RFID技術與標準協定 大葉大學電機系 林漢年
Contents Fundamental structure of RFID systems Organizations related to RFID standards Current RFID standards Trend of RFID standards development Spectrum Allocations for RFID systems Governmental Status in Taiwan
RFID 簡介
Development of RFID Industry
RFID發展背景 1.傳統條碼 (1)國際編碼格式 (2)自用編碼格式 http://www.a8.com.tw 39條碼 128條碼 EAN條碼 PDF417條碼 UPC條碼 二維條碼 ISBN碼與ISSN碼 http://www.a8.com.tw upc:通用產品代碼 ean:國際物品編碼
2.電子條碼 upc UCC EAN.UCC EPCglobal EAN ean Auto-ID EPC系統 RFID UCC(統一編碼協會):總部位於美國, UPC碼的發號機構Uniform Code Council EAN International (國際物品編碼協會):總部位於布魯塞爾 European Article Numbering upc UCC 總部位於美國波士頓 EAN.UCC EPCglobal ean EAN International EPC 產品電子碼 Auto-ID EPC系統 RFID 1999麻省理工學院 技研所創立 Radio Frequency Identification Electronic Product Code
3.傳統條碼與電子碼比較 (1)條碼:容易剝落、沾污、撕裂,影響讀取品質。 電子碼:Reader與Tag間,以無線電波提高讀取品質。 2.條碼:物品外觀必須印上或貼上條碼,才能識別。 電子碼:透過無線電波感應傳輸,不需再物品外觀顯現。 3. 條碼:識別須藉由人力操作。 電子碼:識別不須人工操作,藉由系統完成管理作業。 4. 條碼:須分開讀取。 電子碼:在讀取範圍就能識別,且可多筆同時讀取。
3.13.56MHz ISM頻譜 Class 1射頻識別標籤介面規格 4.860-930MHz Class 1射頻識別標籤介面規格 4.EPC標準規格 1.EPC標籤資料規格1.1版:射頻標籤資料編碼 2.900MHz Class 0 射頻識別標籤介面規格 3.13.56MHz ISM頻譜 Class 1射頻識別標籤介面規格 4.860-930MHz Class 1射頻識別標籤介面規格 5.讀碼器協定 6.Savant伺服器規格 7.PML(Physical Markup Language)實體標記語言核心規格 8.物件名稱服務系統規格
General Identifier (GID-96) 5.EPC編碼結構 Standard EPC Tag Data Header Filter Value (Optional) Domain Identifier General Identifier (GID-96) Header General Manager Number Object Class Serial Number Header 8 bits Manufacture 28 bits Product 24 bits Serial Number 36 bits
RFID技術特性 1.操作頻段及應用領域 操作頻段 讀寫距離 應用領域 低頻:125kHz 高頻:13.56MHz 超高頻:915MHz 135kHz 、 13.56MHz 、 433.92MHz 、 860~930MHz 、 2.45GHz 、 5.8GHz 操作頻段 讀寫距離 應用領域 低頻:125kHz 高頻:13.56MHz 超高頻:915MHz 微波:2.45、5.8GHz ~1m 2~3m 2~15m 進出管制、動物追蹤 POS應用 智慧卡、物品追蹤 行李管理、 圖書館應用 物流管理、電子收費 行李管理
2.RFID系統分類 標籤型態 讀寫距離 特點 被動式 半被動式 主動式 < 4m 10 m >100m 沒有電池,最便宜 有電池,被動讀取, 有效讀取,精確度較高 有電池,效率高 有成本問題
感應耦合(Inductive Coupling) 後向散射耦合(Backscatter Coupling) 3.RFID訊號處理 讀取器(Reader)與標籤(Tag)間之能量感應方式: 感應耦合(Inductive Coupling) 適用低頻RFID系統 後向散射耦合(Backscatter Coupling) 適用高頻RFID系統 例如目前UHF頻段運作之EPC標準
4.標籤基本構造及分類 級別 性質 特點 被動式標籤具有AC to DC電路, 將讀取器發射之射頻訊號轉成DC 電源,經大電容儲存能量,再經 穩壓電路提供穩定的電源。 天線 調變電路 編碼器 微處理器 記憶體 電源 級別 性質 特點 零級 一級 二級 三級 四級 五級 被動識別 較一級增加功能 內有電池 主動標籤 可讀取其他標籤 只可讀 可讀取,可寫入一次 可重複讀寫,具加密 二級功能,較長通信距離 三級功能,主動溝通 四級功能,可當讀取器
讀取器在於傳送資料和能量,然後激化標籤並讀取標籤資料。 讀取器激化標籤程序: 5.讀取器 一個讀取器可讀取多個不同標籤。 讀取器在於傳送資料和能量,然後激化標籤並讀取標籤資料。 讀取器激化標籤程序: 讀取器由系統頻率產生器產生工作頻率,接著微處理器產生 要送至標籤的訊號給調變電路,調變電路把訊號調變成載波 ,送給射頻功率晶體,最後由天線將無線信號發給標籤。 天線接收標籤所回覆的資料後,傳送至接收器解碼後,再送 至上層的控制器,由控制器將解碼後的資料傳給資料庫及電 腦等外部裝置,若屬加密的系統,也一併作加解密處理。
RFID系統架構
EPCglobal Principles •Committed to working with other associations and standards bodies (example: ISO, IETF) •Neutral and not for profit •Committed to royalty free, open standards •Linked to top class research –Seven Auto ID Labs
EPCglobal Organization
Adoption Phase
EPCglobal Standards
