眼见为实？

单摆运动变成圆锥摆运动 “戴墨镜所产生的错觉”，穆尚礼，广西物理 第24 卷 (a)为左眼戴墨镜时看到的圆锥摆运动为俯视顺时针方向， (b)为右眼戴墨镜时看到的圆锥摆运动为俯视逆时针方向 “戴墨镜所产生的错觉”，穆尚礼，广西物理 第24 卷

Structure of eyes and retina Schematic diagram of the vertebrate eye Section of retina Rods are most densely packed about 3mm away from fovea; Cones are located largely in fovea, where they are 150000mm-2

Two types of vision mode 1.Scotopic vision: rods 2.Photopic vision: cones In a normal eye, about 6 million cones and about 120 million rods. The characterization of rods and cones the structures of rod and cone Rod and cone photoreceptors: Molecular basis of the difference in their physiology Satoru Kawamura , Shuji Tachibanaki，Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A 150 (2008) 369–377 Rods can respond for low intensity light—10-9lx, about 100 times more sensitive than cones but have long response time, about 100ms; Cones have less sensitive than rods and shorter response time, about 20ms.

弱光下看物体的适当方法 眼睛的屈光系统简化图 眼睛的生理结构和屈光系统 此处视杆细胞 密度最大 17.2mm 3mm 眼睛的屈光系统简化图 眼睛的生理结构和屈光系统 在黑暗中想要看清楚物体方法不是直接盯着物体看，而是大约偏离物体方向10o左右

Response curves of rods and cones There are three types of cones, about 64% of the cones are red sensitive (L-type ones), about 32% are green sensitive (M-type ones), and about 2% are blue sensitive (S-type ones). Relative intensity of absorbance Wavelenth/nm Human spectral sensitivity curves. (1) scotopic sensitivity;(2) photopic sensitibity; Circles: Absorption spectrum of human rod pigment. Simplified human cone response curves, based on Dicklyon's PNG version, itself based on data from Stockman, MacLeod & Johnson (1993) Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 10, 2491-2521d The Senses, Horace Basil Barlow,J. D. Mollon

Color blindness There are three types of inherited or congenital color vision deficiencies: 1.monochromacy: monochromacy occurs when two or all three of the cone pigments are missing and color and lightness vision is reduced to one dimension. 2.dichromacy: a moderately severe color vision defect in which one of the three basic color mechanisms is absent or not functioning.] 3.anomalous trichromacy: a common type of inherited color vision deficiency, occurring when one of the three cone pigments is altered in its spectral sensitivity.

Dichromacy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindness The colors of the rainbow as viewed by a person with protanopia The colors of the rainbow as viewed by a person with no color vision deficiencies. The colors of the rainbow as viewed by a person with deuteranopia. The colors of the rainbow as viewed by a person with tritanopia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindness

Night Blindness 1. A disorder in which the rod cells in the retina gradually lose their ability to respond to the light 2.Deficiency of retinol, or vitamin A, found in fish oils, liver and dairy products http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrots http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War

单摆运动变成圆锥摆运动的解释 (a) 单摆从A运动到B；(b) 单摆从B运动到A “戴墨镜所产生的错觉”，穆尚礼，广西物理 第24 卷

Find a black dot http://www.visionrx.com/library/optical_illusion1.asp

Blowing in the Wind Are the long diagonal lines bending? http://www.visionrx.com/library/optical_illusion1.asp

A snapshot of the "color dove illusion"