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第一讲 我国翻译简史 翻译的标准、过程以及对译作的要求
一、翻译简史 我国的翻译事业起源于东汉桓帝建和二年的佛经翻译,约有两千年的历史,整个翻译史大致可以分为四个时期: (一)佛经翻译时期 (二)西方自然科学、文学、哲学翻译时期 (三)马列主义经典著作和无产阶级文学翻译时期 (四)解放以后,尤其是改革开放以来的翻译事业充分发展时期
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竺法护 翻译了175部佛经,对于佛法的流传影响很大。 释道安 主张直译设置译场。
著名佛经翻译者: 安世高 佛经翻译第一人。 支谦 主张意译。 竺法护 翻译了175部佛经,对于佛法的流传影响很大。 释道安 主张直译设置译场。 鸠摩罗什 主张意译 译经300余卷,奠定了我国翻译文学的基础。 真谛 译经49部,其译作<摄大乘论>,对中国佛教思想有较大影响。 玄奘 与鸠摩罗什,真谛一起并称我国佛教三大翻译家,提出的翻 译标准“既须求真,又须喻俗”,意即“忠实,通顺”,他还把老 子的部分著作译成梵文,成为把汉文著作向国外介绍的第一 人。
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第二时期的翻译家: 徐光启 林纾(琴南) 严复(又陵)提出翻译标准“信、达、雅” 五四以后的翻译家: 鲁迅 洋化的主要倡导者,主张直译。“以信为主,以顺为辅”。 瞿秋白 提出对等(equivalence)标准 钱钟书 “化境”,批评直译,主张“得意忘言”,“本”非失不可,认为直译是撒谎,失“本”后提出补偿理论(compensation theory),不赞成“雅”的标准。提出“得意忘言”,“补偿”和 “化境”三大理论。 朱生豪 “神韵” 傅 雷 “神似”
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补充:西方翻译学派和影响中国翻译的学者 从内容上西方翻译理论可以分为一下四个基本学派:语文学派,语言学派,交际理论学派和社会符号学派。 英国人泰特勒(Alexander Fraser Tytler)提出了翻译三原则; 前苏联的费道罗夫提出了等值的翻译思想: 美国翻译学家尤金.奈达(Eugene A Nida)提出动态对等理论; 英国纽马克(Peter Newmark)则提出真正的翻译应该充分体现作者的意图。
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严 复 信、达、雅(忠实于原文,不偏离原意;译文通顺,读
二、翻译的标准、过程和对译作的要求 (一)翻译的标准 (忠实、通顺) 严 复 信、达、雅(忠实于原文,不偏离原意;译文通顺,读 者能看懂;主张译文用文言文才能登大雅之堂) 林语堂 忠实、通顺、美 瞿秋白 信顺统一 朱生豪 神韵 傅 雷 神似 钱钟书 化境 刘重德 信、达、切 (二)翻译的过程 (理解、表达、校对)
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翻译的定义: “运用一种语言把另外一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动” (张培基等编著:《英汉翻译教程》,上海外语教育出版社1983年版) Translating consists in reproducing the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style. (翻译就是接受语言复制出与源语信息最接近的自然等值替—首先就是意义而言,其次就是风格而言。)美国著名翻译家尤金·奈达
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翻译的分类by Roman Jakobson:
语内翻译 intralingual translation 语际翻译 interlingual translation 符际翻译 intersemiotic translation 翻译的策略: 直译(literal translation)、意译(free translation) 归化(domestication)、异化(foreignization)
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I The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.
II The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. III The translation should have all the ease of the original composition. (1)译作应该完全再现原作的思想; (2)译作的写作手风格和手法应该与原作具有同样的特征; (3)译作语言应该和原作语言同样流畅。
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纽马克提出语义翻译(semantic translation)和交际翻译(communicative transaltion)的新概念。语义翻译强调贴近原文,而交际翻译则强调对读者的效果。“语义翻译重在传达原文的语义内容,交际翻译则注重读者的理解和反应。” 他认为翻译既是科学,又是艺术和技巧。(Translation is a skill and an art as well as a science.)
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1、He bent solely upon profit.
他唯利是图。 2、We, the human species, are confronting a planetary emergency - a threat to the survival of our civilization that is gathering ominous and destructive potential even as we gather here. But thereis hopeful news as well: we have the ability to solve this crisis and avoid the worst - though not all - of its consequences, if we act boldly, decisively and quickly. However, too many of the world's leaders are still best described in the words of Winston Churchill applied to those who ignored Adolf Hitler's threat: "They go on in strange paradox, decided only to be undecided, resolved to be irresolute, all powerful to be impotent." So today, we dumped another 70 million tons of global-warming pollution into the thin shell of atmosphere surrounding our planet, as if it were an open sewer. And tomorrow, we will dump a slightly larger amount, with the cumulative concentrations now trapping more and more heat from the sun.
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我们人类,正面临全球性的危机,一个关于我们的人类文明能否延续的危机;尽管我们聚在一起共商对策,而灾难却在扩大,形势不容乐观。但也有令人欣喜的消息:如果行动大胆果断,反应迅速,我们有能力解决这场危机,尽管不能解决所有问题,但能避免最坏的结果。 但是,时下世界上的许多国家领导人可以用当年温斯顿·丘吉尔批评欧洲诸政要忽视阿道夫·希特勒将带来的威胁的名言来形容,“他们在奇怪的悖论中前行,仅仅为一个决定而犹豫不决,有了决心却拖泥带水,信心犹疑不定,见解随波逐流,掌权者虚弱无力。” 而如今我们又向这个星球脆弱的大气层倾倒超过七千万吨温室气体,把其当作天然排污口。明天我们还会变本加厉,堆积的温室气体吸纳了越来越多的太阳热度。
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Frames are mental structures that shape the way we see the world
Frames are mental structures that shape the way we see the world. As a result, they shape the goals we seek, the plans we make, the way we act, and what counts as a good or bad outcome of our actions. In politics our frames shape our social policies and the institutions we form to carry out policies. To change our frames is to change all of this. Reframing is social change. You can’t see or hear frames. They are part of what cognitive scientists call the “cognitive unconscious”- structures in our brains that we cannot consciously access, but know by their consequences: the way we reason and what counts as common sense. We also know frames through language. All words are defined relative to conceptual frames. When you hear a word, its frame (or collection of frames) is activated in your brain. Reframing is changing the way the public sees the world. It is changing what counts as common sense. Because language activates frames, new language is required for new frames. Thinking differently requires speaking differently.
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