Lack of substrate use in zoos 动物园垫料使用不足的问题 Hilda Tresz 希尔达 特雷兹 Behavioral Manager 行为管理经理 Phoenix Zoo 菲尼克斯动物园 ICEE 2011.

Presentation on theme: "Lack of substrate use in zoos 动物园垫料使用不足的问题 Hilda Tresz 希尔达 特雷兹 Behavioral Manager 行为管理经理 Phoenix Zoo 菲尼克斯动物园 ICEE 2011."— Presentation transcript:

1 Lack of substrate use in zoos 动物园垫料使用不足的问题 Hilda Tresz 希尔达 特雷兹 Behavioral Manager 行为管理经理 Phoenix Zoo 菲尼克斯动物园 ICEE 2011

2 What is this presentation about? 讲课的内容 激励不足 激励不足 The number of zoos and other facilities that continue to house their animals on bare surfaces is alarming 仍然有太多的动物园和其他场所只为动物提供裸露地面的居住条件 Empty cages with solitary animals 动物独自生活在空荡荡的笼舍中 Empty cages with solitary animals 动物独自生活在空荡荡的笼舍中 Health problems 健康问题 Health problems 健康问题 Lack of stimuli 刺激不够 Lack of stimuli 刺激不够 This presentation will discuss: 本演讲将讨论： The many negative effects of lack of substrate The many negative effects of lack of substrate垫料不足的负面影响 The simplicity of providing substrate The simplicity of providing substrate垫料配备简单易行 The numerous positive effects providing substrate The numerous positive effects providing substrate can have on animals. can have on animals.垫料对动物的正面影响

3 For more than 2000 years zoos have been keeping animals in captivity yet at some degree the picture today could be the same 1870 and 1906 人类圈养动物的历史长达两千年之久，但从某种程度上而言，现代 动物园的状况或许与 1870 年和 1906 年时相差无几

4 Today 现在 Photo by Balazs Buzas

5 Photo by Hilda Tresz

6 Photo by Zofia and Stan Kurylowicz

7 Photo by Balazs Buzas

8 As a result of inappropriate housing and the lack of mental stimuli, animals can develop physical or psychological illnesses, behavioral changes and abnormal behaviors. 正因为笼舍设置不合理，缺乏精 神上的刺激，动物便会出现身体 或心理疾病、行为变化和异常行 为。

9 Feeding Disorders 进食紊乱 Animals in zoos with inadequate enclosures have been seen to repeatedly regurgitate and ingest food to relieve boredom. 据观察，笼舍空间 不足的动物会反刍 并重复咀嚼食物， 以打发无聊时间。

10 Pacing 踱步 Repetitive ambulatory movement - transversing the same pathway at least twice (Mellen, Haye, Shepherdson, 1998). 徘徊踱步 — 按照同一路线来回走动至少两次

11 Swaying 摇摆 Courtesy of Alan Roocroft Move slowly or rhythmically backward and forward or from side to side. 缓慢或有节奏地前后或左右摆动

12 Auto-mutilation 自残 Some individuals turn a normal grooming behavior into an excessive cleaning behavior. This behavior, an exaggerated licking, gnawing and scratching at parts of the body, which may cause serious wounds (Meyer- Holzapfel, 1968). Some individuals turn a normal grooming behavior into an excessive cleaning behavior. This behavior, an exaggerated licking, gnawing and scratching at parts of the body, which may cause serious wounds (Meyer- Holzapfel, 1968). 一些个体将平常的梳理毛 发的行为变成过度的清洁 行为。这是一种对身体某 些部分过度舔、咬、抓挠 行为并造成严重伤害的行 为。 一些个体将平常的梳理毛 发的行为变成过度的清洁 行为。这是一种对身体某 些部分过度舔、咬、抓挠 行为并造成严重伤害的行 为。 Photo by Lisa Knowles, Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center

