Chap. 5 The Operational Amplifier 2018/11/15 Chap. 5 The Operational Amplifier Contents 5.1 Operational Amplifier Terminals 5.2 Terminal Voltages and Currents 5.3 The Inverting-Amplifier Circuit 5.4 The Summing-Amplifier Circuit 5.5 The Noninverting-Amplifier Circuit 5.6 The Difference-Amplifier Circuit 5.7 A More Realistic Model for the OP Amplifier Objectives 能指明和描述運算放大器的五個端子,並應用電壓和 電流的限制予以簡化,導出一理想運算放大器。 2.能分析包含理想放大器的簡單電路,並分辨下列運算 放大器電路:反相放大器、和值放大器、非反相放大器 與差值放大器。 3.了解比較實際的運算放大器模型,並能利用它來分析包 含這些放大器的簡單電路。
5.1 Operational Amplifier Terminals 運算放大器的五個重要端子為: ◆ 反相輸入端(Inverting Input) ◆ 非反相輸入端(Noninverting Input) ◆ 輸出端(Output) ◆ 正電源(V + ) ◆ 負電源(V - ) 2
5.2 Terminal Voltages and Currents The voltage transfer characteristic of an op amp. 運算放大器的電壓轉移曲線:當它在線性區運作時,輸出電壓為輸入電壓之差再乘以A 倍,此倍數稱為增益(gain)。 線性區外則輸出電壓是飽和的。 3
Input Voltage Constraint For Ideal Op Amp 2018/11/15 Input Voltage Constraint For Ideal Op Amp 理想運算放大器的輸入電壓限制條件: 在線性區時,因增益無限大,所以vp = vn,亦稱為虛短路(virtual short)。 Input Current Constraint For Ideal Op Amp 理想運算放大器的輸入電流限制條件: 因等效輸入電阻無限大,所以ip = in = 0。 Symbol without the power supply terminals. From KCL, 4 4
EX 5.1 Analyzing an Op Amp Circuit 2018/11/15 EX 5.1 Analyzing an Op Amp Circuit a) Calculate vo if va = 1V and vb = 0V. b) Repeat (a) for va = 1V and vb = 2V. c) If va = 1.5V, specify the range of vb that avoids amplifier saturation. Ideal Negative feedback linear region No negative feedback saturation Then analyze and check! a) Because vo lies between ± VCC, the op amp is in its linear region. b) c) 5 5
5.3 The Inverting-Amplifier Circuit Ideal Note: 6
Open-Loop Operation of an Inverting Amp Open-Loop Gain of the Op Amp Ideal Note: The op amp can operate open loop in the linear mode only if Also note that : 7
5.4 The Summing-Amplifier Circuit Ideal @inverting input terminal: & 8
5.5 The Noninverting-Amplifier Circuit Ideal & & 9
5.6 The Difference-Amplifier Circuit Ideal @inverting input terminal: If 簡化的差值放大器 輸入電壓與輸出電壓關係 10
The Difference Amplifier-Another Perspective 重新定義輸入電壓: 差模(differential mode) 和共模(common mode) 電壓輸入。 vo in terms of vcm & vdm If 只放大輸入電壓的差模部分, 而消除共模部分。 11
Measuring Difference-Amplifier Performance 當電阻不匹配時會造成共模增益不為零,因此以共模拒斥比(common mode rejection ratio, CMRR) 來表示與理想放大器的接近程度。 CMRR 值愈大代表愈接近理想差值放大器 Let OR 12
5.7 A More Realistic Model for the Op Amp 較實際的模型: 輸入電阻Ri 為有限值; 開迴路增益A為有限值; 輸出電阻Ro不為零。 µA741 op amp的典型值: Ri = 2 M A = 105 Ro = 75 13
Analysis of an Inverting-Amplifier Circuit Using the More Realistic Op Amp Model 14
Analysis of a Noninverting-Amplifier Circuit Using the More Realistic Op Amp Model where What if Ro0, A, and Ri ? 15