Translating and Writing Course Yong Xu 2011

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1 Translating and Writing Course Yong Xu 2011
Specialized English Translating and Writing Course Yong Xu 2011 受之以鱼，不如授之以渔

2 Characteristic of specialized English
专业英语是在自然科学和工程技术领域中使用的一种英语文本； 要求语言表述客观，能够严谨的反映科学研究的内容：包含实验数据和方法、公式推导和符号，在词汇含义、语法结构、句型使用和修辞手法等方面与日常英语、文学英语不同； 专业英语表达以自然科学和工程技术中领域中的有关概念、理论、事实等为主要内容；强调表达的客观性和真实性；语言准确、简洁流畅、逻辑性强：即客观、准确、精炼、条理，这是对专业英语阅读、翻译和写作的基本要求。

3 Characteristic of specialized English
No much more new words No magnificent description Short sentence Real and exact proofs and facts Having a special syntax The consistency is important (however, therefore, while, …) With strict logicality and structure in contents Each part of the content has the special meaning and function: Title, Abstract, Introduction, Theoretical foundation, Method and experimental, Results, Conclusion, References.

4 Characteristic of specialized English
专业英语的语法特点： 非人称语气和客观表述：第三人称语气； 被动语态：非主观的事实为主体； 非谓语动词：描述准确、精炼； 名词化结构：语句简化的要求； 省略句：简化表述； 惯用句型：存在常用的句型句式； 复杂长句：在描述复杂关系的时候使用，尽量少用；

5 Characteristic of specialized English
非人称语气和客观表述： 科学技术研究的对象：客观实体和变化规律； 科研任务：认识客观事物本质，揭示其内在的规律性； 科研态度：严肃认真，实事求是，系统分析； 分析思路：从事物本身出发，以事实为依据，以本质规律为指导； → 使用第三人称语气（非人称语气），避免主观的判断对科研结果结论的影响，力求研究的客观性和准确性； 课本实例：Page 1 — Graphitization；

6 Characteristic of specialized English
被动语态： 专业英语陈述对象：客观存在的事物和规律； 非人的主体研究对象，对应了其描述过程中必然使用客观事物或现象为描述主体，因此必须使用被动语态； 实际上在科技论文写作上，无论英文文献还是中文文献，一般不使用第一、第二人称作为主体使用，也就是很少使用主动句式，这样避免了主观臆测的发生频率，代表了一种描述的准确性和客观性； 当描述主体为人时，也是用“By”来引出行为者：包括行为人或执行方法等； 课本实例：Page 2 — （1～8）；

7 Characteristic of specialized English
非谓语动词： 形式：分词、动名词、动词不定式及其复合结构； 作用：描述的精炼、准确；避免复杂的句式结构； 分词：用作定语、状语和独立分词结构，取代关系从句； 动名词：构成介词短语取代状语从句或简化陈述句； 不定式：替换表示目的、功能的从句； 课本实例：Page 4～6 ；

8 Characteristic of specialized English
名词化结构： 形式：表示动作意义的名词＋of＋名词＋修饰； 特点：文字明了、用词简洁、结构紧凑、表意客观、信息容量大； 作用：代替主谓结构作为句子成分； 课本实例：Page 6～8 ；

9 Characteristic of specialized English
省略句： 为减少或避免使用复合句，缩短句子长度的一种精炼形式； 并列复合句的省略：各分句并列的主、谓或宾语可以省略； 状语从句的省略：从句中的主语相同时，主句中的主语和谓动词可以省略； 定语从句的省略：由关联词that、which引导的定语从句，可以将关联词和从句谓语中的助动词省略； 其他省略句形式：改变句子结构；使用标准缩写词；使用特定句型； 常见省略句型：可以通过记忆来使用； Page 10 ；

10 Characteristic of specialized English
惯用句型： 由引导词it作为形式主语引出陈述句，后面使用主语从句或不定式短语作为逻辑主语； 包含表语或表语从句的陈述句； 包含宾语或宾语从句的陈述句； 课本实例：Page 11～12 ；

