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會計學 / Accounting Summer 2010
NTUIB
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Accounting for Merchandising Operations
永續盤存制 (Perpetual inventory system) 進貨/銷貨 買賣業的會計循環 多站式(Multiple-step)與單站式損益表(Single-step) 毛利法(Gross profit)的意義與重要性. 定期盤存制(Periodic system) 銷貨成本(Cost of goods sold) 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Accounting for Merchandising Operations
買賣業(Merchandising company) 買賣商品以賺取利潤之企業 批發商(Wholesalers) sell to零售業(Retailers) Retailers sell to consumers 買賣業的收益來源: sales. 買賣業之費用 銷貨成本(Cost of goods sold, COGS) :為當期出售商品的總成本. 營業費用(Operating expenses) :銷貨過程中所發生的費用,如salaries and insurance expense. 毛利(Gross profit): Sales revenue less COGS 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Not used in a Service business.
Income Measurement Sales Revenue Less Not used in a Service business. Cost of Goods Sold Gross Profit Equals Less Net Income (Loss) Operating Expenses Cost of goods sold is the total cost of merchandise sold during the period. Equals 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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買賣業會計 現銷(Cash Sale) 賒銷(Credit Sale) 存貨制度 企業購買商品然後以現銷的方式將商品出售給顧客之營業循環。
企業購買商品,然後以賒銷的方式將商品出售給顧客,而產生應收帳款,經一段期間後顧客償還貨款之營業循環。 存貨制度 永續(Perpetual):每一存貨的進,銷,餘都永續的保存詳細記載. =>銷貨數量與銷貨成本(Cost of good sold; COGS)在出售時即知道 定期(Periodic):平時不記帳,期末盤點期末存貨數量與COGS =>銷貨成本至期末才知道.why? 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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永續盤存制(Perpetual Inventory System)
銷貨成本於每次銷貨發生時即決定, 並加以記錄. 適用情況 出售高價值商品(如珠寶、汽車) 出售低價值商品, 但具備收銀機掃瞄器設備者. 如: Wal-Mart零售業 會計處理 進貨時: 存貨(Merchandise) xxx 現金 xxx 銷貨時: 應收帳款 xxx 銷貨 xxx 銷貨成本(Cost of good slod) xxx 存貨 xxx 特性 隨時保持明細記錄以顯示每一商品帳上應有存貨數量. 會計期末終了, 再盤點實際數量, 看其是否與帳上記錄的數量一致. 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Recording Purchases of Merchandise
3, ,800 debits to the Merchandise Inventory , credit to Accounts Payable . 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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進貨退出與讓價(Purchases Return and Allowance)
由於(1)商品受損或有瑕疵, (2)品質不佳, 或(3)商品未符合買方規格, 致買方對所收商品不滿意. 在此情況, 買方可能會將商品退回, 並將付款義務取消. 若以現購方式, 則可取回現金, 稱為進貨退出. 若賣方願意將購價再扣除一部份金額, 買方可能選擇仍保留該批商品,稱為進貨讓價. 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Purchase Returns and Allowances
進貨時已借記Merchandise Inventory ,因而退貨時貸記此科目 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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進貨運費(Freight-in) 銷售契約應該載明賣方或買方負擔運費. 貨運條件以FOB起運點或FOB目的地表示.
FOB shipping point(起運點交貨) Free on board shipping point 即商品在起運地即由賣方移交給共同承運人, 故運費應由買方方負擔. FOB destination(目的地交貨) Free on board destination 係商品在到達買方營業所在地後才移交給買方, 故運費應由賣方負擔, 應列為賣方之營業費用. 這些成本應列記銷貨運費(Freight-out, or Delivery Expense) =>推銷費用 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Accounting for Freight Costs
買方支付運費時. 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Accounting for Freight Costs
賣方支付運費時. 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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進貨折扣(Purchase Discount)
賒購之信用條件(Credit terms), 同意買方若及早付款, 得享有現金折扣. 這項因對買賣雙方各有好處, 買方節省現金支出, 而賣方得以儘早將應收帳款轉成現金. 進貨折扣以進貨成本減除進貨退回與讓價的餘額為計算基礎. 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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信用條件(Credit terms) 現金折扣之金額與期間 Case1 Case2 Case 3
信用條件為2/10,n/30: 指於發票次日起算,10天內付款(授信期間10天, discount period), 則取得發票總價2% 的現金折扣; 超過期限即無折扣, 最長的授信期間(credit period)為30天, 也就是發票價格扣除任何退回與讓價之淨額, 將於發票次日起30日到期.「n」原文為nil,表示不予折扣) Case2 EOM (end of month), 折扣期間展延至銷貨發票日次月起算. Case 3 2/10/EOM, 次月10付款得2%discount, 否則次月起30日內一定要付款. 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Purchase Discounts If payment is made within the discount period
3, , 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Purchase Discounts If payment is made after the discount period.
3, ,500 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Q & A 140 Prepare the necessary journal entries, assuming Barone Company uses a perpetual inventory system. Purchased $20,000 of merchandise on account, terms 2/10, n/30. Returned $500 of damaged merchandise for credit. Paid for the merchandise purchased within 10 days. Merchandise Inventory 20,000 Accounts Payable 20,000 Accounts Payable Merchandise Inventory Accounts Payable ($20,000 – $500) 19,500 Merchandise Inventory ($19,500 × .02) Cash ($19,500 – $390) 19,110 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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10/1甲公司向乙公司賒購商品$1000,付款條件2/10,n/30 10/5甲公司向乙公司現購商品$500,且甲負擔運費$50
釋例:自己練習 以下是甲公司10月份之交易事項 10/1甲公司向乙公司賒購商品$1000,付款條件2/10,n/30 10/5甲公司向乙公司現購商品$500,且甲負擔運費$50 10/10償還乙公司一半帳款 10/15甲公司向乙公司退貨$300 10/20甲公司償還向乙公司剩餘之帳款 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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甲公司 (參考答案) 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Sales Transactions 認列收入時機
根據 Revenue recognition principle, 於賺得(earn)時認列. 在買賣業, 通常是賣方交付買方商品時認列. 銷貨的方式可能為賒銷或現銷. 每筆銷貨均應有商業憑證支持, 作為銷貨之書面證據. 如cash register tape or sales invoice 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Recording Credit Sales
3, ,800 2, ,400 For credit sales Accounts Receivable is debited and Sales is credited; Cost of Goods Sold is debited and Merchandise Inventory is credited. 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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銷貨退回與讓價(Sales Returns and Allowances)
客戶對於商品不滿意而退貨. Sales allowances 客戶對於商品不滿意而賣方願減價. 會計處理 買方帳上之進貨退出與讓價, 在賣方帳上為銷貨退回與讓價. 若賣方同意買方銷貨退回與讓價, 寄出「貸項通知單(Credit Memorandum)」. 銷貨退回與讓價為Sales的抵銷科目(contra account), 正常餘額在借方. 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Sales Returns and Allowances
The seller’s entry to record a credit memorandum involves Debit to the Sales Returns and Allowances account and Credit to Accounts Receivable at the $300 selling price Debit to Merchandise Inventory and credit to COGS 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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銷貨折扣(Sales Discount) 賒銷之授信條件訂有現金折扣, 提供及早支付帳款之顧客現金折扣的優惠.