13 Apathy 冷淡 Separation from a mate or companion to which an animal is strongly attached can evoke a state of apathy comparable to depression and mourning of man (Mayer- Holzapfel, 1968). Separation from a mate or companion to which an animal is strongly attached can evoke a state of apathy comparable to depression and mourning of man (Mayer- Holzapfel, 1968). 与关系紧密的伴侣或同伴分开，会引起冷淡情绪，这种状态与人类的抑郁或 哀痛一样 。 与关系紧密的伴侣或同伴分开，会引起冷淡情绪，这种状态与人类的抑郁或 哀痛一样 。

14 Over grooming 过度梳理 Over addiction to care and attention to the body surface 过度关注、打理身体表面

15 Hypothermia 体温过低 A potentially fatal condition, occurs when body temperature falls below 95°F (35°C). 当体温降至华氏 95° （ 35 ℃）时有可能致命的状况。

16 Hyperthermia 体温过高 Hyperthermia is an elevated body temperature due to failed thermoregulation. 因为体位调节系统失灵，而体温上升

17 Laminitis and other foot problems 蹄叶炎及其他足部问题 Giant Otter pododermatitis excessive pad wear and inflammation 大水獭蹄皮炎，肉垫过度磨 损及发炎 Inflammation of sensitive layers of tissue (laminae) inside the hoof in horses and other animals. 马或其他动物蹄内敏感组织（薄）层 发炎

18 Dry skin, pressure sores, calluses and sinus growth 皮肤干燥，褥疮，老茧及窦增生 Courtesy of Alan Roocroft

19 Arthritis, face and hips problems and joint swelling!!!!!!!!!!!! 关节炎、面部和臀部问题及关节肿胀 Courtesy of Alan Roocroft

20 The magical effect of substrates!! 垫料的神奇功效！！

21 Animals are immediately off of the hot/cold/wet/dry unyielding surface 动物即刻远离冷热干湿的坚硬地面 Photo by Santiago Ricci

22 Increased activity 活动增多 Inactive vs. active animals 不活跃的动物 对比活跃的动物 Phoenix Zoo, Photo by Hilda Tresz

23 Extended foraging time 延长觅食时间 Hay, courtesy of Smithsonian’s National Zoo

24 Improved diet consumption (less desirable items are being consumed again) 摄食条件改善 （为满足需要而反刍的食物减少了） Phoenix Zoo, Photo by Hilda Tresz

25 Increased manipulation, locomotion and social contact [Tripp, 1985] 活动，运动，社交增多 Manipulative objects (substrate) increase activity level more than: 用于操作的物品（垫料）增加活动水平，高 于一下的内容： Enclosure size 笼舍大小 Surface size of floor 地面的表面积 Frequency of feeding 喂食频率 After extended exposure the animals still continued substrate manipulation, indicating that novelty is not essential to elicit interest. 在延长在外活动时间后，动物仍选择摆弄垫 料，这说明新奇事物不足以引发其兴趣。 Allwetterzoo Münster, photo by Martin Schuchert

26 Decreased competition and social proximity [Lutz, Novak, 2005] 竞争减弱及社群亲近？ Nürnberg Zoo, photo by Martin Schuchert

27 Decreased self-directed behaviors 减少针对自身的行为 self -grooming, isolated play, and masturbation) [Tripp, 1985] ( 自我梳理，独自游戏或自慰 ）

28 Encouraged nest building 搭建巢穴的行为增多 Straw, Como Zoo, Photo by Allison Jungheim

29 Encouraged breeding success 繁殖成功率上升 Red laterite sand Brasilia Zoo, Photo by Volker Gatz

30 Induced egg laying [Hughes, 1976] 刺激下蛋 Six out of eight hens preferred litter to battery flooring and 88% of eggs were laid on litter. ¾ 的母鸡比起坚硬的地面更喜欢 褥草铺设的地面。 88% 的母鸡选 择有草垫的环境下蛋。

