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信息流翻译观的伦理原则 --曹志希 20131127 Information-flow Translation: Viewpoints and Ethics---CAO Zhixi
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CAO Zhixi Zhanjiang Normal University Foreign Language School weibo
CAO Zhixi Zhanjiang Normal University Foreign Language School weibo.com/caozhixi QQ:
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根据信息流翻译观,翻译是根据源语言的语法去理解和把握源语言文本中的信息及其自然流程并用目标语语法和词汇完整地再现其信息内容和信息流程。从一种语言到另外一种语言的形式转变过程中,译者对源作和译作之间信息流程对等转换原则的违背必然导致信息不真和信息流程歪曲。目标语句子词汇和语法的决定者不是源语言的语法,而是源语言的信息和信息流程。为了再现源文信息流程从而真实地传递源文信息,译作里面的语法必然会与源文的语法不同,从而确保信息内容的意念对等和信息流程的功能对等。任何语言的语法都有与其他语言语法的不同之处,但是源语言的信息和信息流程不会也不应该因语法不同而被扭曲或颠倒。这不仅属于翻译伦理或译者职业道德的范畴,而且也属于翻译教学和外语教学中有关翻译原理和译者能力水平评价的理性依据。
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1 研究的背景 (1) I like it very much. I very much like it.
(2) It doesn‘t matter how slowly you go so long as you do not stop.---Confucius (3) 联合国教科文组织 (UNESCO) (4) 高校各个机构的翻译 (5) I know of no more encouraging fact than the unquestionable ability of man to elevate his life by conscious endeavour. ---Henry Thoreau 蟄兮
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(2) It doesn‘t matter how slowly you go so long as you do not stop
(2) It doesn‘t matter how slowly you go so long as you do not stop. -Confucius “譬如为山,未成一篑,止,吾止也。譬如平地,虽覆一篑,进,吾往也。 有人会问:孔子语录的翻译不是非常好吗? 蟄兮
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给出来的答案只不过是个interpretation,但不是翻译!
孔子的句子那么优秀:充满想象、充满联想、充满感情、充满修辞色彩!而翻译却成了这个样子。难怪西方人说中国人没有创新思维! 蟄兮
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(3) 联合国教科文组织 (UNESCO) (4) 高校各个机构的翻译
(5) I know of no more encouraging fact than the unquestionable ability of man to elevate his life by conscious endeavour Henry Thoreau 蟄兮
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2 发现的问题 好多人做英汉翻译时都是这样:一句一句地按照source language语法写出target language句子。可是没有想到这样的翻译违背了目标语的习惯和源语言的信息流原则。 还有一种情况:有人翻译根本不看原文信息,只管原文意义。可是没有想到同一个信息可能有不同的意义,因而也违背了人际交往中的伦理问题:所需要的不一定是意义,而是信息。 蟄兮
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比如,信息是现在22:39分了!如果是翻译为了意义对等,也许就是该下线休息了!但是如果是信息对等,所包含的信息还有别的,比如我们快点出去吃夜宵吧!
意义是信息所隐含的东西,但信息所隐含的意义也许是多维度的,更是因人而异的。 意义是信息所隐含的东西。所以译者没有权利去决定信息和信息流所包含的意义。
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According to the information-flow-translation viewpoint,
translators use the source-language grammar in the interpretation and grasping of the source-text information and its natural flow and apply the target-language grammar and vocabulary for the reproduction of the information and the information flow. In the course of the form change, the translator, if the source-text and the target-text differ in information flow, must have caused an information uncertainty and an information-flow distortion. In the target-language text, grammar and vocabulary depends not on the source-language grammar but the source-language information and its information flow. For the reproduction of the source-language information flow for the true reproduction of the source-language information, the target-language text naturally differs in grammar from the source-language text for the information’s notional equivalence and the information flow’s functional equivalence. Languages differs in grammar and vocabulary; but the source-language information and information flow are not, and are not supposed, due to the grammar difference, to be distorted or to be reversed. This not only belongs in the translation ethics or the translator’s work ethics as a category; it also belongs, concerning translation course instruction theories and FLT translation principles as well as the translator’s capacity, in the evaluation rationality as a foundation.