Sales Discounts is a contra revenue account with a normal debit balance 例: 3/10, n/30. 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Recording Sales Discount
When cash discounts are taken by customers, the seller debits Sales Discounts. 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Q & A Boggs Company sold merchandise to Wilsey Company on account for $53,000 with credit terms of 2/10, n/30. The cost of the merchandise sold was $31,800. During the discount period, Wilsey Company returned $3,000 of merchandise and paid its account in full (minus the discount) by remitting $49,000 in cash. Both companies use a perpetual inventory system. Prepare the journal entries that Boggs Company made to record: (1) The sale of merchandise. (2) The return of merchandise. (3) The collection on account. 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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A. (1) Accounts Receivable 53,000 Sales 53,000
Cost of Goods Sold 31,800 Merchandise Inventory 31,800 (2) Sales Returns and Allowances 3,000 Accounts Receivable 3,000 Merchandise Inventory 1,800 [$3,000 × ($31,800 ÷ $53,000)] Cost of Goods Sold 1,800 (3) Cash 49,000 Sales Discounts ,000 Accounts Receivable 50,000 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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乙公司(參考答案) 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Closing Entries All accounts that affect the determination of net income are closed to Income Summary. 1. Debit each income statement credit balance account for its balance, and credit Income Summary for the same amount. 480,000 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Closing Entries 2. Cost of Goods Sold must be closed to Income Summary. 450,000 12,000 8,000 316,000 45,000 19,000 7,000 16,000 17,000 2,000 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Closing Entries 30,000 15,000 After the closing entries are posted, all temporary accounts have zero balances It addition, R. A. Lamb, Capital has a credit balance of $98,000 ($83,000 + $30,000 - $15,000). 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Income Statement 單站式損益表(Single-step Income Statement)
將所有收入及所有費用分別加總, 兩者相減一次得出本期損益。 多站式損益表(Multiple-step Income Statement) 將收入與費用分別加以分類, 排列, 經過三個階段求出本期損益。 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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多站式損益表 計算銷貨毛利 計算營業損益(Income from operation)
包括: Sales revenue, COGS, Gross profit sections Gross profit rate = Gross profit / Net sales 計算營業損益(Income from operation) Operating activities所產生 計算營業外損益(Income from nonoperation) Nonoperating activities所產生, 包括: (1)次要或附屬業務(Secondary or auxiliary operations)所產生的收入 (2)與營業無關的收入獲損失 計算本期損益。 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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多站式損益表 營業費用(Operating expenses)包括: 非營業項目(Non-operating section )
推銷費用(Selling Expenses) 管理費用(Administrative Expenses) 非營業項目(Non-operating section ) 放在營業損益(Income from operations)之後 其他收入與利得(Other revenues and gains) 其他費用與損失(Other expenses and losses) 其他收入與利得 其他費用與損失 Interest revenue Interest expense Dividend revenue Casualty losses (accident) Rent revenue Loss from sale of fixed assets Gains from sale of fixed Loss from strikes assets 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Forms of Financial Statements: MULTIPLE-STEP
Multiple-step Income Statement Forms of Financial Statements: MULTIPLE-STEP Key Items: Net sales Gross profit Gross profit rate 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Forms of Financial Statements: MULTIPLE-STEP
Key Items: Net sales Gross profit Gross profit rate Operating expenses 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Forms of Financial Statements: MULTIPLE-STEP
Key Items: Net sales Gross profit Gross profit rate Operating expenses Nonoperating activities Net income 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Single-Step Income Statement
Subtract total expenses from total revenues Two reasons for using the single-step format: Company does not realize any type of profit until total revenues exceed total expenses. Format is simpler and easier to read. 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Single-step Statement
2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Q. 你們公司的gross profit rate=36%, 淨利率=17%
身為老闆的你有何意見? 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Classified Balance Sheet
Current asset: Listed in order of liquidity Presentation Cash A/R Merchandise inventory Prepaid insurance 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Classified Balance Sheet
2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Inventory Accounting Systems
會計期間終了時, 須就期末存貨作正確的計價, 存貨計價涉及單位成本及存貨數量兩項. 方法 The perpetual inventory system (永續盤存制度) : 不斷更新商品存貨數 The periodic inventory system (定期盤存制度) : 在期末定期盤點存貨後, 方便更新帳上現有商品數. 差異 更新帳上商品存貨數, 以反應實際商品存貨之頻率 實際現存商品存貨數vs.帳上現存商品存貨數 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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定期盤存制(Periodic Inventory System)
在每一期間內不須維持所持有存貨之詳細記錄。銷貨成本(Cost of goods sold)僅於會計期間結束進行存貨盤點時始加以決定。 Separate accounts used to record purchases, freight costs, returns, and discounts. Company does not maintain a running account of changes in inventory. Ending inventory determined by physical count. 銷貨成本=期初存貨+本期進貨-期末存貨 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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定期盤存制度(Periodic Inventory System)
