Prepared by May Ying Chen 陈美瑛 U.S.-CHINA COMPARATIVE LABOR RELATIONS, a basic introduction 中美比较劳动关系简单的介绍 Prepared by May Ying Chen 陈美瑛 and Ruting Chen CUNY纽约市立大学 November, 2014 11月

Key Labor Relations Players 劳动关系关键方 Employers 雇主（资方） Government 政府 Union 工会 Workers Challenge: How and where do workers find a voice and methods to solve problems?

Union – Employers – Government 工会 – 资方- 政府 In the U.S. … 美国 Advanced Capitalist free market economy 发达资本主义自由市场经济 Dominance of Capital and Employers 资本与资方主导 Unions independent of Employers and Government 工会独立于资方与政府 In China … 中国 Socialist market economy 社会主义市场经济 Dominance of Government and Party-State 政府主导 Inter-related Union, Employers, Government 工会与资方和政府互相关联 Need more elaboration on union independency in the US

China’s Changing Employment Relations; Chart, by Prof China’s Changing Employment Relations; Chart, by Prof. Mingwei Liu, Rutgers University

U.S. Chart

Sector Demographics US Agriculture 1.8% Industrial 22.0% Service 76.2% China Agriculture 36.7% Industry 28.7% Service 34.6%

Workforce Demographics 劳动力人口统计 In China中国 Union density 48% (54%) 工会密度48% Collective bargaining coverage 32% (41%) 集体协商谈判覆盖率32% Workforce=788 million 劳动力总数7亿88万 SOE, collective, town, mix enterprises = 60% Private, foreign, individual enterprises = 40% In the U.S.美国 Union density 11% 工会密度11% Collective bargaining coverage 13% 集体协商谈判覆盖率13% Workforce=159 million 劳动力总数1亿590万 Private sector (84%) 私有行业 Public sector (16%) 公有行业 Trending demographics needed for U.S. and China

Employers – Capital in the U.S. 雇主– 资方 (美国) Private Sector 私有部门 Small “Mom and Pop” business 小影商户 Medium sized enterprises中型企业 Industry or Sectoral Enterprises 大型工业企业 Vertical Supply Chain enterprises 垂直供应链企业 Multi-national Corporations Finance Capital Research percentages of each business type? Maybe use graphs…show major sectors?

Employers – Capital: Private Sector in China Private Sector 私有企业 Joint ventures 合资企业 Foreign companies 外国公司 Hong Kong – Taiwan – Macau companies 香港-台湾-澳门公司

Employers, cont’d: U.S. Public Sector 雇主– 资方:美国 – 公有行业 In the U.S. – Public Sector Federal, State and Local government workers 联邦、州、地方政府雇员 Proportion of workforce 劳动力比重 = 16% Government budget and cutbacks 政府预算 Privatization – trend to cut down government and contract out to private companies

Employers, cont’d – China’s Public Sector 中国的国有企业 State Owned Enterprises (SOE’s)=14.45% 国有企业 Collective Owned Units 1.32% Mixed Ownership Units 8.5% Township and Village enterprises 35.25% Government budgets 政府预算 Outsourcing, dispatched workers

U.S. Unions… 美国工会 In the U.S. 美国 Historically organized by industry and craft workers 历史上由行业的工人组织 Employers and Managers exclusion 雇主与经理阶层被排除 General Unions总工会 Federations联邦 Internationals and Locals 国际与本地工会（工会分会）

Unions in U.S. 美国工会 Key Union functions工会的主要作用 Organizing 组织 Collective Bargaining 集体协商谈判 Dispute resolution, contract enforcement 纠纷解决与合同执行 Benefits and services福利与服务 Labor policy and political advocacy 推动劳工政策与倡导 Education & mobilization 教育与动员

中国工会 Unions in China Workers in SOE’s all belong to unions 国有企业的工人都在工会 Private sector and migrants must be organized 私有企业和移民工必须被组织入工会 Primary activities are social, cultural, travel, entertainment; also benefits – medical, pension 主要的活动是社会、文化的、旅行、娱乐；福利主要是医疗和养老 Collective consultation now evolving into collective bargaining 集体协商现在演变成了集体谈判

Government 政府 U.S. political system: 美国政治系统 Two Parties – Democrat and Republican 两党制—民主党，共和党 Elections and term limits 选举与任期限制 Executive, Legislative, Judicial branches 三权分立-行政、立法与司法 50 states, with local laws 五十个州 China political system: 中国政治系统 One Party – CCP 一党制 Centralized planning and policy making 集中规划与制定政策 Strong supervision of unions, SOE’s 对工会实行高度监控；国有企业 Provincial differences 各省差异

U.S. Government 美国政府 Basic regulation of labor relations, complaint driven 劳动关系的基本条例；由告诉与申诉驱动 Independent of union and management 独立的工会和管理层 Labor departments – federal, state, local receive individual complaints 劳工部门 – 联邦、州、地方 Referee for disputes 纠纷的裁判

U.S. Government Growing restrictions on collective bargaining and attacks on unions Social Security and Health Care benefit programs facing budget cutbacks Role in setting or regulating minimum wages – federal and states – requires legislative action in an environment of “political gridlock”

Chinese Government 中国政府 Strong government control over labor and management 政府对劳动管理很强的控制 Labor courts are complaint driven – individual cases and complaints 劳动法庭主要是受个人案件的驱动 Role of Labor Bureaus (MOHRSS) Role of ACFTU

Chinese government Collective disputes, complaints, strikes Evolving collective bargaining regulations Regulation of wages and wage increases

Labor Contract v. At Will China US Labor Contract Law Written Contract Required Specific duration Termination provisions Severance pay Lifetime Employment (Beijing vs. Shanghai, etc.) At – will employment No written contract Fired at any time for any reason But there are many “protected reasons”

Protected Reasons in US – Examples Discrimination on the basis of: Race, Age (40 years or older), Gender, Disability, Religion… NLRA “Protected Concerted Activity” by workers UNION membership and collective bargaining agreement “Whistleblower” Laws or protection from retaliation OSHA FMLA Sarbanes-Oxley

Questions and Discussion