31 Birthing aid 辅助生产

32 Stress reduced by adding escape routes and hiding places 通过增加逃生线路和藏身之所来减缓压力 Dirt Phoenix Zoo, Photo by Jim Hughes

33 Sleeping habit improvements/Tusk wear preventions 改善睡眠习惯 / 防止象牙磨损 Dublin Zoo, Photo by Gerry Creighton & Alan Roocroft-

34 Playing materials 玩具 Phoenix Zoo, Photo by Hilda Tresz

35 Aesthetic/Naturalistic exhibits 充满美学 / 自然主义的外场 Grass at the Phoenix Zoo, photo by Hilda Tresz

36 Keeper enrichment- cleaning is so easy, anybody can do it! 壮大清洁队伍 —— 清洁很简单，你行我也行 Reduced bad odor 减少臭味 Reduced bad odor 减少臭味 Less cleaning (spot cleaning vs. every day hosing) Less cleaning (spot cleaning vs. every day hosing) 减轻清扫负担（重 点清洁与每日冲洗） 减轻清扫负担（重 点清洁与每日冲洗） Grass at the Phoenix Zoo, photo by Hilda Tresz

37 List of substrates 垫料清单 Straw (barley, oats, rice, rye, and wheat) 稻草（大麦、燕麦、水稻、黑麦和小麦） Hay (rye, timothy, brome, fescue, Bermuda, orchard, alfalfa, clovers, forbs, etc.) 干草（黑麦、猫尾草、雀麦草、羊茅、马 鞭草、果园土、苜蓿、三叶草、非禾本 草本植物等） Excelsior (Wood wool) 细刨花（刨花） Paper (shredded, newspaper, phone book, wrapping paper, etc.) 纸（碎纸、报纸、电话簿、包装纸等） Clothing 布 Packing peanuts (edible) 可食用花生 Burlap bag 麻袋 Dry leaves 干树叶 Browse 草料 Corncob 玉米棒子 Mulch 盖料 Garden peat 花园泥 Woodchips 木屑 Wood shaving 木屑 Sawdust 锯屑 Ground coco 地生可可 Grass/Sod 草 / 草皮 Rubber mat 橡胶垫 Rubber floor 橡胶地板 Dust 尘土 Sand 沙子 Clay 粘土 Soil/Dirt/Gravel 土 / 尘土 / 砂砾 Biofloor 生物土 And many more……. 等等

38 I know (I know!) you have your concerns! 我就知道，你肯定有所顾虑嘛！ I have some answers!!!!!!!! 愿意为您排忧解难！！！

39 Maintaining cleanliness and drainage problem?! Create natural flooring 保洁及下水道问题？制作天然地面 12” of crushed stone for drainage 12” of crushed stone for drainage 12 ” 碎石组成排水系统 12 ” 碎石组成排水系统 18”of sand on top 18”of sand on top 18 ” 置于其上 18 ” 置于其上 Sand is being cleaned daily, urine spots are soaked that washes through the rock layer Sand is being cleaned daily, urine spots are soaked that washes through the rock layer 沙子每日清理，尿液通过碎石层被吸收 沙子每日清理，尿液通过碎石层被吸收 Air and sprinkler system Air and sprinkler system 通风及洒水系统 通风及洒水系统 Sand is switched every 6-9 months Sand is switched every 6-9 months 沙子每 6-9 月更换一次 沙子每 6-9 月更换一次

40 Maintaining cleanness and drainage problem Sand box for birthing 保洁及排水问题 —— 生产沙箱 Lumber around the perimeter of the stall to maintain a depth of 4-6 inches. Lumber around the perimeter of the stall to maintain a depth of 4-6 inches. 围绕畜栏布置 4-6 英尺高的木板。 围绕畜栏布置 4-6 英尺高的木板。 Spot clean, avoid hosing. Sweep, use leaf blowers before hosing. Spot clean, avoid hosing. Sweep, use leaf blowers before hosing. 定点清理，避免用水管冲洗。清扫时 先使用吹叶机，再用水冲洗。 定点清理，避免用水管冲洗。清扫时 先使用吹叶机，再用水冲洗。 Secondary traps installed in drains to catch smaller particles or pits that multiple drains go into that have larger traps Secondary traps installed in drains to catch smaller particles or pits that multiple drains go into that have larger traps 在排水系统中设置第二层篦子以拦截 更小的污物或沟坑以汇集多条排水渠 中的污物。 在排水系统中设置第二层篦子以拦截 更小的污物或沟坑以汇集多条排水渠 中的污物。 Como Zoo, photo by Allison Jungheim Como Zoo, photo by Allison Jungheim

