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The Effect of Copyright on Access to Electronic Resources 版权对获取电子资源的影响 Trisha L. Davis The Ohio State University Libraries 俄亥俄州立大学图书馆 September 9, 2005 Wuhan University

Electronic Resources in Libraries 图书馆的电子资源 Library Web Sites 图书馆网站 Library and Consortia Catalogs 馆藏目录和联合目录 Full Text Databases 全文数据库 Electronic journals 电子期刊 E-Books 电子书 CD-ROMs and DVDs

Reader Preferences 读者的偏好 Desktop Access 桌面访问 Remote Access via the Internet 通过因特网远程访问 Integrated Searching 集成式检索 Ability to Use Digital Information in the Same Manner as Print Information 能象利用印刷文献那样利用数字信息

Library Challenges 对图书馆的挑战 Cost of Creating & Maintaining Online Sites 创建和维护网站的费用 Resources Needed to Provide Access to All Users 为所有用户提供访问服务所需的资源 Resources Needed to Assure Access Control 保证访问控制所需资源 Cost of Acquiring Materials in Digital Format 购买数字型资料的费用

Library Costs for Materials 图书馆采购资源的费用 Serials costs for US research libraries increased 210% between 1986-2001; the US average costs increased only 62%. 美国研究型图书馆1986至2001年连续出版物费用上涨210％；美国平均消费仅上涨62％ Book purchases declined by 9% between 1986-2000. 1986至2000年间，图书采购下降9％ US libraries used their budgets to maintain their journals collections. 美国图书馆利用预算经费维持期刊馆藏

Copyright vs Licensed Rights 版权与许可权 U.S. Copyright Law of 1976 美国1976版权法 Digital Millenium Copyright Act 0f 1998 (DMCA) 1998数字千年版权法案 U.S. Contract Law 美国合同法

U.S. Copyright Law 美国版权法 Bundle of 5 Rights 五项权利 Right to Reproduce – with exemption for libraries 复制权－图书馆免责 Right to Prepare Derivative Works – including abstracts, translations 创作衍生作品权－包括文摘、翻译 Right to Distribute 传播权 Right to Display Publicly 公开展示权 Right to Perform Publicly 公开表演权

Fair Use Exemption 合理使用免责 Right to Reproduce (and distribute on a limited basis) without permission of the copyright holder for: 不经版权所有者许可，复制（有限传播）的权利 Criticism 批评 Comment 评论 News reporting 新闻报道 Reaching – Scholarship – Research 学术研究 Home use 家庭使用

Fair Use Test 合理使用测试 4 Factor Test 测试的四因素 Commercial v. Non-Profit Use 商业与非盈利性使用 Number of Copies to be made 复制品的数量 Amount of Material copied 所复制材料的量 Effect on Market Potential 对市场潜力的影响

Digital Millennium Copyright Act 数字千年版权法案 Federal Law 联邦法 Does not allow creation of digital copies 禁止制作数字拷贝 Does not allow transmission of digital copies For example, Google copying! 禁止传递数字拷贝，如Google copying. Exemption for library preservation only. 仅图书馆保存资料可免责 Teach Act allows limited transmission of digital materials under very controlled situations 教育法案准许在严格控制的情形下有限传递数字资料

US Contract Law 美国合同法 Requires an “offer” of a sale or a lease of rights 要求一方出售或出租权利 Requires “acceptance” of contractual terms by both parties; may include negotiation of terms and counter-offers 要求双方接受合同条款；可以包括条款谈判和对等付出 Requires “consideration” which is a promise to exchange money, goods, or services 要求承诺交换金钱、商品或服务

Copyright vs Licensed Rights 版权与许可权 Contact law trumps copyright law A signed license agreement can void Fair Use 合同法胜过版权法 签署许可协议可使合理使用条款无效 Copyright law applies to the sale of a copy 版权法应用于拷贝销售 Contract law governs leased rights 合同法支配出租权 Solution: Assure Fair Use rights are included in license agreement 解决方法：保证合理使用权利包含在许可协议中

Copyright v. Contract Rights 版权与合同权 Right to Use 使用的权利 Copyright Law By purchaser, a borrower, any library patron 版权法 购买者、借阅者、任何图书馆用户 License Agreement Only Authorized User or Users as defined in license 许可协议 仅授权用户或许可协议中定义的用户

