及金字塔

英格兰东南部的历史名城索兹伯里附近，有一个小村庄名叫阿姆斯伯里，村西的原野上有一座阅尽沧桑、雄视千古的石柱群，这就是著名的古迹Stonehenge.这是一座由许多根石柱围成的史前建筑。这些石柱排成圆 形，最高的石柱高达10米，它们的平均重量达26吨，这么重的家伙竟有不少是横架在两根竖直的石柱上的！Stonehenge这个名字的前一半Stone意为“石头”，后一半在现代英语词典中已查不到了，据考证它来自古代英语，意思是“高高悬挂着”。想来它在古代有一个形象的名字“高悬在天上的石头”。

巨石阵又称索尔兹伯里石环、环状列石、太阳神庙、史前石桌、斯通亨治石栏等名，是欧洲著名的史前时代文化神庙遗址，约建于公元前4000-2000年，属新石器时代末期至青铜时代。 这个巨大的石建筑群位于一个空旷的原野上，占地大约11公顷，主要是由许多整块的蓝砂岩组成，每块约重50吨。巨石阵不仅在建筑学史上具有的重要地位，在天文学上也同样有着重大的意义：它的主轴线、通往石柱的古道和夏至日早晨初升的太阳，在同一条线上；另外，其中还有两块石头的连线指向冬至日落的方向。因此，人们猜测，这很可能是远古人类为观测天象而建造的，可以算是天文台最早的雏形了。  

Now, let’s read the text quickly and then decide whether the given statements are true or false. On March, 3rd, 2002, archaeologists in England found a grave of a man dating back to around 3000 BC. People got to know where the man was from by testing his bones. From what were found in the grave people had a clear idea of the dressing of the King of Stonehenge when he was buried. All the relics found in the grave of the King of Stonehenge were buried with him for his future use in the next life because of the belief that a dead man would come back to life. F F T T

5. The discovery of the King of Stonehenge was far from important. 6. The two earrings are not only the oldest gold ever found in England, but also a proof that the ancient British were clever enough to make gold even in around 2,500 BC. 7. Because of his power and his successful organization of the construction of Stonehenge, the man got his title as the King of Stonehenge. F F T

8.In ancient times it was very difficult for the people then to construct the Stonehenge not because the stones were huge and heavy but because they couldn’t use our modern machines. 9. It can be inferred that the King of Stonehenge was not only an organizer but also a worker who helped construct the Stonehenge himself by the means of transportation and pulling up the stones. 10. Man began to trade with other people or countries even in very old times. F T T

materials objects Post-reading iron bronze 1.Word webs stone copper bone leather knife clay gold pin coat objects pot cushion stone bow earrings arrows

2. Examples of trade and cultural links Country or part of Europe Material or object of trade West Wales Stones to build stonehenge Spain Copper knife Western France Copper knife Europe Gold jewellery

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