41 Solutions for drain problems -Pool rings 排水方法 —— 水池圈 Metal or plastic rings over pool drains. 10cm (3.9”) high and about 15cm (5.9”) in diameter Metal or plastic rings over pool drains. 10cm (3.9”) high and about 15cm (5.9”) in diameter 在水池下水处安装 10cm(3.9”) 高，直径 约 15cm (5.9”) 的金属或塑料环 在水池下水处安装 10cm(3.9”) 高，直径 约 15cm (5.9”) 的金属或塑料环 Overflows with extra mesh wire over the top 在水管上方添加钢丝网 Overflows with extra mesh wire over the top 在水管上方添加钢丝网 Drains on land covered with steel plates with ~1/2 cm (0.6”) holes drilled throughout the plate. 下水道露在地面的 部分用布满 1/2 cm (0.6”) 钻洞的钢板覆 盖。 Drains on land covered with steel plates with ~1/2 cm (0.6”) holes drilled throughout the plate. 下水道露在地面的 部分用布满 1/2 cm (0.6”) 钻洞的钢板覆 盖。 Drains with standardized plastic baskets Drains with standardized plastic baskets 带有标准化塑料篮的下水道 带有标准化塑料篮的下水道 Volker Gatz, Zoo Dortmund

42 下水道处理方法 —— 木头挡板 Solutions for drain problems Log borders 下水道处理方法 —— 木头挡板 Solutions for drain problems Log borders Volker Gatz, Zoo Dortmund

43 避免动物误食垫料 —— 橡胶桶及橡胶垫 Preventing ingestion of substrate Rubber tubs and mats 定期检查排泄物 定期检查排泄物 用桶装饲料或在其下铺设垫子 用桶装饲料或在其下铺设垫子 Regular fecal check Regular fecal check Offering diet in tubs or placing mats under feeders Offering diet in tubs or placing mats under feeders Photo by Hilda Tresz

44 for tree dwelling animals, they won’t come down to the ground. 别再为树上居民白费力气了，它们不会下地的。 真的吗？ Really? Phoenix Zoo, Phoenix Zoo, Photo by Hilda Tresz

45 Are you still sure? 你还这么认为吗？

46 Allergies 过敏 Do not discontinue-switch substrate 不要停止更换垫料 “N. A. River Otter had an adverse allergic type of reaction (runny eyes, itchy skin) to pine straw. Now the animals are bed with yellow straw (horse straw). “ 北美洲水獭对松叶有不良过敏反 应（流泪、皮肤瘙痒）。所以换用干稻草（马 料）做垫料。 ” On the opposite hand, young mountain lion cubs kept on with yellow straw had runny, goopy eyes with small, dusty particles in the corners of the eyes. The cougars went on a pine straw bed with pine shavings for their litter box. This has been a successful combination for them”. 相反，美洲狮幼崽对干稻草会产生流泪、眼睛 粘稠、眼角出现粉状小颗粒的情况。所以美洲 狮用松叶和松树刨花铺育儿箱。这样它们就能 各取所需了。 相反，美洲狮幼崽对干稻草会产生流泪、眼睛 粘稠、眼角出现粉状小颗粒的情况。所以美洲 狮用松叶和松树刨花铺育儿箱。这样它们就能 各取所需了。 Allison Ballentine, Western North Carolina Nature Center