平時只對進貨予以記錄, 銷售時不記錄存貨減少 (即不立即記錄銷貨成本), 俟期末(或定期)盤點求得期末存貨後, 再計算銷貨成本, 故又稱實地盤存制(Physical inventory system). 銷貨成本=期初存貨+本期進貨-期末存貨 特性: 進貨時不借記「存貨」,而另設一過渡性科目「進貨」,即借記「進貨」,貸記「應付帳款」或「現金」。 期末盤點存貨時,將期末存貨轉入「存貨」科目,此一期末存貨即為下年度之期初存貨。 年底做調整分錄時,將期初存貨及當期進貨均轉入銷貨成本(或「本期損益」),並將當期之期末存貨從銷貨成本(或「本期損益」)轉出,即借記「存貨」,貸記「銷貨成本」或「本期損益」 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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定期盤存制(Periodic Inventory System)
適用情況 出售低價之商品且商品存貨尚未電腦化。 會計記錄 進貨時:進貨(purchase) XXX 現金 XXX 銷貨時:現金 XXX 銷貨(sale) XXX (存貨不記減少的分錄) 特性 不使用商品存貨科目來記錄每一商品進銷貨狀況, 依據期末實際盤點之存貨數量, 作為帳上存貨餘額, 到期末才知帳上存貨餘額. 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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買方 茲設例說明兩種盤存制度之帳務處理如下: 交 易 事 項 永 續 盤 存 制 實 地 盤 存 制
交 易 事 項 永 續 盤 存 制 實 地 盤 存 制 (1)5/4 賒購商品$3, 存 貨 3, 進 貨 ,800 應付帳款 3, 應付帳款 ,800 (2)5/8 退回商品$ 應付帳款 應付帳款 存 貨 進貨退出 (3)5/9 付運費$ 存 貨 進貨運費 現 金 現 金 (4)5/14 支付貨款 應付帳款 3, 應付帳款 3,500 現 金 , 現 金 ,430 存 貨 進貨折扣 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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賣方 茲設例說明兩種盤存制度之帳務處理如下: 交 易 事 項 永 續 盤 存 制 實 地 盤 存 制
交 易 事 項 永 續 盤 存 制 實 地 盤 存 制 (1)5/4賒銷(售價$3,800) 應收帳款 3, 應收帳款 ,800 , 商品成本$2, 銷貨收入 , 銷貨收入 ,800 銷貨成本 2, (無) 存 貨 ,400 (2)5/8銷貨退回$ 銷貨退回 銷貨退回 , 商品成本$2, 應收帳款 應收帳款 存 貨 (無) 銷貨成本 (3)5/15 帳款收現 現 金 , 現 金 ,430 銷貨折扣 銷貨折扣 應收帳款 , 應收帳款 ,500 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Calculation of Cost of Goods Sold Under a Periodic System
$316,000 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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常用計算公式 銷貨淨額(Net sale)=銷貨總額(Total sale)-銷貨折扣(Sale discount)-銷貨退回與讓價(Sale return and allowance) 進貨淨額(Net purchase)=進貨(Purchase)-進貨折扣(Purchase discount) -進貨退出與讓價(Purchase return and allowance) 進貨成本(Cost of goods purchased)=進貨運費(Freight-in)+進貨淨額(Net purchase) 可售商品(Cost of goods purchased)=期初存貨+進貨成本(Cost of goods purchased) 銷貨成本(Cost of goods sold; COGS)=可售商品-期末存貨 銷貨毛利(Gross profit)=銷貨淨額(Nnet sale)-銷貨成本(COGS) 營業淨利(Income from operations)=銷貨毛利-營業費用(Operating expense) 本期淨利=營業淨利+非營業收入(Other revenue or gains)-非營業費用(Other expense or losses) 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Inventory Describe steps in determining inventory quantities
Explain the accounting for inventories and apply the inventory cost flow methods Explain the financial effects of the inventory cost flow assumptions. Indicate the effects of inventory errors on the financial statements Compute and interpret inventory turnover 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Classifying Inventory
Merchandising Company(買賣業) Manufacturing Company(製造業) One Classification: Merchandise Inventory (商品存貨) Three Classifications: Raw Materials(原料) Work in Process(再製品) Finished Goods(製成品) Regardless of the classification, companies report all inventories under Current Assets on the balance sheet. 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Merchandise Inventory之兩大特性
公司所擁有(Owned by the company ) 凡是企業擁有所有權者,即是企業之存貨。 在正常營業的過程中,隨時用來再出售(Ready for sale) 存貨係指向外購入擬於正常營業過程中直接出售,或經加工後再出售之商品財貨。 目的在於留存自用,則不屬於存貨的範圍。 -例如從事機器設備製造、買賣的廠商,庫存備供出售的機器設備即為存貨。 -但若購入之機器設備係用來製造、生產產品之用,則應列為固定資產。故是否擬於正常營業過程中「再出售」,為判定是否為存貨資產之要件。 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Classifying Inventory in Manufacturing
Classified into three categories: 1. Finished goods: Ready for sale 2. Work in process: Various stages of production (not completed) 3. Raw materials: Components on hand waiting to be used 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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存貨數量之決定 財務報表日需瞭解存貨數量, 並評定其價值, 以編制F/S. 存貨數量的決定, 需先確定下列
實地盤點庫存量(Taking a physical inventory) 確定是否具有所有權(Ownership) 為何要taking a Physical Inventory? Perpetual System Check accuracy of inventory records. Determine amount of inventory lost (wasted raw materials, shoplifting, or employee theft). Periodic System 確定還有多少庫存存貨 決定當期的cost of goods sold At end of the accounting period. 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Determining Ownership of Goods
在途商品(Goods in transit): Purchased goods not yet received. 所有權(Legal title)歸屬: 視約定條件而定, 進貨條件可分為 起運點交貨(FOB shipping point):商品一旦交予運送人, 所有權即移轉給買方 =>列為買方之存貨, 運費由買方負擔. 目的地交貨(FOB destination): 須待商品運交買方指定的地點, 所有權才移轉給買方, 故未送達目的地前, 其所有權仍屬於賣方所有 =>列為賣方之存貨, 運費由賣方負擔. 僅接獲訂單而尚未運出之商品(Sold goods not yet delivered),仍為賣方之存貨。 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Terms of Sale (銷貨條件) Ownership of the goods passes to the buyer when the public carrier accepts the goods from the seller. Ownership of the goods remains with the seller until the goods reach the buyer. 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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確定商品所有權 寄銷品(Goods of consignment)
根據寄銷合約(consignment arrangement) , 商品持有人(稱為承銷人consignee), 並非商品的所有者(owner), 在商品出售給顧客之前, 所有權仍屬商品的貨主 (稱寄銷人consignor), 故寄銷品不應包括承銷人的存貨數量中. 寄銷人擁有商品,不計入承銷人之存貨 Consignee Company 2010/09/01 NTUIB
59
銷貨成本之計算 可售商品(Cost of goods available for sale) COGS
= 進貨成本(Cost of goods purchased ) + 期初存貨(Beginning cost of goods on hand) COGS = 可售商品(Cost of goods available for sale) - 期末存貨(Ending cost of goods on hand) 2010/09/01 NTUIB
60
Allocation (Matching) of Pool Costs
$ 120,000 $15, $105,000 2010/09/01 NTUIB
61
定期制下存貨成本之計算 同一年度內進貨, 每批單位成本可能不同, 則期末存貨及銷貨成本如何計算?