Copyright v. Contract Rights 版权与合同权 Right to Make Copies 制作拷贝的权利 Copyright Law By permission, Fair Use, ILL 版权法 经过允许，合理使用，馆际互借 License Agreement By permission only (print or electronic) No ILL if license fixes number of copies or defines Authorized Users 许可协议 仅经过允许（印刷或电子型） 如果协议规定拷贝数或定义授权用户，则禁止馆际互借

Copyright v. Contract Rights 版权与合同权 Right to Distribute 传播的权利 Copyright Law By First Sale, Fair Use, ILL 版权法 通过首次销售，合理使用，馆际互借 License Agreement By permission only No copies distributed outside library, university, No outside disclosure of information 许可协议 仅经过允许 禁止传播至图书馆、大学之外 禁止向外透露信息

Copyright v. Contract Rights 版权与合同权 Right of Performance or Display 表演或展示的权利 Copyright Law Fair Use, Home Use, Face-to-Face Teaching 版权法 合理使用，家庭使用，面对面教授 License Agreement Only Authorized User or Users as defined in license 许可协议 仅授权用户或许可协议中定义的用户

Potential Solution: Open Access 潜在的解决方法：开放获取 Two Definitions of Open Access 开放获取的两种定义 1st – Information freely available on the WWW; no limitations on use. 第一：信息在万维网上免费获取；无限制使用 This is not a viable option for most authors or publishers. 对多数作者和出版者来说不是具可行性的选择

Potential Solution: Open Access 潜在的解决方法：开放获取 Two Definitions of Open Access 开放获取的两种定义 2nd – Information freely accessible on the WWW; all use rights retained by copyright owner. 第二：信息在万维网上免费获取；所有使用权由版权所有者保留 This is the common understanding of Open Access. 这是对开放获取的普遍认识

Sources of Open Access 开放获取的资源 PubMed Central http://www.pubmedcentral.com BioMed Central http://www.BioMedCentral.com/ Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) http://www.doaj.org/ 开放获取期刊指南 Institutional repositories like Ohio State University Libraries’ Knowledge Bank https://kb.osu.edu/ 各机构的知识仓库，如俄亥俄州立大学图书馆的知识银行

Ultimate Solution: Author’s Rights 最终解决方法：作者权 Authors must retain ownership of their creative content 作者必须保留对他们创造性内容的所有权 Authors must transfer only those rights necessary for publication 作者必须仅转让出版所必须的那些权利 Authors must retain all other rights, specifying those of particular value to them or their institution. 作者必须保留所有其他权利，并详细说明那些对他们或他们所在机构有特殊价值的权利。

Examples of Author’s Rights 作者权示例 To copy and distribute for teaching, conference presentations, and lectures. 为教学、会议和讲座复制和传播 To make an electronic version available on a website that the Author may control. 制作电子版本，放在作者可控制的网站上 To make an electronic version of the Work available on course management systems or electronic reserve systems 将作品的电子版本放在课程管理系统或电子预留系统中 To contribute and make available on a digital repository of works created at the Author’s home institution. 捐赠给作者所在的机构，放在该机构的作品数字仓库中

In Summary 小结 In the digital world, all aspects of library collections and services are changing. 数字社会中，图书馆馆藏和服务的所有层面都在变化 Readers no longer want as much access to physical materials; they prefer digital access to information. 读者不如以前那样倚赖实物资料，而偏好以数字方式获取信息 Publishers are moving to digital formats and raising prices well beyond library budgets. 出版商转向出版数字型资料，提高的价格已超过图书馆预算 Publishers are forcing the licensing of content rather than ownership of content. 出版商推动以许可方式使用内容而不是拥有内容。

In Summary 小结 In response, libraries must shift from ownership of materials to access to information. 作为回应，图书馆必须从拥有资料转到拥有信息访问权限 Libraries must build their own digital warehouses of open access information. 图书馆必须建立自己的开放获取信息数字仓库 Libraries must educate faculty authors to retain their rights to use their intellectual content for educational and personal purposes. 图书馆必须教育教师作者保留为教育和个人用途使用他们知识内容的权利。

Trisha L. Davis Head, Serials and Electronic Resources Department 期刊和电子资源部主任 The Ohio State University Libraries 俄亥俄州立大学图书馆 1858 Neil Avenue Mall 040B Columbus, Ohio 43210 (614) 292-6314 davis.115@osu.edu