47 害虫防治 Pest control “ 猛力牌胶饵可以安全地使用在兽舍中动物 无法接触的地方（缝隙处等）。 “Combat MaxForce gel bait can be strategically applied safely into inaccessible areas (crevices, etc.) of the exhibit. “ 猛力牌胶饵可以安全地使用在兽舍中动物 无法接触的地方（缝隙处等）。 “Combat MaxForce gel bait can be strategically applied safely into inaccessible areas (crevices, etc.) of the exhibit. 每天少用水管清理兽舍可以降低湿度进而 抑制蟑螂繁殖。 ” 每天少用水管清理兽舍可以降低湿度进而 抑制蟑螂繁殖。 ” Reduced hosing of exhibits everyday decreases humidity...which the roaches possibly thrive in.” Reduced hosing of exhibits everyday decreases humidity...which the roaches possibly thrive in.” 动物园工作人员必要时可以组织灭蝎运动。 动物园工作人员必要时可以组织灭蝎运动。 Scorpion hunts can be organized as needed by zoo staff Scorpion hunts can be organized as needed by zoo staff

48 Who has time for extra cleaning? 谁有时间做额外的清扫？ Farmers whose livelihood depends on efficiency and time management use substrate daily 农民饲养牲畜讲究效率和时间管 理，所以他们每天都使用垫料。

49 Conclusion 总结 “ What I am suggesting is not science, but merely common sense and animal health & comfort.” Alan Roocroft (2005) Alan Roocroft (2005) “ 我给的建议不是深奥的科学道理， 仅仅是一些基础常识，以及动物的 健康和舒适的信息 ”

50 The following slides will show animals from all around the world exhibiting species-appropriate behaviors by using substrates. 以下幻灯片将展示世界各地利 用垫料让园中的动物过上正常 生活的例子。 以下幻灯片将展示世界各地利 用垫料让园中的动物过上正常 生活的例子。

51 Shredded paper/Hay 碎纸 / 干草 多哈动物园 Doha Zoo, Photo by Hilda Tresz

52 Mulch 盖料 多特蒙德动物园 Zoo Dortmund, Photo by Volker Gatz

53 Pine chips 松树屑 多特蒙德动物园 zoo Dortmund, Photo by Volker Gatz

54 Leaves 树叶 菲尼克斯动物园 Phoenix Zoo, Photo by Hilda Tresz

55 干草 / 鲜草 Hay/Grass 菲尼克斯动物园 Phoenix Zoo Photo by: Laura Love

56 Pine shaving 松木刨花 都柏林动物园 Dublin Zoo Photo by Gerry Creighton

57 Wallow 泥塘 菲尼克斯动物园 Phoenix Zoo, Photo by Hilda Tresz

58 Hay 干草 菲尼克斯动物园 Courtesy of Phoenix Zoo

59 草皮 Sod 菲尼克斯动物园 Phoenix Zoo, Photo by Hilda Tresz

60 Shaving and newspaper 刨花和报纸 菲尼克斯动物园 Phoenix zoo, Photo by Hilda Tresz

61 Dirt 泥土 菲尼克斯动物园 Phoenix Zoo, Photo by Steve Koyle

62 Straw 稻草 http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.domaene-mechtildshausen.de/images/content/MUTTERSA.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.domaene- mechtildshausen.de/seiten/english/schweine.php&usg=__zsWXs0rMO3l- LrhO11ufOuy_QyE=&h=198&w=300&sz=41&hl=en&start=353&zoom=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=Ve7sJFnWisBr3M:&tbnh=77&tbnw=116&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dpigsties%26start%3D340 %26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26biw%3D1004%26bih%3D637%26ndsp%3D20%26tbm%3Disch&ei=9H32Taj6IMPYgQe3qOyuDQ

