“Effects and tendency on income redistribution policy” The GIG economy 零工经济 Ferdinando Montaldi “Effects and tendency on income redistribution policy” 收入在分配政策的调节效果和调整趋势 Italy, October 14th -28th, 2018 2018年10月14日-28日，意大利

Index 索引 The GIG economy: 零工经济 The definition 定义 The operation of the digital platform 数字平台的使用 Coworking and crowdworking 合作工作和合众工作 Types of contracts and compulsory insurance 劳动合同和强制性保险

What’s the GIG economy ? 什么是零工经济？ The definition 定义 What’s the GIG economy ? 什么是零工经济？ The casual/intermittent jobs based on a digital platform 以数字平台为基础的临时、间断性工作 Gig (slang) = a little job, a very short term job, a job performed during free time, … 零工（俚语）= 一点工作、期限很短的工作、空闲时间进行的工作 According to recent research, by the De Benedetti foundation, in Italy there are 600.000-750.000 people operating in the GIG economy (1,5%-2,00% of the population within 18-64 year old age group) 根据De Benedetti基金会开展的研究，意大利约有60-75万人从事零工经济的工作（占18-64岁人口的1.5%-2.00%）。

What’s the link between the worker and the digital platform ? GIG economy 零工经济 The operation of the digital platform 数字平台的使用 What’s the link between the worker and the digital platform ? 工作和数字平台之间的联系是什么？ Types of models: 类型： Operation limited to match supply with demand 仅限于供需匹配 Global operation 在全球范围使用

Operation limited to match supply with demand 仅限于匹配供需 GIG economy 零工经济 The operation of the digital platform 数字平台的使用 Operation limited to match supply with demand 仅限于匹配供需 Features: 特点 The platform facilitates the matching of workers and customers 平台将职工和客户进行匹配 The job relationship is established between customer and worker 建立客户和职工间的就业关系 The platform provides a lot of services (tracking skill of workers, administrative service, standard work documents, …) 平台提供了很多服务（追踪职工的技能、行政服务、工作标准文件。。。。） As an example: 举例 Taskhunters (link between students and companies) 学生和企业间的联系 Le cicogne (nursery services) 护理服务 PetMe (dogsitter and catsitter services, Italian provider working in more than 30 cities, about 10.000 workers) 提供宠物猫狗保姆服务，在意大利超过30个城市提供服务，拥有1万名员工

The operation of the digital platform 数字平台的使用 GIG economy 零工经济 The operation of the digital platform 数字平台的使用 Global Operation 在全球范围使用 Features: 特点 The job relationship is established between platform manager and worker 建立平台管理人员和职工的就业关系 The customer is always provided by the platform manager 平台管理人员提供顾客 The worker can decide if and when to give his availability 职工自己决定是否提供工作、何时提供工作 When the worker gives his availability, the digital platform manages all aspects of the job performance of the worker (relation with the customer, time, deadline, …) 当职工提供工作时，数字平台管理职工开展工作的各个方面（与客户的关系、时间、截止期限。。。。） The worker generally uses own their instruments (car, bicycle, …) 职工通常使用自己的工具（汽车、自行车。。。。） As an example: 举例 Food delivery company: Deliveroo (GB), Foodora (D), Moovenda 食品运输公司 Facility management company: Yougenio, Prontopro, Helpling, Ernesto 设备管理公司

Other types of jobs based on a digital platform 基于数字平台的其他类型工作 GIG economy 零工经济 Coworking and crowdworking 合作工作和合众工作 Other types of jobs based on a digital platform 基于数字平台的其他类型工作 Coworking: people work together as independent workers 合作工作：人们作为独立的员工，在一起工作 “working together as equals” (Bernard De Coven) “平等地在一起工作” Crowdworking: people work as independent workers in a competitive system managed by a digital platform 合众工作：人们作为独立的员工，由一个数字平台进行管理，在一个竞争体系下工作。 The digital platform provides customers and offers the task to all interested workers all over the world 数字平台面向客户，为全世界所有感兴趣的员工提供工作任务 The interested workers propose the guidelines of the development of the task (or: the completed task) 感兴趣的员工提出工作大纲（或：完成工作任务） The platform or the customer chooses the best or the more adequate proposal (or: task) ·平台或客户选择最好的或最充分的工作大纲（或：工作任务） The identified worker develops the task, delivers the job and is paid by the digital platform or directly by the customer 被选定的员工开展工作、完成任务，平台支付报酬或客户直接支付报酬 As an example: UpWork, Freelancer, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Crowdflower, Vicker 举例

Coworking Crowdworking GIG economy 零工经济 Coworking and crowdworking 合作工作和合众工作 The perspectives 观点 Coworking Crowdworking 合作工作 合众工作 The key issues: 关键问题 What types of job relationships are there ? 就业关系是什么类型？ What social insurance is available for workers ? 员工获得的社会保险是什么？

GIG economy workers 零工经济职工 Types of contracts and compulsory insurance 劳动合同的类型和强制性保险 GIG economy workers 零工经济职工 We focus on Gig economy based on global operation platform (eg. food delivery) 我们关注基于全球范围使用平台的零工经济（如：食品运输） Two questions: 两个问题 What is the adequate job relationship ? 什么是充分的就业关系？ What the compulsory insurance are available ? 可获得何种强制性保险

