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运动系统 兰州大学基础医学院人体解剖教研室 January, 2007
Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG
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骨借关节相连形成骨骼,骨骼支持体重,保护内脏。 骨骼肌附着于骨,在神经系统支配下收缩舒张,以关节为支点牵引骨改变位置,产生运动。
运动系统由骨、关节、骨骼肌构成。 骨借关节相连形成骨骼,骨骼支持体重,保护内脏。 骨骼肌附着于骨,在神经系统支配下收缩舒张,以关节为支点牵引骨改变位置,产生运动。 January, 2007 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG
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骨 学 第一节 总论 第二节 中轴骨骼 第三节 附肢骨骼 January, 2007
第一节 总论 第二节 中轴骨骼 第三节 附肢骨骼 January, 2007 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG
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总 论 骨(bone)是人体重要的器官之一,骨组织主要由骨细胞、胶原纤维和基质等构成。外被骨膜,内容骨髓,含有丰富的血管、淋巴管及神经;是人体钙、磷的储存库,参与体内钙、磷代谢。骨髓有造血功能。 January, 2007 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG
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总 论 一.骨的分类 二、骨的表面形态 三、骨的构造 四、骨的化学成分和物理性质 五、骨的发生和发育 六、骨的可塑性
总 论 一.骨的分类 二、骨的表面形态 三、骨的构造 四、骨的化学成分和物理性质 五、骨的发生和发育 六、骨的可塑性 January, 2007 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG
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骨的分类 按形态,骨可分为4类: 长骨long bone 短骨short bone 扁骨flat bone
不规则骨 扁 骨 按形态,骨可分为4类: 长骨long bone 短骨short bone 扁骨flat bone 不规则骨irregular bone January, 2007 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG
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骨的表面形态 骨面的突起 骨端的膨大 January, 2007
Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG
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骨的表面形态 骨面的凹陷 骨的空腔 January, 2007
Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG
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骨的构造 骨质 骨膜 骨髓 骨的血管、淋巴管和神经 January, 2007
Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG
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Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University
Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG January, 2007
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骨的化学成分和物理性质 骨主要由有机质和无机质组成。 两种成分的比例,随年龄的增长而发生变化:
幼儿时期骨的有机质和无机质各占一半,故弹性较大,柔软,易发生变形。 成年人骨有机质和无机质的比例约为3:7,最为合适,因而骨具有很大硬度和一定的弹性,较坚韧。 老年人的骨无机质所占比例更大,骨的脆性较大,易发生骨折。 January, 2007 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All right reserved by YP HOU and YF SONG
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骨的发生和发育 骨的发生 骨的发育 January 07
Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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骨的可塑性 骨的基本形态是由遗传因子调控的。 影响骨生长发育的因素:神经、内分泌、营养、疾病及其它物理化学因素、环境因素等。
骨折后,折断处有骨痂形成。骨折愈合的初期,骨痂颇不规则,经过一定时间的吸收和改建,骨可基本恢复原貌。 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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中轴骨骼 一、躯干骨 二、颅 (一)椎骨 (二)胸骨 (三)肋 (一)脑颅骨 (二)面颅骨 (三)颅的整体观
(四)新生儿颅的特征及生后的变化 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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椎 骨 幼年时为32或33块,分为颈椎7块,胸椎12块,腰椎5块,骶椎5块,尾椎3-4块。
成年后5块骶椎融合成骶骨,3-4块尾椎长合成尾骨。 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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椎骨的一般形态 椎骨由椎体vertebral body和椎弓vertebral arch构成。
椎体和椎弓共同围成椎孔vertebral foramen 椎弓根 上、下切迹 椎间孔 椎弓板 棘突 横突 关节突 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song January 07
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各部椎骨的主要特征—胸椎 胸椎 thoracic vertebrae 椎体横断面呈心形。 上、下肋凹,在椎体的后外侧上下缘处。 椎孔小而圆。
横突肋凹,在横突的前面。 棘突较长,向后下方倾斜,呈叠瓦状排列。 上、下关节突关节面几乎呈冠状位。 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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各部椎骨的主要特征—胸椎 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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各部椎骨的主要特征—颈椎 颈椎 cervical vertebrae 椎体较小,横断面椭圆形。 椎孔较大,呈三角形。 横突有孔,称横突孔。
上、 下关节突关节面几乎呈水平位。 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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各部椎骨的主要特征—颈椎 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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各部椎骨的主要特征—颈椎 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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各部椎骨的主要特征—腰椎 腰椎 lumbar vertebrae 椎体大,横断面呈肾形。 椎孔呈卵圆形或三角形。
