Universal Pensions – An EU Perspective 养老金全覆盖——来自欧洲的视角 JV Gruat 圭亚 CASS Seminar, 12 June 2019 中国社会科学院研讨会，2019年6月12日

Benchmarks and standards 指标及基准 Current situation, and challenges 现状及挑战 Index 内容 System typology 系统分类 Benchmarks and standards 指标及基准 Current situation, and challenges 现状及挑战

DUAL PURPOSE OF PENSION SYSTEMS System typology – 1 系统分类 DUAL PURPOSE OF PENSION SYSTEMS 养老金制度的双重目标 ADDITIONAL FEATURES 其他特征 For all 全民覆盖 Collective financing 集体融资 Guaranteed 保证待遇 Predictable 可预期 Affordable 可承受 Democratic / transparent management 民主/透明的管理 Non profit 非营利 Keep out of poverty 消除贫困 Replace past income 替代原有收入

TWO FUNDAMENTAL SYSTEMS 两种体制原型 - BISMARCKIAN (OCCUPATIONAL) System typology – 2 系统分类 TWO FUNDAMENTAL SYSTEMS 两种体制原型 - BISMARCKIAN (OCCUPATIONAL) 匹斯麦模式（职业养老金） - BEVERIDGIAN (CITIZENSHIP/RESIDENCE) 贝弗利奇模式（国民/居民养老金） PROGRESSIVE CONVERGENCE 两种模式渐进融合 UNTIL NEW TYPE EMERGES 产生新形式 (universal pensions) （养老金全民覆盖）

Out of 192 countries: （192个国家中） System typology – 3 系统分类 Out of 192 countries: （192个国家中） 186 have some type of periodic benefits in old-age 有186个国家具有某种形式的养老金福利 72 have contributory schemes only 72个国家采用缴费制 13 have non contributory only 13个国家采用非缴费制 2 means-tested 2个按收入调查结果进行支付 1 pensions-tested 1个按养老金进行支付 10 universal 10个全覆盖 101 have both contributory and non contributory 101个国家为两种制度相结合 64 contributory + non contributory means tested 64个缴费制+非缴费制 收入挂钩 23 contributory and non contributory pension-tested 23个缴费制与非缴费制 养老金挂钩 14 contributory and universal 14个缴费制与普惠制 ILO World Social Protection Report 国际劳工组织《全球社会保障报告》

In Europe 欧洲的情况 Practically all countries have non contributory pension schemes 基本上所有国家都采用非缴费制养老金制度 NON means-tested a minority – Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Netherlands, Switzerland, Cyprus 少数国家（丹麦、爱沙尼亚、芬兰、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、马耳他、荷兰、瑞士、塞浦路斯）不进行收入调查 Representing between 8% (Latvia) and 75% (Netherlands) of minimum wage 待遇相当于最低工资的8%（拉脱维亚）到75%（荷兰） Benefitting between 2% (Estonia) and 100% of the population above 65 years of age 65岁以上人口覆盖率：2%（爱沙尼亚）- 100% Costed between 0.n % (Estonai, France, Germany …) and 5-6% of GDP (Denmark, Netherlands, Norway) GDP占比：0.n%（爱沙尼亚、法国、德国等）- 5-6% （丹麦、荷兰、挪威）

International standards: Benchmarks, rules, principles 国际标准：指标、规则、原则 Historically: 历史沿革 ILO Income security recommendation (n. 67), 1944 《国际劳工组织收入保障建议》（n. 67），1944 ILO Convention on social security (minimum standards) (n. 102), 1952 《国际劳工组织社会保障大会（最低标准）》 (n.102)，1952 ILO Recommendation on Social protection floors (n.202), 2012 《国际劳工组织关于社会保障标准的建议》 (n.202), 2012 United Nations and WB: SDG 1.3 联合国及世界银行：可持续发展目标 1.3 “Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable” “根据国情实施相适宜的社会保障制度和措施，以保障所有阶层的民众，至2030年，实现对贫困和弱势群体的全面覆盖。”

Principles for basic income security (R.202) 基本收入保障的原则（R.202） Objective: Basic income security at least at a nationally defined income level, for older persons 目标：确定一个全国统一标准，为老年人提供基本收入保障 Key principles: 关键原则： Universality of protection 普惠性 Adequacy and predictability of benefits 待遇的充足和可预期 Non discrimination, gender equality and responsiveness to special needs 无歧视、性别平等、照顾特殊需求 Respect for the right and dignity of people covered by the social security guarantees 尊重人权和个体尊严 Social dialogue and participation 社会对话、社会参与

Current situation in Europe – 1 欧洲现状 High share of the elderly receiving old-age pension 领取养老金的老年人口比例较高

Current situation in Europe – 2 欧洲现状 Poverty rate of elderly close to that of the overall population 老年人口贫困率与整体人口贫困率的差异

Risks for the future 未来风险 Decrease in replacement rates of public pension schemes (2013-2060) 公共养老金替代率呈下降趋势（2013-2060）

Cost of universal pension in % GDP 全民覆盖养老金制度支出占GDP比重 Is universal pension protection not affordable any more ? 养老金全覆盖不可负担了吗？ Cost of universal pension in % GDP 全民覆盖养老金制度支出占GDP比重

Further readings 参考资料