63 Sod 草皮 菲尼克斯动物园 Phoenix Zoo, Photo by Amanda Donagi

64 Shredded paper 碎纸 多哈动物园 Doha Zoo, Photo by Hilda Tresz

65 Straw 稻草 菲尼克斯动物园 Straw 稻草 菲尼克斯动物园 Phoenix Zoo, Photo by Hilda Tresz

66 Ground coco 在地面放置 可可粉 鹿特丹动物园 Blijdorp Zoo, Photo by Rob von Loon

67 Leaves 树叶

68 Hay 干草 (Courtesy of The Shape of Enrichment)

69 Shavings 刨花 Shavings 刨花 菲尼克斯动物园 Phoenix Zoo, Photo by Hilda Tresz

70 Mulch 盖料 杜埃拉方丹动物园 Doue Lafontaine, Photo by Volker Gatz

71 Hay 干草 菲尼克斯动物园 Hay 干草 菲尼克斯动物园 Phoenix Zoo, Photo by Hilda Tresz

72 Shredded paper 碎纸 菲尼克斯动物园 Phoenix Zoo, Photo by Amanda Knight

73 Feed bag 喂食袋 菲尼克斯动物园 Phoenix Zoo, photo by Niki Ciezki

74 Soil 沙土

75 Moss 苔藓

76 Dust 尘土 菲尼克斯动物园 Phoenix Zoo, photo by Hilda Tresz

77 Wrapping paper 包装纸 多哈动物园 Doha Zoo, Photo by Hilda Tresz

78 Hay 干草 史密森尼国家动物园 courtesy of Smithsonian’s National Zoo

79 Straw 稻草 布朗克斯动物园 Bronx Zoo, Photo by Ann Littlewood

80 Shredded paper 碎纸 卡尔加里动物园 Calgary Zoo, Photo by Garth Irvine

81 Edible packaging peanuts 可食用包装花生 菲尼克斯动物园 Phoenix Zoo, Photo by Hilda Tresz

82 菲尼克斯动物园 Leaves 树叶 菲尼克斯动物园 Phoenix Zoo, Photo by Hilda Tresz

83 Phone book 电话簿 菲尼克斯动物园 Phoenix Zoo, photo by Hilda Tresz

84 Clothing 布料 菲尼克斯动物园 Phoenix Zoo, courtesy of Phoenix Zoo

85 Excelsior 细刨花 菲尼克斯动物园 Phoenix Zoo, photo by Christina Goulart

86 Hay 干草 菲尼克斯动物园 Hay 干草 菲尼克斯动物园 Phoenix Zoo, Photo by Hilda Tresz

87 Browse 食草 菲尼克斯动物园 Phoenix Zoo, Photo by Christina Goulart and Jim Hughes

88 Mulch 盖料 都柏林动物园 Dublin Zoo, Photo by Gerry Creighton

89 Hay 干草 ( 史密森尼国家动物园 Courtesy of Smithsonian’s National Zoo)

90 碎纸 Shredded paper 菲尼克斯动物园 Phoenix Zoo, Photo by Amanda Knight

91 稻草 Straw 富兰克林公园动物园 Franklin Park Zoo, Photo by Ann Littlewood

92 Sand 泥沙 多特蒙德动物园 Zoo Dortmund, Photo by Volker Gatz

93 Hay 干草 ( 史密森尼国家动物园 Courtesy of Smithsonian’s National Zoo)

94 Excelsior 细刨花 猴子世界 Monkey World, Photo by http://www.flickr.com/photos/80625872@N00/21361795

95 Dry leaves 干树叶 ( 史密森尼国家动物园 Courtesy of Smithsonian’s National Zoo)

96 Browse 食草 ( 史密森尼国家动物园 C ourtesy of Smithsonian’s National Zoo)

97 Straw 稻草 富兰克林公园动物园 Franklin Park Zoo, Photo by Ann Littlewood

98 Soil 泥土 ( 史密森尼国家动物园 Courtesy of Smithsonian’s National Zoo)

99 Dry leaves 干树叶 （史密森尼国家动物园） （ courtesy of Smithsonian’s National Zoo ）

100 Dry leaves 干树叶 史密森尼国家动物园 courtesy of Smithsonian’s National Zoo

101

102 Dry leaves Courtesy of Smithsonian’s National Zoo The end! Or, maybe a new beginning?

103 Acknowledgement 鸣谢 音乐由瓦利 赫斯特曼提供 音乐由瓦利 赫斯特曼提供 Music by Wally Hestermann Music by Wally Hestermann 特别鸣谢菲尼克斯动物园管理部及所有参与并支持动物行 为鼓励的动物园和所有抽时间让动物每天生活更好的饲养 员们 特别鸣谢菲尼克斯动物园管理部及所有参与并支持动物行 为鼓励的动物园和所有抽时间让动物每天生活更好的饲养 员们 Special thanks to the Phoenix Zoo Management and all zoos involved for supporting behavioral enrichment and for all keepers who take time to provide proper enrichment for their animals on a daily basis. Special thanks to the Phoenix Zoo Management and all zoos involved for supporting behavioral enrichment and for all keepers who take time to provide proper enrichment for their animals on a daily basis.

