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Published by切南 陆 Modified 8年之前
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直接引语 间接引语 在交流中,我们经常会遇到需要引用或 转述别人的话的时候,这种引用或转述别 人的话称之为引语。 引述别人的话一般采用两种方式:一种 是原封不动地引述别人的话,并将它放在引 号内,称为直接引语 (Direct Speech) ;另一 种是用自己的话转述别人的话,被转述的话 不放在引号内,称为间接引语 (Indirect Speech) 。
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直接引语和间接引语都是复合句中的 宾语从句。 当把直接引语变为间接引语时,原来 直接引语中的人称、时态、状语及主谓 语序都要作相应改变。
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动词时态的变化规则 如果主句的谓语动词是过去时态,直 接引语变为间接引语时,从句的谓语 动词的时态通常要作相应的变化。 Mr. Smith said, “ I am very frightened.” 史密斯先生说: “ 我很害怕。 ” Mr. Smith said that he was very frightened. 史密斯先生说他很害怕。
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时态变化的一般规则如下表: 直接引语间接引语 一般现在时一般过去时 现在进行时过去进行时 一般将来时过去将来时 may must had to 一般过去时过去完成时 cancould might
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直接引语间接引语 一般现在时一般过去时 Mr. Smith said, “ I am very frightened.” 史密斯先生说: “ 我很害怕。 ” Mr. Smith said that he was very frightened. 史密斯先生说他很害怕。
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直接引语间接引语 现在进行时过去进行时 My sister said, “ I am using the knife.” 姐姐说: “ 我正在用这把刀。 ” My sister said that she was using the knife. 姐姐说她正在用那把刀。
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直接引语间接引语 一般过去时过去完成时 She said, “ I read the book yesterday.” 她说: “ 我昨天看了这部小说。 ” She said that she had read the book the day before. 她说她前一天看了那部小说。
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直接引语间接引语 一般将来时过去将来时 Tom said, “ I will do it after supper.” 汤姆说: “ 我将在饭后做这件事。 ” Tom said that he would do it after supper. 汤姆说他将在饭后做那件事。
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注: 如果直接引语表示客观真理,在变为间接 引语时,时态不变。例如: The teacher told us, “ The earth moves round the sun.” 老师告诉我们: “ 地球绕着太阳转。 ” The teacher told us that the earth moves round the sun. 老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。
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直接引语变为间接引语时,要在人称、时态、 代词、时间状语、地点状语等方面作相应的变 化,具体变化规则如下: 直接引语 间接引语 人称 I we he 或 she they 指示 代词 this these that those
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时 间 状 语 时 间 状 语 now today tonight yesterday tomorrow last month (week, etc.) next month(week, etc.) four months (week, etc.) ago the day after tomorrow then that day that night the day before the next (following ) day the month(week, etc.) before the next (following)month (week, etc.) four months(weeks, etc.) before two days later
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地点状语 地点状语 herethere 动词 come bring go take She said, “I will come this morning.” 她说: “ 我今天早上来。 ” She said that she would go that morning. 她说她那天早上去。
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Tom said, “ These books are mine.” 汤姆说: “ 这些书是我的。 ” Tom said that those books were his. 汤姆说那些书是他的。 She said, “It is nine o’clock now.” 她说: “ 现在是 9 点钟。 ” She said that it was nine o’clock then. 她说那时是 9 点钟。
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注: 1 )如果是当天引用或转述别人的话, yesterday 和 tomorrow 等时 间状语不变。例如: When I met Jim this morning, he asked, “ What will you do tomorrow.” 我今天上午遇到吉姆时,他问: “ 你明天干什么? ” When I met Jim this morning, he asked what I would do tomorrow. 我今天上午遇到吉姆时,他问我明天干什么。 2) 如果是在当地转述, here 不变。例如: She said to me, “Stay here and wait for me.” 她对我说: “ 留在这儿等我。 ” She told me to stay here and wait for her. 她告诉我留在这儿等她。 3) 如果主句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时,直接引语变为间接引 语时,时态一律不变。例如: He says, “ I have lost my key in the library.” 他说: “ 我把钥匙丢失在图书馆里了。 ” He says he has lost his key in the library. 他说他把钥匙丢失在图书馆里了。
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直接引语变为间接引语的方法 1. 直接引语是陈述句时 主句中如果有 say to somebody (对某人说),通 常变为 tell somebody (告诉某人)。 Tom said to me, “ I give a book to her.” 汤姆说: “ 我三天前把书给她了。 ” Tom told me that he gave a book to her. 汤姆说他三天前把书给她了。
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直接引语变为间接引语的方法 2. 直接引语是一般疑问句时 直接引语如果是一般疑问句,变为间接引语时,要用 连词 whether 或 if 引导,同时把原来的疑问句语序变为陈述 句语序。主句中的谓语动词是 said 时,要改为 asked ,没有 间接宾语时,还可根据具体情况加一个间接宾语,如 me, us, him 等。例如: She said, “ Are you interested in English?” 她说: “ 你对英语感兴趣吗? ” She asked me if / whether I was interested in English. 她问我是否对英语感兴趣。
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直接引语变为间接引语的方法 3. 直接引语是特殊疑问句时 直接引语如果是特殊疑问句,变为间接引语时,仍 用原来的疑问词引导,但要把原来的疑问句语序改为陈 述句语序。例如: He asked, “When do you harvest the wheat?” 他问: “ 你们什么时候收割小麦? ” He asked when they harvested the wheat. 他问他们什么时候收割小麦。 The teacher asked, “what’s your name?” The teacher asked what your is was.
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直接引语中的标点符号 1. 当句首为 “ 引述者说 ” 如 he said, he asked 等词时,后面一般用 逗号,有时也可用冒号,引号内的引语可根据需要用不同的标点。 例如: Mary said, “Come here, you two!” 玛丽说: “ 你们两个到这儿来! ” He asked, “Why not have a drink?” 他问: “ 干吗不喝一杯? ” 2. 如果 “ 引述者说 ” 置于句末,那么句末用句号(. ),而引号内 的陈述句句末用逗号 (,) ,疑问句后用问号( ? ),感叹句后用感叹 号( ! ),在任何情况下都不能用句号。例如: “You’re very lucky,” said Dr. Smith. “ 你很幸运, ” 史密斯医生说。 “How delicious the bamboo shoots are!” said the British lady. “ 竹笋多么好吃啊! ” 这位英国太太说。 “Have you done your homework?” asked the mother. “ 你的家庭作业做了吗? ” 母亲问到。
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练习 1. Where was Alice’s sister? I don’t know where ________. A. was Alice’s sister B. Alice’s sister was C. is Alice’s sister D. Alice’s sister is 2. John asked me _______ to visit his uncle’s farm with him. A. how would I like B. if or not would I like C. whether I would like D. which I would like
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Homework: 1.10 sentences’ transformation on Page 5. 2.10 sentences’ transformation on Page 87. 3.(Self-Imposed Task) Task 2 on Page 88.
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