在面臨不同的進貨單價時, 如何選擇其一或數個單位成本, 乘上存貨數量, 用來作為計算期末存貨價值的依據? 每次進貨單價未必相同, 故要採取成本流動假設(cost flow assumption) 個別認定法, Specific Identification 先進先出, First-in, first-out (FIFO) 後進先出, Last-in, first-out (LIFO) 平均法, Average cost 2010/09/01 NTUIB
62
個別認定法(Specific Identification)
此法能將會計成本與商品實際流動(actual physical flow)之情形配合, 不需強調成本之認定時間, 每項存貨都貼上標籤邊以顯示單價. 期末以庫存商品單價加總, 得出期末存貨. 適用情況 當公司產品為大型商品且易於辨認者 (如珠寶、汽車). 定期盤存與永續盤存制到的結果為相同 由於個別認定法執行上有些不切實際, 故可採其他方法. 2010/09/01 NTUIB
63
Using Assumed Cost Flow Methods
由於個別認定法執行上有些不切實際,故可採其他方法. 其他方法所假設的成本流程與實際進貨先流程並不相同. 擬制性的成本流動方法或假設(assumed cost flow methods or cost flow assumptions). 1. 先進先出 (First-in, first-out, FIFO) 2. 後進先出 (Last-in, first-out, LIFO) 3. 平均法 (Average cost) 加權平均法(Weighted average unit cost ) 移動加權平均法(Moving average ) 2010/09/01 NTUIB
64
先進先出法(First-in, first-out)
假設先購入之商品先賣出, 期末存貨必是最後購買的商品. 適用情況 公司為避免損壞所引起之損失,最先購入者必須先出售。ex.蔬菜、鮮奶… 在定期盤存制下或永續盤制下使用此法, 其結果相同. 2010/09/01 NTUIB
65
ALLOCATION OF COSTS - FIFO
$ 12,000 2010/09/01 NTUIB
66
後進先出法(Last-in, first-out)
假設後購買之商品先賣出, 即期末存貨為早期購入之成本. 適用情況 適用於木材、煤炭, 不斷堆積, 愈晚堆積者較先被使用. 在定期盤存制下或永續盤存制下所計算的結果不一定相同 原因是永續盤存制須隨時記錄銷貨成本, 故早期買入之存貨有可能被轉入銷貨成本, 並未包括在期末存貨中, 最後一批買入之存貨反而包括在期末存貨中. 而在定期盤存制下,所有期末存貨均為最早購入者。 2010/09/01 NTUIB
67
Allocation of Costs - LIFO
$ 12,000 2010/09/01 NTUIB
68
加權平均法(Weighted Average)
加權平均法(Weighted average unit cost ) 按照當期平均單位成本計算期末存貨及銷貨成本。其假定商品是相同的(homogeneous) 僅適用於實地盤存制 ※平均單位成本=全年度可售商品總額÷可售商品數量 ※期末存貨成本=平均單位成本 × 期末存貨數量 移動加權平均法(Moving average ) 於每次進貨時,如單價與厙存商品單價不同,即應重新計算一次平均單價。 僅適用永續盤存制 ※每次進貨之單價成本=未售商品總額÷未售商品數量 2010/09/01 NTUIB
69
加權平均法(Weighted Average)
2010/09/01 NTUIB
70
加權平均法(Weighted Average)
$ 12,000 $ 5, $ 6,600 2010/09/01 NTUIB
71
Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
Example Y Company makes the following purchases: One item on 2/2/07 for $10 One item on 2/15/07 for $15 One item on 2/25/07 for $20 Y Company sells one item on 2/28/07 for $90. Assume a tax rate of 30%. 2010/09/01 NTUIB
72
Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
“First-In-First-Out (FIFO)” Inventory Balance = $ 35 Young & Crazy Company Income Statement For the Month of Feb Sales $ 90 Cost of goods sold Gross profit Expenses: Administrative Selling Interest Total expenses Income before tax Taxes Net Income $ 33 Purchase on 2/25/07 for $20 Purchase on 2/15/07 for $15 Purchase on 2/2/07 for $10 2010/09/01 NTUIB
73
Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
“Last-In-First-Out (LIFO)” Inventory Balance = $ 25 Young & Crazy Company Income Statement For the Month of Feb Sales $ 90 Cost of goods sold Gross profit Expenses: Administrative Selling Interest Total expenses Income before tax Taxes Net Income $ 26 Purchase on 2/25/07 for $20 Purchase on 2/15/07 for $15 Purchase on 2/2/07 for $10 2010/09/01 NTUIB
74
Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
“Average Cost” Inventory Balance = $ 30 Young & Crazy Company Income Statement For the Month of Feb Sales $ 90 Cost of goods sold Gross profit Expenses: Administrative Selling Interest Total expenses Income before tax Taxes Net Income $ 30 Purchase on 2/25/07 for $20 Purchase on 2/15/07 for $15 Purchase on 2/2/07 for $10 2010/09/01 NTUIB
75
Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
Comparative Financial Statement Summary FIFO Average LIFO Sales $90 $90 $90 Cost of goods sold Gross profit Admin. & selling expense Income before taxes Income tax expense Net income $33 $30 $26 Inventory balance $35 $30 $25 2010/09/01 NTUIB
76
Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
In Period of Rising Prices, FIFO Reports: FIFO Average LIFO Sales $90 $90 $90 Cost of goods sold Gross profit Admin. & selling expense Income before taxes Income tax expense Net income $33 $30 $26 Inventory balance $35 $30 $25 Lowest Highest 2010/09/01 NTUIB
77
Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
In Period of Rising Prices, LIFO Reports: FIFO Average LIFO Sales $90 $90 $90 Cost of goods sold Gross profit Admin. & selling expense Income before taxes Income tax expense Net income $33 $30 $26 Inventory balance $35 $30 $25 Highest Lowest 2010/09/01 NTUIB
78
Decision ethics 公司採用不同成本流程的理由,主要考量:
(1) Income statement effects → earnings 誰比較大 (2) Balance sheet effects → 期末存貨誰比較大 (3) Tax effects → 課的稅誰比較大 Your compensation as inventory manager includes a bonus based on gross profit. Your boss asks you opinion on changing the inventory costing method from FIFO to LIFO. Since costs are expected to continue to rise, your boss predicts that LIFO would match higher current costs against sales, thereby lowering taxable income. What do you recommend? 2010/09/01 NTUIB
79
Income Statement Effects Compared
K Company於1/10 購買 200 單位XR492s,單價$20; 12/31又購入 200單位,單價 $24.當年出售 200 units,售價$30 . LIFO下, 公司收回了重置成本( the current replacement cost) $4,800. FIFO下,公司 僅回收1/10的成本 ($4,000). 如果想重置所出售的商品,需要再出 $800 (200 x $4) . 因而gross profit將減少$800. 這 $800 gross profit 稱為虛假淨利( phantom or illusory profits).也就是高估淨利$800. Cost of goods sold ,000 (200 x $20) ,400 (200 x $22) ,800 (200 x $24) 2010/09/01 NTUIB
80
各種成本假設之評述 - 個別辨認法 優點 缺點:可操縱損益 COGS為實際出售之成本 期末存貨亦為真實庫存之成本 會計流程與實際商品流程一致
此法對易於辨認之商品是適合的 缺點:可操縱損益 2010/09/01 NTUIB
81
各種成本假設之評述 - LIFO法 優點 缺點 通貨膨脹期間,可以節稅。
能顯示於繼續補充存貨下,公司可分配給股東之實際利益,可避免 FIFO下認列之紙上利潤。 Sales和COGS皆為實際收入與成本,銷貨毛利中不含有FIFO之存貨利益,更能評估管理者之獲利能力。 缺點 會計流程與商品之實際流程不一致。 易操縱損益,使COGS↑,期末購進高價格之存貨,為使COGS↓將高價格之進貨延至下期。 期末存貨被低估。 2010/09/01 NTUIB
82
各種成本假設之評述 - FIFO法 優點 缺點 易於使用 無法操縱損益 會計流程與商品實際流程一致(大量商品) 期末存貨之評價接近市價。
會認列紙上利潤(paper profit) 通貨膨脹期間,所得稅負擔較重。 2010/09/01 NTUIB
83
各種成本假設之評述 - 加權平均法 優點 缺點 在物價膨脹期間,期末存貨不像LIFO被低估,可是銷貨成本亦不能像LIFO般反映現時成本。
※沒有一種方法是最好,會計上,上述方法符合GAAP,公司可以變更存貨之會計方法,但需附註說明變更之理由。 ※要一致性(consistently)使用存貨之會計方法, 才可增加各其F/S的比較性(comparability). 2010/09/01 NTUIB
84
Inventory Errors Common Cause 影響
Failure to count or price inventory correctly. Not properly recognizing the transfer of legal title to goods in transit. Errors affect both the income statement and balance sheet. 影響 期初與期末存貨都會出現在損益表 Inventory errors 會影響COGS與淨利 影響資產負債表上存貨之表達 影響損益表上銷貨成本及本期損益的決定 影響下期損益之計算 2010/09/01 NTUIB
85
Net Income understated
Inventory Errors Combined income for 2-year period is correct. ($3,000) Net Income understated $3,000 Net Income overstated 2010/09/01 NTUIB
86
Inventory Errors - Income Statement Effects
存貨錯誤會影響到兩期(本期與下期)的Cost of goods sold 與淨利. 當期期末存貨的錯誤對於影於的影響, 會在下期產生方向相反的錯誤(reverse effect). 但是兩年合計的總淨利是正確的,why? Because the errors offset each other. 當期期末存貨是否正確, 完全取決於盤點與計價是否正確, 與之前其他錯誤無關. 2010/09/01 NTUIB
87
Inventory Errors - Balance Sheet Effects
存貨錯誤對於資產負債表的影響,可由下式了解: 2010/09/01 NTUIB
88
Q132 Neal Pharmacy reported cost of goods sold as follows:
Beginning inventory $ 54, $ 64,000 Cost of goods purchased , ,000 Cost of goods available for sale , ,000 Ending inventory , ,000 Cost of goods sold $837, $900,000 Neal made two errors: (1) 2004 ending inventory was overstated by $8,000. (2) 2005 ending inventory was understated by $20,000. Instructions Assuming the errors had not been corrected, indicate the dollar effect that the errors had on the items appearing on the financial statements listed below. Also indicate if the amounts are overstated (O) or understated (U). Overstated/ Overstated/ Amount Understated Amount Understated Total assets $_________ _______ $_________ _______ Owner’s equity $_________ _______ $_________ _______ Cost of goods sold $_________ _______ $_________ _______ Net income $_________ _______ $_________ _______ 2010/09/01 NTUIB
89
Overstated/ Overstated/ Amount Understated Amount Understated
Overstated/ Overstated/ Amount Understated Amount Understated Total assets $8, O $20, U Owner’s equity $8, O $20, U Cost of goods sold $8, U $28, O Net income $8, O $28, U Correct cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory $ 54, $ 56,000 Cost of goods purchased , ,000 Cost of goods available for sale 901, ,000 Ending inventory , ,000 Cost of goods sold $845, $872,000 2010/09/01 NTUIB
90
Statement Presentation and Analysis
Inventory Classified as a current asset after receivables in the balance sheet Cost of goods sold Subtracted from sales in the income statement Disclosure either in the balance sheet or in accompanying notes of: 1. Major inventory classifications 2. Basis of accounting (cost or lower of cost or market) 3. Costing method (FIFO, LIFO, or average cost) Note 1. Summary of accounting policies Inventories The company uses the retail, last-in, first-out (LIFO) method for the Wal-Mart Stores segment, cost LIFO for the SAM’S CLUB segment, and other cost methods, including the retail first-in, first-out (FIFO) and average costs methods, for the International segment. Inventories are not recorded in excess of market value. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc Notes to the Financial Statements 2010/09/01 NTUIB