104 References 参考书目 Bayne K, Dexter S.L, Mainzer H, McCully C, Campbell G, Yamada F. (1992): The use of artificial turf as a foraging substrate for individually housed rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Animal Welfare 1, 39-53 Chamove, A. S., Anderson, J. R., Morgan-Jones, Susan C., Jones, Susan P. (1982): Deep woodchip litter: Hygiene, feeding, and behavioral enhancement in eight primate species. International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems, Vol 3(4), 308-318. Hartshorne. S. (2006): An evolutionary perspective of grooming as an occupation. Journal of Occupational Science, Vol 13, No 2, 126-133 Hughes, B.O. (1976);Preference decisions of domestic hens for wire or litter floors Applied Animal Ethology, Vol 2, Issue 2: 155-165 Ludes, E., Anderson, J.R. (1996): Comparison of the behaviour of captive white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus) in the presence of four kinds of deep litter. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 49, 293-303 Lutz, C. K., Novak, M. A. (1995): Use of foraging racks and shavings as enrichment tools for groups of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Zoo Biology Vol. 14, Issue 5: 463-474.

105 McKenzie, S.M, Chamove, A.S., Feistner, A. T. C. (2005): Floor-coverings and hanging screens alter arboreal monkey behavior. Zoo Biology Vol. 5, Issue 4: 339-348 Meller, C. L, Croney, C.C., Shepherdson, D. 2007):Effects of rubberized flooring on Asian elephant behavior in captivity. Zoo Biology Vol. 26, Issue 1: 51-61. Meller, C. L, Croney, C.C., Shepherdson, D. (2007):Effects of rubberized flooring on Asian elephant behavior in captivity. Zoo Biology Vol. 26, Issue 1: 51-61. Neale, D. Egg Laying Hens, Animals Asia Foundation. http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.spca.org.hk/welfare/images/campaigns/Chicken%2520in%2520cage%2520RSPCA.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.spca.org.hk/welfare/eng/ chicken_welfare.html&usg=__6CYiwtsD_3Nug7hDPJRGdUuJ5xw=&h=424&w=640&sz=84&hl=en&start=16&zoom=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=z2UTzhKjhdRK3M:&tbnh=91&tbnw=13 7&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dbattery%2Bflooring%2Bfor%2Bchickens%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26biw%3D1004%26bih%3D637%26tbm%3Disch&ei=yVI5TsPaLcnUgQf R0rnPBg Roocroft, A. (2009): Indoors natural substrates for elephants & medical issues associated with hard surfaces, Special Dedicated Issue of Animal Keepers Forum, April/May, Vol 36:210 Tripp, J.K. (1985): Increasing activity in captive orangutans: Provision of manipulable and edible materials, Zoo Biology Vol. 4, Issue 3: 225-234 Westergaard1, G.C., Fragaszy, D.M. (1985): Effects of manipulatable objects on the activity of captive capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Zoo Biology Vol. 4, Issue 4: 317-327. Wooster, D.S. (1997): Enrichment techniques for small felids at Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle. International Zoo Yb. 35: 208-212

106