11 Characteristic of specialized English
复杂长句： 在一些情况下，所描述的一系列事物或者现象之间存在着复杂的因果关系或者逻辑关系，无法使用简单句式进行分别描述，这时候就需要使用复合句式； 关键是处理好各从句之间的逻辑关系，以及相应的主从关系； 与文学描述不同，不需要阅读起来有一种美好的意境，而是让阅读者准确的把握到所要表达的事实关系和逻辑规律，以及事物、现象之间的相互关系； 课本实例：Page 12～13 ；

12 Characteristic of specialized English
专业英语的词汇特点： 专业英语词汇的组成：包括专业词汇、非专业词汇和半专业词汇； 构词法：存在转化、合成和派生三种构词形式； 词汇缩略：包括首字词、缩略词、节略词和缩写词等；

13 Characteristic of specialized English
专业英语的词汇组成： 专业技术词汇：意义狭窄、词义单一、专业性强、适应范围窄；字母较多，而且字母数越多词义越狭窄；需要借助专业词典； 半专业词汇：专业英语中常用的普通词汇，正确选择词义难点之一；这类词汇除了本身的基本词义（日常英语中用到的），在不同的专业中还具有不同的词义，因此用法比较灵活，搭配形式多样，使用范围和使用量都很大，出现频率高；需要结合专业和前后句含义进行理解，而且最好使用专业词典查询； 书面非专业词汇：表述准确，避免歧义，但在日常英语中并不常见；

14 Characteristic of specialized English
专业英语的构词法： 转化：由一个词类转化为另一个词类，词形不变； 合成：由两个或多个单词合成一个新词；合成方法很多：名词＋名词、形容词＋名词、动词＋副词、名词＋动词等等； 派生或词缀：通过词根加上前缀或后缀的方法构成新词； 课本实例：Page 16～17 表格 ；

15 Characteristic of specialized English
专业英语的词汇缩略： 首字词：原词组的首字母组成，阅读中仅需要每个字母读出即可；在实际科技写作中，一般需要自己定义首字词，比如说你要使用SEM来表示 scanning electron microscope，但你不能一开始拿来就用，而是需要先定义这个首字词，定义方法是：在第一次出现这个词的时候，用括号标注出所用的首字词，如……scanning electron microscope (SEM)……，如此在此文章中就可以使用这个词了； 缩略词：构成与首字词相同，但读音按缩略形式进行； 节略词：使用频率高的词汇约定俗成的缩写； 缩写词：日常用语中的一些常规缩写词；

16 Reading and Translating
The reading of specialized English is not just translate word by word. Two types of reading methods are concluded in specialized English, as perusal reading and skimmed reading. Perusal reading is important in English reading and writing. However, the skimmed reading is also crucial in specialized English, especially in literature consultation.

17 Reading and Translating
Large information is contained in literatures, about 100,000 papers published every year and this number keeping increased in the future. If you choose the perusal reading for every paper, you will exhaust all your patience and give up at last. In my opinion, you only can read about 10 to 20 papers at the beginning, and then you will leave all of these papers aside as the junk. So, it impossible for us to read every papers or other literature with great care. The skimmed reading is now necessary.

18 Reading skill: skimmed reading
Understand the characteristic of literatures Grasp the rules of specialized English writing Be familiar to the usually used structure in syntax Remember some words in common use Keep the right reading order: title, abstract, and conclusion. Title: gives the investigation range and direction. Abstract: gives the main executing methods or experimental techniques, and the main creative points and conclusions. Conclusion: gives all the analyses of the results and the conclusions in this paper.

19 Aims of spec. Eng. learning
Read and understand Read in your mind, not just in your mouth. Understand a content by English, not just by Chinese. Learning to grasp the key words in a sentence. Read a literature as a storybook or prose: Enjoy it. Think and write Keep your mind actively as you reading. Keep your mind actively as you writing, describing all your ideas with English and writing them immediately in English.