上、下关节突关节面几乎呈矢状位, 棘突宽而短,呈板状,水平伸向后方。 各棘突间的间隙较宽,临床上可于此作腰椎穿刺术。 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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各部椎骨的主要特征—腰椎 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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骶骨和尾骨 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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胸 骨 胸骨分柄、体和剑突三部分。 胸骨柄 颈静脉切迹 胸骨体 剑突 胸骨角 sternal angle 计数肋的重要标志
January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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肋 肋costal 由肋骨与肋软骨构成,共12 对。 肋骨 costal bone 肋头costal head 肋颈costal neck
结节costal tubercle 肋体shaft of rib 肋沟costal groove 肋角costal angle 肋软骨costal cartilage January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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颅 颅skull 位于脊柱上方,由23块颅骨围成(中耳的3对听小骨未计入),颅骨多为扁骨或不规则骨。
除下颌骨和舌骨以外,其他的颅骨借缝或软骨牢固连结。 颅分为后上部的脑颅和前下部的面颅,二者以眶上缘和外耳上缘的连线为分界线。 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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脑颅骨 脑颅由8块骨围成。其中: 不成对的有额骨、筛骨、蝶骨、枕骨。 成对的有颞骨、顶骨。 额骨、筛骨、蝶骨、枕骨和颞骨、顶骨共同
构成颅腔。 颅腔的顶是穹窿形的颅盖 calvaria,由额骨、顶骨和枕骨构成。 颅腔的底由中部的蝶骨、后方的枕骨、两侧的颞骨、前方的额骨和筛骨构成。筛骨只有一小部分参与脑颅,其余构成面颅。 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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脑颅骨—额 骨 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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脑颅骨—筛 骨 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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脑颅骨—蝶 骨 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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脑颅骨—蝶 骨 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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脑颅骨—枕骨 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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脑颅骨—枕骨 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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脑颅骨—颞骨 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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面颅骨 面颅由15块面颅骨构成。其中: 面颅骨围成眶腔、鼻腔和口腔。 成对的骨有上颌骨、腭骨、颧骨、鼻骨、泪骨、下鼻甲;
不成对的有犁骨、下颌骨、舌骨。 面颅骨围成眶腔、鼻腔和口腔。 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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面颅骨—下颌骨 一体两支: 下颌体 下颌支 颏孔 下颌头 下颌角 January 07
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面颅骨—下颌骨 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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面颅骨—舌 骨 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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面颅骨—上颌骨 成对,构成颜面的中央部,可分为 一体四突: 上颌体 额突 颧突 牙槽突 腭突 January 07
Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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面颅骨—上颌骨 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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面颅骨—腭骨 呈L型,分为水平板和垂直板两部。 水平板组成骨腭的后份, 垂直板构成鼻腔外侧壁的后份。 January 07
Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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面颅骨—腭骨 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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颅的整体观 一、颅顶面观 二、颅后面观 三、颅底内面观 四、颅底外面观 五、颅侧面观 六、颅前面观 January 07
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颅顶面观 冠状缝 矢状缝 人字缝 顶孔 January 07
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颅后面观 枕外隆突 上项线 下项线 January 07
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颅底内面观 颅前窝 颅中窝 颅后窝 January 07
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颅底外面观 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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颅侧面观 外耳门 乳突 颧弓 颞窝 颞下窝 颞线 翼点 翼腭窝 January 07
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颅前面观 分为额区、眶、骨性鼻腔和骨性口腔。 额区:为眶以上的部分,由额鳞构成。
眶:为底朝前外,尖向后内的一对四棱锥形深腔,可分上、下、内侧、外侧四壁,容纳眼球及附属结构。 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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颅前面观 骨性鼻腔 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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颅前面观 鼻旁窦,位于鼻腔周围并开口于鼻腔的颅骨的含气骨的空腔。 January 07