91
Statement Presentation and Analysis
Inventory management is a double-edged sword High Inventory Levels - may incur high carrying costs (e.g., investment, storage, insurance, obsolescence, and damage). Low Inventory Levels – may lead to stockouts and lost sales. 2010/09/01 NTUIB
92
存貨週轉率(Inventory Turnover Ratio, ITR)
意義: 衡量一年內存貨銷售的次數 目的: 評估存貨的流動性 方法: ITR=COGS / 平均存貨 平均銷售天數*= 365 / ITR *average days to sell inventory ITR愈大,or平均銷售天數愈小,表示週轉率愈快 計算出存貨週轉率與存貨週轉平均天數=>如何評估存貨政策與管理=>公司歷年趨勢和同業平均水準變化作比較。 與同業比較時,首先檢討存貨評價方式(如後進先出、先進先出、平均法等)是否相同,因不同方式會造成銷貨成本與期末存貨的不同。 2010/09/01 NTUIB
93
Example Case A Sale $4,000; purchase $ 3,600; sale return $ 8; purchase discount $ 100; inventory (1/1) $ 200; freight-in $100; inventory (12/31) $ 400 存貨週轉率?平均銷售天數? Case B 身為零售店的老闆,你們的存貨週轉率與平均銷售天數分別為5.0與73天,但同業平均數為4.4與74天 What is your assessment of inventory management? 2010/09/01 NTUIB
94
解析 存貨週轉率與銷貨成本及存貨數字有關,故上列銷貨及銷貨退回金額不必用於計算中。 銷貨成本 =期初存貨 + 進貨淨額 – 期末存貨
=期初存貨 + (進貨–進貨折扣+進貨運費) – 期末存貨 =$200 +($3,600- $100 + $60)– $400 =$3,360 平均存貨 存貨週轉率 存貨週轉平均天數 =($200 + $400)÷ 2 = $300 =(3,360 ÷300)=11.2(次) = 365 ÷1.2 =32.6(天) 2010/09/01 NTUIB
95
存貨估計的方法 企業存貨種類繁多, 平時要維持進、銷、存之明細記錄, 所費不貲, 而定期盤點存貨更是費事費時.因此, 該等企業大多僅一年實地盤點存貨一次. 下列情況下需估計存貨而非盤點存貨: 管理當局需編制月報或季報,但盤點卻在年底. 火災等意外災害發生無法時地進行盤點. 存貨估計的方法 : 毛利法(gross profit method) and 零售價法(retail inventory method). 2010/09/01 NTUIB
96
毛利法(Gross Profit Method)
意義 乃是根據企業過去年度之平均毛利率,以估計本期之銷貨成本及期末存貨的一種方法。 適用情況 便於會計師及內部稽核人員,查核公司存貨計價之合理性。 企業遭受意外災害時,用以估計損失之金額。 計算公式 毛利率=銷貨毛利/銷貨淨額 估計銷貨毛利=銷貨淨額×毛利率 估計銷貨成本=銷貨淨額-估計銷貨毛利 估計期末存貨=可售商品總額-銷貨成本 2010/09/01 NTUIB
97
釋例 假設公司期初存貨為$40,000,當期的進貨淨額$120,000,net sale $200,000,又假設過去數年之平均毛利率為銷貨淨額之30%。則期末存貨估算如下: (1)銷貨淨額×毛利率=銷貨毛利 $200,000×30%=$60,000 (2)銷貨淨額-銷貨毛利=銷貨成本 $200,000-$60,000=$140,000 (3)期初存貨+進貨淨額-銷貨成本=期末存貨 $40,000+$120,000-$140,000=$20,000 2010/09/01 NTUIB
98
說明 凡是業務有顯著季節性的行業,於淡季或旺季估計存貨時,也應注意毛利率有所不同。通常旺季時售價高,毛利率高,淡季時可能降價求售,毛利率會降低,估計存貨時應適用不同的毛利率。 以毛利法估計存貨時,能否得到可靠的數值,關鍵在於毛利率。因此若本年度之售價、進貨成本有大幅異動,或銷貨組合有改變,以致於影響本期毛利率與前期毛利率有顯著不同時,應作適度調整。 2010/09/01 NTUIB
99
零售價法(Retail Inventory Method)
意義 乃是利用本期可供銷售商品之成本率, 以估計期末存貨成本的方法. 零售價法廣泛使用於連鎖商店、百貨公司及其他零售商店. 採零售價法, 須有期初存貨與當期所有進貨之零售價與成本的記錄. =>即平時買進商品時要記錄成本, 也需將售價資料加以記載, 以計算當期可供銷售商品之成本與零售價資料. 2010/09/01 NTUIB
100
零售價法(Retail Inventory Method)
計算公式 銷貨淨額=銷貨總額-銷貨退回 期末存貨售價=可售商品之總售價-銷貨淨額 成本率=可售商品總成本÷可售商品總售價 估計期末存貨=期末存貨零售價×成本率 適用情況 商品種類繁多又無法實施永續盤存制之零售百貨公司 加速期末存貨之盤點 簡化帳務處理程序 2010/09/01 NTUIB
101
零售價零售價法(Retail Inventory Method)
下列為發財公司有關存貨的資料,茲以零售價法估計期末存貨如下: 成 本 零售價 期初存貨 進貨淨額 可供銷售商品 減:銷貨收入淨額 按零售價計算之期末存貨 按成本計價之期末存貨 ($30,000×75%)* *成本比率=($75,000÷$100,000)=75% $14,000 $ 21,500 61,000 78,500 $100,000 $75,000 (70,000) $ 30,000 $22,500* 2010/09/01 NTUIB
102
零售價零售價法(Retail Inventory Method)
期初存貨之零售價($21,500)加上本期進貨零售價($78,500)等於可供銷售商品的零售價($100,000),減去本期銷貨收入$70,000後,為按零售價計算的期末存貨($30,000),其計算列示如下: 可售商品零售價 銷貨收入 期末存貨零售價 成本比率 存貨成本 $100,000 (可銷售量×單位售價) (70,000) (已銷售量×單位售價) $30, (庫存量×單位售價) 75% $ 22,500 2010/09/01 NTUIB
103
零售價零售價法(Retail Inventory Method)
上例中,可供銷售商品成本除以可供銷售商品零售價得成本比率為75%,意指平均進貨成本為零售價的75%。 企業對商品原訂之售價並非一成不變,往往因應市場需求、同業競爭、及業務之淡、旺季等因素而有所調整。採用零售價法估計存貨時,必須考慮售價之調整與變動。 2010/09/01 NTUIB
104
Accounting for Receivables
1. Identify the different types of receivables. 2. Explain how accounts receivable are recognized in the accounts. 3. Distinguish between the methods and bases used to value accounts receivable. 4. Compute the maturity date of and interest on notes receivable. 5. Explain how notes receivable are recognized in the accounts. 6. Explain the statement presentation and analysis of receivables. 2010/09/01 NTUIB
105
Recognizing Accounts Receivable
2008年7月1日Jordache公司賒銷$1000商品給Polo公司,條件2/10、n/30 July Accounts Receivable – Polo Co. 1,000 Sales ,000 2010/09/01 NTUIB
106
Recognizing Accounts Receivable
2005年8月5日Polo公司退還Jordache公司$100的商品 July Sales Returns and Allowances Accounts Receivable – Polo Company 2010/09/01 NTUIB
107
2008年7月11日Jordache公司收到Polo公司支付之剩餘欠款
Recognizing Accounts Receivable 2008年7月11日Jordache公司收到Polo公司支付之剩餘欠款 882 18 900 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Valuing Accounts Receivable: Trade discount
商業折扣係企業因應市場供需, 及對不同形態的顧客(如批發商或零售商), 按定價給予折減的金額. 例如定價$1,000之貨品, 折減30%出售, 實際售價為$700,商業折扣為30%, 即$300, 一般習稱七折. 商業買賣交易亦有就減除折扣後之金額再予折扣, 即所謂的連鎖折扣. 如折減30%後再折減20%, 俗稱七折八扣, 實際成交價為$560。 商業折扣: 不入帳, 以實際成交價格認列進貨成本及銷貨收入. 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Valuing Accounts Receivable: Cash discount