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我知道,只有一个振奋人心的事实:真正的能力是人类为提升生活水平而付出的主观努力。
I know of no more encouraging fact than the unquestionable ability of man to elevate his life by conscious endeavour Henry Thoreau 我知道,只有一个振奋人心的事实:真正的能力是人类为提升生活水平而付出的主观努力。 蟄兮
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3 问题导致的必然结果 不管语句多么优雅,大多都把旧信息变成了新信息,新信息都变成了旧信息。也就是说读者和听众得到的是歪曲的或者颠倒的信息。
蟄兮
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4 问题的严重性 这种翻译提供的是假信息。说得难听点,这种翻译是不道德的。 蟄兮
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5 问题解决的策略 5.1 翻译理论问题 5.2 翻译实践问题 蟄兮
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5.1 翻译概念的思考 翻译是跨国界的语言信息内容与形式的协调:信息存在的方式问题 翻译是信息传播中的语际交流:信息的真实性问题
翻译是外语交际能力的标杆:(听说读写的)文化水平问题。 翻译是真理追求者的认知过程:信息的传递的伦理问题。 蟄兮
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Translation, which is a very complex phenomenon, is related to different disciplines, such as linguistics, psychology, sociology, cultural anthropology, communication theory, literary criticism, aesthetics, and semiotics. As translation study is a cross-disciplinary and cross-culture subject involving many aspects of human knowledge, the lack of a fully acceptable theory of translation should not come as a surprise.
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5.2 翻译实践的思考 5.2.1 翻译的起源 翻译活动伴随着人类历史已经存在2000多年了,西方却可以溯源到公元前三世纪《七十子希腊文本》即《圣经·旧约》的翻译。
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(1) 我国翻译的起始问题 有两种说法:一说始于战国时期(前475~前221年),最早的翻译文字作品是《越人歌》。还有一种说法,认为东汉(公元1~2世纪)的佛经翻译才是中国文字翻译的滥觞。 佛经翻译(Sutra translation )始于何时,也有两种说法:一说始自公元67年(汉明帝永平十年),即始自天竺僧摄摩腾译的《四十二章经》。 另一种说法认为,佛经翻译始于公元147年(汉桓帝建和元年)。
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(2)翻译与文化交流 翻译活动丰富多彩,对社会的发展和人类历史的进程起了重大的推动作用。伴随着众多学者对翻译现象的探析,历史上出现了相应的翻译研究学派,比如语文学派、语言学派、文化学派、解构学派……等等。
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5.2.2 何谓翻译? 其定义不下数十种。古时翻译或翻译人员被称作“象寄”“象胥”或“通事”“通译”。《礼记.王制》上记载:“五方之民,言语不通,嗜欲不同,达其志,通其欲,东方曰寄,南方曰象,西方曰狄鞮,北方曰译。”(狄鞮,古代翻译西方民族语言的官)
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(1) Eugene Nida(奈达) 定义“翻译”
奈达的定义,“所谓翻译,是指从语义到文体在译语中用最贴切而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息”。 我们不少人认为奈达的定义在目前来说是最好的。为什么?
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Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language [接受语中]the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style Eugene Nida
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(2) Peter Newmark's definition
Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language.
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(3) Dubois Defining Translation
Translation is the expression in one language (or target language) of what has been expressed in another (source language), preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences.
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(4) 严复定义翻译 严复三字原则“信达雅”独步中国译界100年,从而也推动了中国译论的发展。
(4) 严复定义翻译 严复三字原则“信达雅”独步中国译界100年,从而也推动了中国译论的发展。 严复是我国清末著名翻译家,少年学习英语、法语和西方科学技术,包括哲学、自然科学和社会科学,以及早年赴国外的实地考察,为后来从事西方社会学等学术名著的翻译打下了坚实的基础。在《天演论》序言中,严复提出了他的经典翻译原则“信达雅”。
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他这样写道:“译事三难:信、达、雅。求其信已大难矣,顾信矣不达,虽译犹不译也,则达尚焉。海通以来,则下笔抒词,自然互备。至原文词理本深,难于共喻,则当前后引衬,以显其意。凡此经营,皆以为达,为达即所以为信也。” 所谓“信达雅”,用浅显的话来说就是要求译者在进行翻译的时候要做到:忠于原文(信),意思表达准确流畅(达),文笔优美,富有文采(雅)。“信达雅”是个完整的原则体系,是严复在自身的翻译经验中提出的翻译原则,对中国的翻译史有着巨大的贡献。
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翻译与翻译学 现代译学的起源众说不一,有的把1976年比利时洛文会议的召开看作是翻译学学科成立的标志,但更多的人认为是90年代的事。 “翻译是一门科学”。(1)翻译是一项有规律可循的活动,并不完全靠天才或灵感;(2)可以向描写语言一样,对翻译程序和方法进行客观的科学的描写,并使之公式化、模式化。 持相反意见的人认为,翻译不是科学而是艺术。因为:(1)翻译过程中活的东西太多,不可能公式化;(2)翻译家的再创造才能是天赋的,不是后天习得的。 翻译不是科学,然而把翻译当作研究对象的那门学问则应视为科学。因为它是一个由各种理论构成的“知识体系”,其任务是“揭示”翻译过程的“客观规律”,“探求”关于翻译问题的“客观真理”,给翻译工作提供行动指南。这就是“翻译学”(Translatology),即关于翻译的科学。
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6 翻译的本质 翻译是同一信息内容和信息流程在不同语言形式中的自然再现(information and its natural flow rendition)。在翻译过程中,源语言的语法为源语言信息流程理解服务,接受语的语法为源语信息流在接受语中的再现服务。也就是说。翻译不是按照源语言的语法结构编造目的语句子,而是按照目的语语法再现源语的信息及其流程。 蟄兮
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7 翻译实践:“直译”与“意译”之争 (1) Following the word order of the original.
