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報告者:clerk 李秉勳林仕宏 指導者:王啟忠主任 門諾醫院 家醫科 2013 Feb 19th
實證醫學專題報告 口腔粘膜篩檢可信嗎? 報告者:clerk 李秉勳林仕宏 指導者:王啟忠主任 門諾醫院 家醫科 Feb 19th
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情境 王先生今年 62 歲,高血壓已服藥 (CCB) 將近 10 年,血壓控制良好。體重過重 (BMI 26),是個老菸槍,常常咳嗽有濃痰。
另外他也做了免費的口腔粘膜篩檢,結果正常,但他還是有疑惑: 口腔粘膜篩檢真的可以提早發現口腔癌嗎?
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背景知識 1.什麼是口腔? 2.台灣發生率?性別? 3.口腔癌進展時間?
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口腔 依照Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology, 3rd所定義的口腔、口咽、下咽分類進行統計分析
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98 年國民健康局
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抽煙 酗酒 嚼檳榔 患口腔癌危險機率倍數 X 1 O 123 89 54 28 22 18 10
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口腔癌進展時間 從Carcinoma in situ開始至tumor長至1~2cm的大小只需1~2個月
從potentially malignant oral lesion發展為malignant平均需要42.6個月 Malignant transformation in 1458 patients with potentially malignant oral mucosal disorders: a follow-up study based in a Taiwanese hospital journal of oral pathology and medicine 2007
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政策 國民健康局補助30歲以上嚼檳榔、吸菸民眾,每2年1次口腔黏膜檢查
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問題形成 Problem :the validity of visual screening
Intervention : visual inspection Comparison : punch biopsy & NIH follow up Outcome : sensitivity & specificity 這是關於 “診斷” 的問題
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文獻搜尋 關鍵字 : oral cancer, visual, sensitivity 資料庫 : PubMed
優先順序 : Systematic review > cross sec >... The Oxford 2011 Levels of Evidence
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Systematic review
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Meta-analysis
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RCT & cohort
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文獻評讀:診斷的評讀原則 是否與”黃金準則”作比較(Gold standard)? 評估對象是否含蓋適當族群? 參考標準是否經過確認?
檢查是否容易取得?經濟上可否負擔? 是否對我們的病人有幫助?
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黃金準則 適當族群 參考標準確認 檢查是否經濟?易得? 對病人有幫助? Chang IH Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA 2011 Dec O Yang KY Laryngoscope Jan X Ramadas K Oral Oncol Sep Sankaranarayanan R Cancer Feb
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Positive criteria 台灣中榮 印度 Duration, population, sample size 2005~2010,
台灣中榮 印度 Duration, population, sample size 2005~2010, 18~97 male only, 13878 1995~2002, 35+ male & female, 78969 Excutor ENT doctor & dentist University graduates Positive criteria A non-healing ulcer for more than 2 weeks, a persistent white or red lesion, a lesion that bled easily, or an irregular surface lesion inside the oral cavity were regarded as positive findings. anatomical variations, benign lesions, preleukoplakia, homogeneous leukoplakia, ulcerated leukoplakia, verrucous leukoplakia, nodular leukoplakia, erythroplakia, oral submucous fibrosis and oral cancer Positive confirm Punch biopsy Positive non-confirm exclude False-positive Negative follow up f/u for 6-months f/u for 6~24months
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敏感度(Sensitivity) – 為有病者診斷結果為陽性的比率 = 98
敏感度(Sensitivity) – 為有病者診斷結果為陽性的比率 = 98.9% 特異度(Specificity) – 為沒病者診斷結果為陰性的比率 = 98.7% 校正後特異度 = / ( ) = 96.7% Positive Predictive Value ─ 檢查結果陽性的受試者中,有病的比例 = 62.1% 校正後PPV = 282 / ( ) = 38.8% Negative Predictive Value ─ 檢查結果為陰性的受試者中,沒病的比例 > 99.9% ※當高靈敏診斷試驗的結果為陰性,此為未罹患此疾病相當可靠的指標 ※在專一性高的診斷試驗,結果陽性即表有病,因為罕見偽陽性
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Positive Likelihood Ratio (陽性相似比) LR+
True positive rate / False positive rate Sensitivity / ( 1-Specificity ) = 98.9% / ( %) = 29.96 Negative Likelihood Ratio (陰性相似比) LR- False negative rate / True negative rate ( 1-Sensitivity) / Specificity = (1 – 98.9%) / 96.7% = 0.01 The amount by which the pretest probability is increased in patients with a positive test The amount by which the pretest probability of disease is reduced in patients with a negative test
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Likelihood Ratios (相似比) 數值所代表的臨床意義
Interpretation >10 Strong evidence to rule in disease 5–10 Moderate evidence to rule in disease 2–5 Weak evidence to rule in disease 0.5–2.0 No significant change in the likelihood 0.2–0.5 Weak evidence to rule out disease 0.1–0.2 Moderate evidence to rule out disease <0.1 Strong evidence to rule out disease
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Back to our patient 臨床應用
62y/o male prevalence : 88/10萬 = % Odds :88/10萬 LR+ = 29.96 post-test odds : 88/10萬x = 2636/10萬 post-test probability : 2.6 % LR-: 0.01 post-test odds : 88/10萬x 0.01=0.88/10萬 post-test probability : / =0.88/10萬
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Back to our patient 在我們的醫療條件下,這個診斷性檢查是否容易取得?經濟上是否可以負擔?
臨床上我們是否能夠提出一個靈敏的方式估計病人的測前機率? 所獲得的測後機率是否影響我們的處置方式?是否對我們的病人有所幫助?
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謝謝大家 !
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