企業於同意賒銷後, 通常訂有收款的最後期限, 稱為信用期限(credit period), 在信用期限內並不催收貨款. 在美國為鼓勵顧客儘早付款, 多另訂有折扣期限(discount period), 若能在折扣期限內付款者, 可以再減收若干金額, 而使實際的現金收入減少, 此種情況稱之為現金折扣. 現金折扣的條件如: 2/10, n/30 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Valuing Accounts Receivable: Bad Debt
賒銷產生的應收帳款, 發生無法收回的情形. 賒銷前應對顧客信用嚴加審核. 但過度嚴苛, 導致銷貨減少, 故兩者間須取得均衡, 企業通常係採利潤最大化的授信政策。 Debited to Bad Debts Expense 壞帳費用之根據: Matching principle:因銷貨而發生, 故應在銷貨當年認列. Conservatism principle:無法回收之AR, 應沖銷, 以免高估資產. 應收帳款能否收回, 銷貨時無法確知, 因此年底須估計應收帳款收現的可能性, 即估計壞帳及應收帳款的Cash (net) realizable value. 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Valuing Accounts Receivable: Bad Debt
直接沖銷法(Direct write-off method): 備抵法(Allowance method) 銷貨收入百分比法(Percentage of sales) 帳款餘額百分比法(Percentage of receivables) 1. 綜合比率法 2. 帳齡分析法(Aging of AR) 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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直接沖銷法(Direct write-off method)
意義 即賒銷後, 直到帳款確定無法收回時, 才認列壞帳損失, 其分錄如下: Bad Debts Expense ××× Accounts Receivable ××× 缺點 收益與費用可能分別列於不同會計期間, 不符配合原則. 高估資產, 違反穩健原則. GAAP不採行 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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直接沖銷法(Direct write-off method)
Worden公司在12月12日,將M.E.Doran之欠款認定無法收回,故將餘額$200列為壞帳費用 Dec Bad Debts Expense Accounts Receivable – M.E. Doran 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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備抵法(Allowance method)
意義 過去經驗, 並參酌目前及未來的經濟情況, 估計壞帳發生的可能金額, 預先提列. 使用備抵法費用與收入較能配合,且在資產負債表中應收帳款會以淨變現價值表示: 應收帳款 $×××× 減:備抵壞帳(Allowance for Doubtful Accounts) ( ×××) 應收帳款淨額 $×××× 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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備抵法(Allowance method)
Hampson Furniture在2002年賒銷$12,000,000, 12月31日尚有$200,000未收現, 估計其中$12,000將無法收回. Dec Bad Debts Expense ,000 Allowance for Doubtful Accounts ,000 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Presentation of AR: Allowance method
Assets ($1,000) Current Assets: Cash $ 148 Accounts receivable 200 Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts Inventory Prepaid 25 Total current assets 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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備抵法(Allowance method)
Hampson Furniture的財務經理逾2003年3月1日經核准沖銷(如倒閉,逃匿,or破產宣告者)R.A.Ware的應收帳款$500 Write-off:在備抵法下,沖銷壞帳是借記備抵壞帳而不是壞帳費用 Mar Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Accounts Receivable - R. A. Ware 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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備抵法(Allowance method)
Recovery (收回已沖銷的壞帳) R.A.Ware 於7月1日付清已在3月1日沖銷之應收帳款$500 July 11 (recovery): (1)轉回沖銷的分錄 Accounts receivable 1,100 Allowance for doubtful accounts 1,100 (2)記錄應收帳款的收現 Cash 1,100 Accounts receivable 1,100 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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備抵法(Allowance method)
備抵法因為估計壞帳的基礎不同,又可分為 銷貨收入百分比法(Percentage of sales)及 帳款餘額百分比法(Percentage of receivables), 這兩種方法都符合GAAP。 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Percentage of Sale (又稱損益表法)
意義: Expected bad debt losses are determined by applying the percentage to the sales base of the current period(並參考本年度經濟情況,加以調整)。 方法: 壞帳時係以當期銷貨收入乘上壞帳率,即可計算出當期壞帳費用 優點:這個方法是強調收入與費用的配合 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Percentage of Sale Gonzalazes公司採用銷貨收入百分比法, 該公司評估賒銷淨額的1%, 將會成為壞帳. 2002年賒銷淨額是$800,000, 則壞帳費用為$8,000(1%* $800,000) Dec Bad Debts Expense ,000 Allowance for Doubtful Accounts ,000 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Percentage of A/R (又稱資產負債法)
意義: 以應收帳款餘額估列壞帳 綜合比率法 帳齡分析法 1. 綜合比率法 期末應收帳款*壞帳率=應有之備抵壞帳餘額 應提列之壞帳費用=應有之備抵壞帳餘額+ or – 調整前備抵壞帳借貸餘額 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Percentage of A/R A公司年底應收帳款餘額為$200,000,壞帳率是應收帳款餘額之4%,則本年底應有之備抵壞帳餘額為$8,000,假設原有之貸方餘額為$3,000,則本年度應提列之壞帳費用為$5,000,其分錄如下: Bad debt expense ,000 Allowance for doubtful account ,000 若備抵壞帳原為借餘$1,500,為了產生應有之備抵壞帳貸餘$8,000,則本年度應認列壞帳費用$9,500(即$8,000+$1,500)。 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Percentage of A/R 2.帳齡分析法(Aging of AR) 以帳款餘額為基礎估列壞帳,應收帳款明細帳按欠款時間的長短分類。