The types of work relationships for CIG economy GIG economy 零工经济 Types of contracts and compulsory insurance 劳动合同的类型和强制性保险 The types of work relationships for CIG economy 零工经济的就业关系类型 1. Independent casual work (independent) 独立的临时性工作（独立） Continual and coordinated work (independent) 连续的、协同的工作（独立） Continual work organized by the company (become employee) 由企业组织开展的连续性工作（成为雇员） Casual work as an employee (employee) 作为雇员开展的临时性工作（雇员） Intermittent work (employee) 间断性工作（雇员）

- Independent casual work (independent) GIG economy 零工经济 Types of contracts and compulsory insurance 劳动合同的类型和强制性保险 - Independent casual work (independent) 独立的临时性工作 （独立） Rules: 规则 Not continuous job (casual) 非持续性工作（临时） No connection to the company 与企业没有联系 Compulsory insurance: 强制性保险 Pension insurance: YES (but only for remuneration over € 5.000 a year) 养老保险：是的（但是只报销每年超过5000欧元的费用） Disease and maternity insurance: N/A* 疾病和生育保险：不适用 On the job injury and disease: N/A 工伤和工作期间发生的疾病：不适用 Unemployment insurance: N/A 失业保险：不适用 *: not applicable 不适用

- Continual and coordinated work (independent) GIG economy 零工经济 Types of contracts and compulsory insurance 劳动合同的类型和强制性保险 - Continual and coordinated work (independent) 连续的、协同的工作（独立） Rules: 规则 Personal job (not organized as activity of enterprise) 个人开展的工作（非企业开展的活动） Continuous job (not casual) 持续的工作（非临时） Coordination by the company 由企业进行协调 No organization of work by the company (time and type of work) 企业不组织开展工作（工作的时间和类型） Compulsory insurance: 强制性保险 Pension insurance: YES (from 1995) 养老保险：是（自1995年起） Disease and maternity insurance: YES (maternity from 1995; disease from 2007, maximum 61 days a year) 疾病和生育保险：是（生育保险从1995年起；疾病保险从2007年起，每年最多61天） On the job injury and disease: YES 工伤和工作期间发生的疾病：是 Unemployment insurance: YES (recently introduced, maximum 6 months) 失业保险：是（最近新推行，最多6个月）

3 - Continual work organized by the company 企业组织开展的持续性工作 GIG economy 零工经济 Types of contracts and compulsory insurance 劳动合同的类型和强制性保险 3 - Continual work organized by the company 企业组织开展的持续性工作  the same rights of an employee 与雇员的权益相同 Rules:规则 Personal job (not organized as activity of enterprise) 个人开展的工作（非企业组织开展的活动） Continuous job (not casual) 持续性工作（非临时） Coordination by the company 企业进行协调 Organization of work by the company (time and type of work) 企业组织开展工作（工作的时间和类型） Compulsory insurance:强制性保险 Pension insurance: YES 养老保险：是 Disease and maternity insurance: YES 疾病和生育保险：是 On the job injury and disease: YES 工伤和工作期间发生的疾病：是 Unemployment insurance: YES 失业保险：是

- Casual work as an employee (employee) GIG economy 零工经济 Types of contracts and compulsory insurance 劳动合同的类型和强制性保险 - Casual work as an employee (employee) 作为雇员的临时工作（雇员） Rules: 规则 Casual job 临时工作 Management of work by the company 由企业管理的工作 Minimum wage: € 36 a day (4 hours) 最低薪酬：每天36欧元（4小时） Only for small company: maximum 5 permanent contract workers 小型企业：最多5个长期劳动合同职工 Only for short jobs: maximum € 2.500 a year for the same worker and € 5.000 a year for all casual workers 短期工作：相同职工2500欧元每年，所有临时职工5000欧元每年。 Compulsory insurance: 强制性保险 Pension insurance: YES 养老保险：是 Disease and maternity insurance: N/A 疾病和生育保险：不适用 On the job injury and disease: YES 工伤和工作期间发生的疾病：是 Unemployment insurance: N/A 失业保险：不适用

- Intermittent work (employee) GIG economy 零工经济 Types of contracts and compulsory insurance 劳动合同的类型和强制性保险 - Intermittent work (employee) 间断性工作（雇员） Rules: 规则 Management of work by the company 工作由企业进行管理 Job on demand according to the need of the company (production peaks) 工作根据企业的需求（最高产量） Only for discontinuous jobs provided by the law 只适用于法律规定的间断性工作 Only for people under 25 e over 55 years old 只适用于25岁以下、55岁以上人群 Collective labour agreement can modify the law conditions regarding the types of discontinuous jobs and the age of the worker 集体劳动协议能够修改间断性工作和职工年龄方面的法律规定 Compulsory insurance:强制性保险 Pension insurance: YES 养老保险：是的 Disease and maternity insurance: YES (disease protection maximum for the same working day during the previous year) 疾病和生育保险：是（疾病保障最长为上一年度工作日总和） On the job injury and disease: YES 工伤和工作期间发生的疾病：是 Unemployment insurance: YES (13 working weeks during the previous year) 失业保险：是（上一年度13周）