20 Example Title: Abstract:
Effect of Ni as a minority alloying element on the corrosion behavior in Al-Cu-Mg-(Ni) metallic glasses Abstract: The role of Ni in pitting corrosion[点蚀] in a NaCl (sodium chloride) solution was investigated by comparing near-eutectic amorphous Al-Cu-Mg alloys with and without Ni. The pitting resistance was enhanced significantly by a small Ni addition in both the amorphous and devitrified[去玻璃化] states. The minority Ni alloying element is beneficial to pitting resistance in addition to enhancing structural and chemical homogeneity by promoting glass formability. Ni is argued to be superior to[优于] Cu for improving the pitting resistance of Al.

21 Example Title: Abstract:
Effect of Ni as a minority alloying element on the corrosion behavior in Al-Cu-Mg-(Ni) metallic glasses Abstract: The role of Ni in pitting corrosion[点蚀] in a NaCl (sodium chloride) solution was investigated by comparing near-eutectic amorphous Al-Cu-Mg alloys with and without Ni. The pitting resistance was enhanced significantly by a small Ni addition in both the amorphous and devitrified[去玻璃化] states. The minority Ni alloying element is beneficial to pitting resistance in addition to enhancing structural and chemical homogeneity by promoting glass formability. Ni is argued to be superior to[优于] Cu for improving the pitting resistance of Al.

22 Example Title: Abstract:
Effect of Ni as a minority alloying element on the corrosion behavior in Al-Cu-Mg-(Ni) metallic glasses Abstract: The role of Ni in pitting corrosion[点蚀] in a NaCl (sodium chloride) solution was investigated by comparing near-eutectic amorphous Al-Cu-Mg alloys with and without Ni. The pitting resistance was enhanced significantly by a small Ni addition in both the amorphous and devitrified[去玻璃化] states. The minority Ni alloying element is beneficial to pitting resistance in addition to enhancing structural and chemical homogeneity by promoting glass formability. Ni is argued to be superior to[优于] Cu for improving the pitting resistance of Al.

23 Example Conclusion: The effect of Ni addition as a minority solute in the Al-Cu-Mg-(Ni) near-eutectic alloys on their corrosion behavior in a 0.6 M NaCl (sodium chloride) solution was investigated in both the amorphous and devitrified crystalline states. The addition of 3 at.% Ni as a minority solute enhanced the pitting resistance significantly in both melt-spun (amorphous) and devitrified (polycrystalline) structures. These results suggest that a beneficial minority solute element may contribute significantly to the pitting resistance of alloys in addition to the commonly cited roles of structural and chemical homogeneity as well as the enhanced solid solubility of noble elements in metallic glasses.

24 Example Conclusion: The effect of Ni addition as a minority solute in the Al-Cu-Mg-(Ni) near-eutectic alloys on their corrosion behavior in a 0.6 M NaCl (sodium chloride) solution was investigated in both the amorphous and devitrified crystalline states. The addition of 3 at.% Ni as a minority solute enhanced the pitting resistance significantly in both melt-spun (amorphous) and devitrified (polycrystalline) structures. These results suggest that a beneficial minority solute element may contribute significantly to the pitting resistance of alloys in addition to the commonly cited roles of structural and chemical homogeneity as well as the enhanced solid solubility of noble elements in metallic glasses.

25 Example Conclusion: The effect of Ni addition as a minority solute in the Al-Cu-Mg-(Ni) near-eutectic alloys on their corrosion behavior in a 0.6 M NaCl (sodium chloride) solution was investigated in both the amorphous and devitrified crystalline states. The addition of 3 at.% Ni as a minority solute enhanced the pitting resistance significantly in both melt-spun (amorphous) and devitrified (polycrystalline) structures. These results suggest that a beneficial minority solute element may contribute significantly to the pitting resistance of alloys in addition to the commonly cited roles of structural and chemical homogeneity as well as the enhanced solid solubility of noble elements in metallic glasses.