7.1 直译(Literal Translation) *** Literal translation is also called direct translation or close translation:images, figures of speech, word order, grammatical structures, etc. of the source language are maintained in the target language. (1) Following the word order of the original. (2) Trying to reproduce the syntactic clauses of the source languages. **(3) Trying to match all the syntactic constructions, actives, passives, relative clauses, conditions contrary to fact, etc. **(4)Trying to follow a strict concordance of lexical items, that is, always translating one word in the source language by one and the same corresponding word in the target language. **(5) Matching rhetorical features.
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7.2 意译(Liberal Translation)
**Liberal translation gives up or changes the original image or vehicle, and/or breaks through the word order, or the structure of the language in the original text and reorganizes the language so that the essence or deep meaning of the source language is expressed in the target language. Liberal translation is used when literal translation fails to achieve the purpose. **(1) Freely restructuring the grammar but may be very reluctant to exercise a similar kind of freedom in translating complex lexical units. **(2) Incorporating explanations to deal with cultural differences. **(3) Obliged to correct mistakes which may occur in the source text. **(4) Feeling no qualms about deleting something they do not like or do not agree with.
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(1)直译是做不到的,因为语言不同,除非是个别简单句式和词汇的巧合现象。 (2)常人的意译是不负责任的,指鹿为马必然歪曲文化的信息本质。
7.3 信息流翻译 (1)直译是做不到的,因为语言不同,除非是个别简单句式和词汇的巧合现象。 (2)常人的意译是不负责任的,指鹿为马必然歪曲文化的信息本质。 (3)信息流翻译在信息对等的前提下确保源语信息流程在目标语中的再现(rendition)。 (4)翻译过程中的词法和句法不对等现象是翻译过程的必然,不是偶然。但是信息和信息流程不可变,从而确保功能的对等和信息的真实性。 蟄兮
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8 实例 8.1 翻译Percy Shelley 的 TO──
Born 4 August Field Place, Horsham, England Died8 July 1822) (aged 29) Viareggio, Grand Duchy of Tuscany OccupationPoet, Dramatist, Essayist, Novelist Literary movement Romanticism Influences[show] Influenced[show] Signature
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(1)交流的目的和过程是传递信息。那么,信息在哪里?新信息在哪里?旧信息在哪里?
One word is too often profaned For me to profane it, One feeling too falsely disdained For thee to disdain it Percy Bysshe Shelley: TO── ?? [有一个被人亵渎太多的词, 我无心再来亵渎; 有一份被人鄙薄太假的情, 你也不会再鄙薄。 --雪莱:《致───》]
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One word is too often profaned For me to profane it,
(2) 信息的体会 One word is too often profaned For me to profane it, One feeling too falsely disdained For thee to disdain it Percy Bysshe Shelley: TO── revision: [有个词遭太多亵渎, 我不愿再亵渎; 有份情被太多鄙薄, 你不得再鄙薄。 --雪莱:《致───》】 蟄兮
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8.2 翻译《金缕衣》 中文名:杜秋娘 别名:杜秋 国籍:中国 民族:汉族 出生地:江苏镇江 出生日期:公元865年 职业:歌妓
代表作品:《金缕衣》 所处时代:唐朝
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(1)金缕衣 我劝诸君不要太珍惜那华贵的金缕衣,我要劝诸君应当爱惜青少年时代的青春年华。如同鲜花盛开之时应该及时摘取一样,切莫要枝上无花之时再去摘取,那可就要落空了。
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(2)信息的表现形式 严格说来,任何语言都与其他语言的形式不同,但是在任何人的话语中,信息流程是一样的:从旧信息到新信息。
那么,翻译呢?如: 劝君莫惜金缕衣, 劝君惜取少年时。 花开堪折直须折, 莫待无花空折枝。 --杜秋娘:《金缕衣》
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【Fletcher的译文: If you will take advice, my friend, For wealth you will not care. But while fresh youth is in you, Each precious moment spare. When flowers are fit for cutting, Then pluck them as you may. Ah, wait not till the bloom be gone, To bear a twig away. --DU Qiuniang: Riches】