Gen2 progress in ISO • Gen 2 submitted to ISO process (SC31) in Jan ‘05 • 3-months ballot on Proposed Draft Amendment successfully completed: 20 positive votes, 1 abstention • 174 comments resolved on 7 June 2005; large majority of comments are purely editorial, others are minor technical changes • Next steps: – By Nov ’05: Incorporate comments and new vote (4 months) – By Feb ’06: Final draft and final vote (2 months) – March 2006: Gen 2 available as ISO/IEC 18000-6c
Organizations related RFID standards JTC 1/SC 31 Automatic Identification and Data Capture Techniques JTC 1/SC 17 Identification Cards and related devices ISO TC 104 / SC 4 Identification and communication ISO TC 23 / SC 19 Agricultural electronics CEN TC 278 Road Transport and Traffic Telematics CEN/TC 23/SC 3/WG 3 Transportable Gas Cylinders - Operational Requirements - Identification of cylinders and contents ISO/TC204 Transport Information and Control Systems ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute ERO European Radiocommunications Office ANSI American National Standards Institute
Technical Standards Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 4/SG 3 RFID for Item Management Air Interface (ISO 18000) ISO/IEC 18000-1 - Generic parameters - Air interface ISO/IEC 18000-2 - Parameters for air interface below 135 kHz ISO/IEC 18000-3 - Parameters for air interface at 13.56 MHz ISO/IEC 18000-4 - Parameters for air interface at 2.45 GHz ISO/IEC 18000-6 - Parameters for air interface at 860-960 MHz ISO/IEC 18000-7 - Parameters for active air interface at 433.92 MHz
Data Content Standards ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 2 & WG 4/SG 1 ISO/IEC 15424 - Data Carrier/Symbology Identifiers ISO/IEC 15418 - EAN.UCC Application Identifiers and ASC MH 10 Data Identifiers ISO/IEC 15434 - Syntax for High Capacity ADC Media ISO/IEC 15459 - Unique identification - Part 1: Transport units; Part 2: Registration procedures; Part 3: Common rules; Part 4: Unique Item identification for supply chain management; Unique identification - Part 5: Returnable transport items; ISO/IEC 15961 - Data protocol: Application interface ISO/IEC 15962 - Protocol: Data encoding rules and logical memory functions ISO/IEC 15963 - Unique ID of RF Tag
Conformance Standards Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 3/SG 1 ISO/IEC 18046 - RFID Device Performance Test Methods ISO/IEC 18047 - RFID Device Conformance Test Methods Part 2 - <135 kHz Part 3 - 13.56 MHz Part 4 - 2.45 GHz Part 6 - 860-960 MHz Part 7 - 433 MHz
Application Standards Radio Frequency Identification - Open Standards ISO 10374 - Freight containers — Automatic identification ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol for electronic seal ISO 11784 – Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure ISO 11785 – Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept ISO 14223-1 – Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced Transponders - Part 1: Air Interface ISO 21007-1 – Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1: Reference Architecture and Terminology ISO 21007-2 – Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2: Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency ANSI MH10.8.4 - RFID for Returnable Containers AIAG B-11 - Tire & Wheel Identification Standard ISO 122/104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID ISO 17363 - Freight containers ISO 17364 - Returnable transport items ISO 17365 - Transport units ISO 17366 - Product packaging ISO 17367 - Product tagging
RFID Experts Group Formed in February 2004 to assist DoD with RFID implementation Under the AIM Global umbrella in July 2004 Reaching out for international cooperation Europe Japan Korea China
RFID應用頻率 已分配使用 頻段 RFID應用頻率 感應距離 部分RFID廠家 我國使用現況 低頻 (LF, Low Frequency) 125 KHz 135 KHz < 1.5 m HP 117.6~126: 已指定業務分配但尚未使用[固定(主),水上行動(主),無線電協航(主)] 129~160:已分配但未使用[同上] 高頻 (HF, High Frequency) 6.78 MHz (HP), 13.56 MHz (Pretide) Pretide 134.1~157 M: 已指定業務分配但尚未使用 但13.56 0.007: 供工,科,醫用設備使用 特高頻 (VHF, Very High Frequency) 33.92 MHz, 40.68 MHz (HP), 433 MHz (SAVI) - SAVI 30.01~37.5 M: 已指定業務分配 [固定(主), 行動(主)], 但尚未使用 超高頻 (UHF, Ultra High Frequency) 860-950 MHz, > 1.5m 864.1~868.1: Low-Tier 870~890: 3G 895~915, 940~960: GSM 2.45 GHz 2.45 0.05GHz:供工,科,醫用設備使用 極高頻 (SHF, Super High Frequency) 5.8 GHz 5.8 0.075GHz: 供工,科,醫用設備使用 已分配使用
RFID(UHF BAND)與GSM 900鄰頻干擾之探討 1. RFID頻譜配置 FCC開放RFID頻段 中華電信 up link down link RFID 915 928 922 910 895 940 955 960 902 遠傳 down up 891.4 937 892 增頻 國內RFID頻段 MHz
各國開放供RFID使用之UHF頻段 頻段範圍(MHz) 國別 歐盟 南非 美加 澳洲 紐西蘭 日本 韓國 我國 902~928 93.6.21大部同意開放922~928MHz頻段供無線射頻辨識系統(RFID)使用 頻段範圍(MHz) 國別 歐盟 南非 美加 澳洲 紐西蘭 日本 韓國 我國 869.4~869.65 865.6~867.6 915.2~915.4 902~928 918~926 864~868 905~956 910~914 922~928
2005 EPCglobal TAIWAN Current Government Project
Government’s Strategy And Action Solution Promoting Pilot Applications in Public Fields to Drive the Industrial Development Promoting Integrated Pilot Application Projects in Public Fields Setting up a Regulations Environment – Proceeding Revision or Explanation of Regulations Related to RFID Application: Food Hygiene Management Laws. Medicinal Affairs Laws., Waste Elimination Disposal Laws… – Creating Protection Rules for Privacy
Taiwan RFID Roadmap
Taiwan Government’s Project
Conclusion In many ways, RFID is an industry in its infancy. There is currently no single coding, frequency or tag standard for each RFID application. In terms of coding, Ubiquitous ID is the prevailing standard in Japan, EPC is holding a similar position in the US, European and Asian markets. There is also serious dialogue between Asian leaders to promote their own standard. As open standards are recognized as the requirement for rapid widespread adoption of new technology, what steps can global industry leaders and policy makers take to harmonize this current situation? Is a single standard necessary for worldwide adoption?