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Constructing Arguments

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1 Constructing Arguments
China Debate Education Network: Constructing Arguments 建构论点 Presented by Li Yong, Guangxi University Chen Ying, Guangxi University of Finance and Economics Robert Trapp, Willamette University 翻译:曾庆熹

2 Arguments and Argumentation
论点与论证 Arguments are tools primarily used in debates 论点是辩论中的主要工具 Arguments use reasons to establish claims*. 论点——以逻辑理性建立起命题断言* Since all debaters will use arguments, general principles of constructing arguments are needed. 鉴于所有辩手均需运用论点,学习论点建构的一般原则就显得尤为必要 *译者注:断言是一个逻辑名词,是指一个推理过程中被推出的也是意图证明的结论

3 Elements of Arguments Claim: the main point or conclusion of an argument. Evidence: any information on which the claim rests. Evidence is information that supports the claim. Link: a link is a statement that creates a bridge between the evidence and the claim. Reservation: not present in all arguments, a reservation explains special circumstances when the claim should be set aside.

4 论点的构成要素 断言: 论点中(被推导出)的结论部分。 证据: 断言所依存的任何信息依据,它支撑着断言。
逻辑链: 证据与断言之间的逻辑桥梁。 保留: 并非所有的论点都有, 它约定了该论点的例外情况。(译者注:意即什么情况不在该论点的讨论范围)

5 Structure of a Simple Argument
a single piece of evidence leads to a single claim, following along a single link, and perhaps accompanied by a reservation.

6 简单论点的结构 由一个证据,通过一个逻辑链,推出一个断言, 同时可能还有一个保留. 逻辑链 断言 证据 保留

7 Structure of a Simple Argument
In this example, the evidence is actually a previous claim that the audience has been convinced to accept.

8 简单论点的结构 在本例中, 充当证据的内容实际上是一个已经经过推导被观众接受了的断言。 逻辑链 断言 保留
证据(某些情况下可以包含前期得证的断言) 保留

9 Structure of a Simple Argument
简单论点的结构 法律的强制性有助于确保更多的人接受教育 应立法要求16岁以下儿童必须入学 上过学的人群发生贫困的可能性更小 除非有医学或宗教信仰上的禁忌

10 法律的强制性有助于保证人们不会在公共场所吸烟 除非是在有隔离措施的情况下(译者注:例如专设吸烟区)
Structure of a Simple Argument 法律的强制性有助于保证人们不会在公共场所吸烟 中国应不允许公共场所吸烟 公共场所吸烟危害不吸烟者 除非是在有隔离措施的情况下(译者注:例如专设吸烟区)

11 Argument with Linked Structure
多关联证据型论点 Consists of multiple pieces of evidence linked with one another.包含多个相互关联的证据 逻辑链 证据 证据 断言 证据 保留

12 Argument with Linked Structure
强制要求意味着更多人会做 当系安全不强制时,很少有人系 应强制要求系安全带 除非是儿童座椅中的儿童 系安全带能增加车祸中的存活率

13 Argument with Linked Structure
逻辑链:危险性大的应该被更安全的可选项替代 断言1:核能有危险 辩题:各国应减少对核能的依赖 断言2:其他可选的能源更安全

14 Argument with Independent Structure
多独立证据型论点 Several pieces of evidence independently support a claim多个独立证据支撑一个断言 逻辑链 证据 断言 保留

15 Argument with Independent Structure
侵犯人权和损害国际关系的政策应当改变 以色列的政策侵犯人权 以色列应当改变其政策 以色列的政策损害国际关系 为保护以色列公民所必须的政策除外

16 Argument with Independent Structure
事故风险,核废料和低强度辐射是危险的 核电站有发生事故的风险 核电站产生核废料 核电站是危险的 核电站释放出低强度辐射

17 General Principles for Argument Construction
Consequences of action Choosing the action that has the most (or best) positive consequences and the fewest negative consequences. Principles that guide actions Evaluates actions based on the inherent rightness or wrongness of the act rather than on the positive or negative consequences of the action.

18 论点建构的一般原则 行为后果型(译者注:政策路线) 行为原则型(译者注:价值路线) 选择效果更优(或者最优)而副作用最小的行为。
基于行为内在的好坏善恶而不是后果的积极消极来衡量行为。

19 Consequences  Claim: Israeli policy towards Palestinian citizens prevents terrorist attacks on Israel. Description: Israeli policy allows Palestinian houses to be destroyed if suspected terrorists are present. Relationship: A policy of destroying houses containing suspected terrorists prevents terrorist attacks on Israel. Evaluation: Terrorist attacks on Israel have killed thousands of Israeli citizens.

20 后果型 断言: 以色列针对巴勒斯坦公民的政策阻止了针对以色列公民的恐怖袭击.
 断言: 以色列针对巴勒斯坦公民的政策阻止了针对以色列公民的恐怖袭击. 描述(译者注:可理解为对断言中核心概念的具体化): 以色列政策允许摧毁那些有巴勒斯坦恐怖嫌疑人出没的房屋。 关系(译者注:可理解为逻辑链): 摧毁恐怖嫌疑人房屋阻止了针对以色列的恐怖袭击。 评估(译者注:可理解为辅助证据) :针对以色列的恐怖袭击已经杀死了数千名以色列公民

21 Principles  Claim: Israeli policy towards its Palestinian citizens violates the principle of human rights. Description: Current Israeli policy allows Palestinian homes to be destroyed. Relationship: Allowing homes to be destroyed violates of the right to property. Evaluation: The right to property is a basic human right. The Israeli policy therefore violates the principle of human rights.

22 原则型 断言: 以色列针对巴勒斯坦公民的政策侵犯人权原则. 描述: 现行以色列政策允许摧毁巴勒斯坦公民的住所.
 断言: 以色列针对巴勒斯坦公民的政策侵犯人权原则. 描述: 现行以色列政策允许摧毁巴勒斯坦公民的住所. 关系: 允许摧毁住所侵犯财产权. 评估: 财产权是基本人权. 因此以色列政策侵犯人权.

23 谢谢 Thank You


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