凡欠款時間愈長者,推定其發生壞帳的風險愈大,壞帳比率會比較高;反之,則較低。 採用此法,亦應先計算出應有的備抵壞帳餘額,再與原有備抵壞帳數額相比較,差額即為本年度之壞帳費用。 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Percentage of A/R 顧客 總數 尚未逾期 1~30天 31~60天 61~90天 90天以上 T.E.A $600 300
$200 100 R.C.B B.A.C 450 200 250 O.L.D 700 500 T.O.E 600 其他 36,950 26,200 5,200 2,450 1,600 1,500 $39,600 $27,000 $5,700 $3,000 $2,000 $1,900 估計壞帳比率 2% 4% 10% 20% 40% 估計壞帳總額 $2,228 $540 $228 $300 $400 $760 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Percentage of A/R 上表為Dart公司的帳齡分析表,該公司估計壞帳總額為$2,228
若調整前備抵壞帳貸於$528調整金額應為$1,700 ($2,228 - $528) Bad Debts Expense ,700 Allowance for Doubtful Accounts ,700 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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綜合比較 直接沖銷法 GAAP不採行 備抵法 收益與費用可能分別列於不同會計期間,不符配合原則。 高估資產,違反穩健原則。 優:符合配合原則
優點:簡單 缺點: 收益與費用可能分別列於不同會計期間,不符配合原則。 高估資產,違反穩健原則。 GAAP不採行 備抵法 銷貨收入百分比法(Percentage of sales) 優:符合配合原則 缺:AR未按淨變現值入帳,故資產評價失真 帳款餘額百分比法(Percentage of receivables) 優: AR按淨變現值入帳,資產評價較正確 缺:未”完全”符合配合原則 這兩種方法都符合GAAP 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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應收票據 (Note receivable)
「應收票據」(通常是本票, promissory note)是指發票人(maker, 通常為顧客)承諾在見票(on demand)或特定日(或特定期間),無條件支付一定金額給本公司的一種書面承諾。 約定付款的一方,一般稱之為發票人(Maker) 接受付款的一方,一般稱之為受款人(Payee) 種類: (1)「附息票據」(Interest-bearing note) 是指除票面金額外,另附加開票日至付款日間之利息的票據;不附息票據則是除票面金額外,不另附加利息之票據。 (2) 未「附息票據」 (Non-interest-bearing note) 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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應收票據 (Note receivable)
一般票據的存續期間通常是以月份來表示 例如:發票日是5月1日且為三個月後到期的票據,則到期日(maturity date)就是8月1日 若票據之發票日是在某月份的最後一天,那麼到期日也會是在未來某一月份的最後一天 7月31日, 兩個月後=>9月30日 若票據的存續期間是以天數來表示,就需要計算實際的天數以求得到期日 規則:發票日不算,但是到期日需包含在內 例如:發票日7月17日的60天到期票據,到期日是9月15日 票據期間 60 7月( 日) 14 8月 31 45 到期日: 9月 15 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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計算利息的公式 票據利息是指年利率 到期日若以天數表示就需除以360(習題)或365天(bank) 到期日若以月份表示就需除以12個月
票據的條件 利息的計算 面值*利率*期間=利息 $730 18% 120天 $730X18%X120/360 = $ 43.80 $1,000 15% 6個月 $1,000X15%X6/12 = $ $2,000 12% 1年 $2,000 X12%X1/1 = $240.00 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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例題 A公司10月1日賒銷貨品$100,000,顧客交來附息票據一紙,面值$100,000,利率6%,3個月後到期,其分錄如下: 銷貨時:
銷貨時: 應收票據 ,000 銷貨收入 ,000 票據到期: 現 金 ,500 應收票據 ,000 利息收入 ,500 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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例題 若附息票據之到期日跨越兩個會計期間,則於期末應調整利息收入入帳。設上例交易日為10月15日,則年終調整分錄如下: 應收利息 1,250
應收利息 ,250 利息收入 ,250* * $100,000× 6/100 × 3/12 =$1,250 票據到期時,應作如下分錄: 現 金 ,500 應收票據 ,000 應收利息 ,250 利息收入 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Balance Sheet Presentation of Receivables
短期應收款項應列於資產負債表流動資產中,短期投資(Short-term investments)之下 應收帳款則需以淨變現價值列示 2010/09/01 NTUIB
134
Statement Presentation and Analysis
Identify in the balance sheet or in the notes, each major type of receivable. Report short-term receivables as current assets. Report both gross amount of receivables and allowance for doubtful account. Report bad debts expense as selling expenses. Report interest revenue under “Other revenues and gains.” B/S I/S 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio
財務比率常使用來評估公司應收帳款的流動性(liquidity) 應收帳款週轉率乃是評估應收帳款流動性的比率,是指一段期間內應收帳款平均收現次數 賒銷淨額 平均應收帳 款淨額 應收帳款 週轉率 / = 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio
If Cisco had net credit sales of $18, 915 million for the year and beginning net accounts receivable balance of $1,466 million and ending net accounts receivable balance of $1,105 million: 賒銷淨額 平均應收帳 款淨額 應收帳款 週轉率 / = $18,915 / ($1, $1.105)/2 = times $ 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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Statement Presentation and Analysis
Analysis of Receivables: 平均收帳期間 (Average Collection Period in Days ) 20.3 times, or every 18 days (365 / 20.3) Variant of the accounts receivable turnover ratio is average collection period in terms of days. Used to assess effectiveness of credit and collection policies. The general rule is that the collection period should not exceed the credit term period (2/10, n/30). 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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平均收帳期間(Average Collection Period in Days )
一年天數 應收帳款 週轉率 平均收帳 天數 / = 365天 / 次 = 18 days 2010/09/01 NTUIB
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