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颅前面观—鼻旁窦 名称及开口 额窦 开口于中鼻道前部 筛窦 前、中群开口于中鼻道,后群开口于上鼻道。 蝶窦 开口于蝶筛隐窝
额窦 开口于中鼻道前部 筛窦 前、中群开口于中鼻道,后群开口于上鼻道。 蝶窦 开口于蝶筛隐窝 上颌窦 开口于中鼻道 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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颅前面观 骨性口腔,由上颌骨、腭骨和下颌骨围成。 January 07
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新生儿颅的特征及生后的变化 January 07
Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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附肢骨骼 一、上肢骨 二、下肢骨 (一) 上肢带骨 (二)自由上肢骨 (三)上肢骨常见的变异和畸形 (一)下肢带骨 (二)自由下肢骨
(三)下肢骨常见的变异和畸形 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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上肢带骨—锁骨 内侧2/3凸向前,外侧1/3凸向后,交界处易骨折 January 07
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上肢带骨—肩胛骨 为三角形扁骨,可分为: 二面:腹侧面和背侧面 三缘:上缘、内侧缘和外侧缘 三个角:上角、下角和外侧角 January 07
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上肢带骨—肩胛骨 肩胛下窝-肩胛冈-冈上窝-冈下窝-喙突关节盂 January 07
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自由上肢骨—肱骨 分为一体和上、下两端。 January 07
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自由上肢骨—桡骨、尺骨 桡骨位于前臂外侧部,分一体两端。 上端为桡骨头,下端为茎突。
尺骨居前臂内侧部,分一体两端。上端的前面为滑车切迹,切迹的后上方为鹰嘴,下端为尺骨头。 前面观 后面观 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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自由上肢骨—手骨 包括腕骨、掌骨、和指骨。 腕骨 8块: 近侧列由桡侧向尺侧:舟月三角豆; 远侧列由桡侧向尺侧:大小头状钩。 掌骨 5块
指骨14块 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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自由上肢骨—手骨 前面观 后面观 January 07
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上肢骨常见的变异和畸形 锁骨:可见先天性锁骨缺如。
肱骨:冠突窝与鹰嘴窝之间出现穿孔,称滑车上孔,内上髁上方有时出现向下突起,称髁上突,借韧带连于内上髁,韧带若骨化则形成髁上孔。 桡骨:可部分或全部缺如。 尺骨:鹰嘴与尺骨干可不融合。 腕骨:可出现二分舟骨。 掌骨、指骨:可出现多指或并指。 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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下肢带骨—髋骨 髋骨 hip bone:由髂骨、耻骨和坐骨组成。左右髋骨与骶骨、尾骨围成骨盆。
髂骨illum构成髋骨的上部,分为髂骨体和髂骨翼两部。 坐骨ischium构成髋骨的下部,分为坐骨体及坐骨支两部分。 耻骨pubis构成髋骨的前下部,可分为耻骨体及上、下支两部分。 髋臼 acetabulum:由髂、坐、耻三骨的体构成。窝内半月形的关节面称月状面。髋臼边缘下部的缺口称髋臼切迹。 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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下肢带骨—髋骨 内面观 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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下肢带骨—髋骨 内面观 外面观 January 07
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自由下肢骨—股骨 股骨 femur:人体最长最结实的长骨,分为一体两端。 上端为股骨头 下端为两个膨大 内侧髁 外侧髁 前面观 后面观
内侧髁 外侧髁 前面观 后面观 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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自由下肢骨—髌骨 髌骨 patella:人体最大的籽骨。上宽下尖,前面粗糙,后面为关节面。 January 07
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自由下肢骨—胫骨、腓骨 胫骨 tibia :位于小腿内侧部。 上端膨大,为内侧髁和外侧髁; 腓骨 fibula:位于胫骨外后方。
下端稍膨大,其内下方为内踝。 腓骨 fibula:位于胫骨外后方。 上端膨大,称腓骨头; 下端稍膨大,称外踝。 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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自由下肢骨—胫骨、腓骨 右侧 前面观 后面观 January 07
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自由下肢骨—足骨 包括跗骨、跖骨和趾骨。 跗骨 tarsal bone:共7块。可分为前、中、后三列。 后列:距骨和跟骨
中间列:足舟骨 前列:内侧楔骨、中间楔骨、外侧楔骨和骰骨。 跖骨 metatarsal bones:共5块 趾骨 phalanges of the toes:共14块 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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自由下肢骨—足骨 下面观 上面观 January 07
Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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下肢骨常见的变异和畸形 髋骨:髂窝穿孔,耻坐支不长合。 股骨:臀肌粗隆异常粗大,形成第3转子。 髌骨:可缺如或为二分髌骨。
距骨:后下部和前上部可出现三角股和距上骨。 楔骨:内侧和中间楔骨之间可出现楔间骨。 跖骨:第1与第2跖骨之间可出现跖间骨。 趾骨:多趾。 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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附肢骨骼 January 07 Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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思考题 骨的形态和构造 颅前窝、颅中窝的孔和裂有哪些?分别有哪些结构通过? 骨性鼻旁窦的部位和开口 January 07
Copyright© Depart. Anatomy, School of Medicine, Lanzhou University. All rights reserved by Prof.YP Hou and YF Song
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