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Brocades DU Qiuniang Friend, care not much for brocades, But spare the youth of your age; Flowers fit for cutting pick, Not to, bloom gone, pluck bare twigs. 蟄兮
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8.3 翻译过程的信息观 8.3.1 信息:形式与内容统一 (1) 龙 dragon vs. loong;
8.3 翻译过程的信息观 信息:形式与内容统一 (1) 龙 dragon vs. loong; 纸老虎:paper tiger vs. scare-crow (2) Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it. (不必担心太早vs.过桥先上桥) (3) Modern science and technology are developing rapidly. (迅速发展 vs.发展迅速) 蟄兮
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8.3 翻译过程的信息观 翻译:语法与信息的统一 (1) That he will come to the discussion is certain. (他肯定会来参加讨论 VS. 他会来参加讨论,这是毫无疑问的) (2) 我出去散步之前就吃过晚饭了。 (After I had my dinner, I went out for a walk vs. I went out for a walk after I had had my dinner / Before I went out for a walk, I had had my supper) (3) He would be a rash man if he should venture to forecast the results of this event. (如果有人敢于预言此事,那他一定是个鲁莽之徒 vs. 只有轻率的人才会斗胆预测这种事情) 蟄兮
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8.3 翻译过程的信息观 8.3.3 译者:沟通作者与读者 (信息传真)
8.3 翻译过程的信息观 译者:沟通作者与读者 (信息传真) (1) They fought so bravely that the invasion was crushed in seventy-two hours. ****他们打得很勇敢,七十二小时内就粉碎了敌人的入侵。 蟄兮
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8.3 翻译过程的信息观 8.3.3 译者:沟通作者与读者 (信息传真)
译者:沟通作者与读者 (信息传真) (1) They fought so bravely that the invasion was crushed in seventy-two hours. ·他们打得很勇敢,所以敌人的进攻被击退,所花时间只有七十二小时。 蟄兮
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8.3 翻译过程的信息观 8.3.3 译者:沟通作者与读者 (信息传真)
8.3 翻译过程的信息观 译者:沟通作者与读者 (信息传真) (3) Formality has always characterized their relationship. *他们之间的关系,有一个特点,就是以礼相待。 ·礼节一直是他们之间的关系特征。 蟄兮
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8.3 翻译过程的信息观 8.3.3 译者:沟通作者与读者 (信息传真)
8.3 翻译过程的信息观 译者:沟通作者与读者 (信息传真) (2) We were shocked by his coarse manners. ****我们为他的粗暴态度感到震惊。 蟄兮
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8.3 翻译过程的信息观 8.3.3 译者:沟通作者与读者 (信息传真)
8.3 翻译过程的信息观 8.3.3 译者:沟通作者与读者 (信息传真) (2) We were shocked by his coarse manners. 让我们感到震惊的是他的粗鄙行为。 蟄兮
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8.3 翻译过程的信息观 8.3.3 译者:沟通作者与读者 (信息传真)
8.3 翻译过程的信息观 译者:沟通作者与读者 (信息传真) (4) In August 1946, on my fifth trip through China, bound for my Moscow home but not in haste, since my husband had died in the war, I came to Yan’an. ???1946年8月,我在回莫斯科家的途中,第五次路过中国,由于我丈夫已在战争中牺牲了,当时我并不急于回去,就回到了延安。 蟄兮
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8.3 翻译过程的信息观 8.3.3 译者:沟通作者与读者 (信息传真)
8.3 翻译过程的信息观 译者:沟通作者与读者 (信息传真) (4) In August 1946, on my fifth trip through China, bound for my Moscow home but not in haste, since my husband had died in the war, I came to Yan’an. ·1946年8月,是我第五次路经中国。计划是回莫斯科老家,但我并没那么急,因为丈夫已死于战争。因此,我就到了延安。 蟄兮
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9 翻译:外语水平的核心指标 外语能力的核心:翻译 (1)外语知识的形式:语音、语法、词汇…… (2)外语知识的内容:政治、经济、文化……
9 翻译:外语水平的核心指标 外语能力的核心:翻译 (1)外语知识的形式:语音、语法、词汇…… (2)外语知识的内容:政治、经济、文化…… (3)外语水平的核心:翻译:听说读写的积 (T=L×S×R×W) FLK( foreign language knowledge) = form+content=translation 蟄兮
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10 翻译:追求真理的过程 10.1 真理在哪里? (1)绝对真理一旦与人性相连就变成相对真理,这是因为人类的认知能力是发展的,没有达到绝对的水平。 真理是真理,每个人都在尽可能地靠近真理。 Truth is truth: what you say might be a truth, but it is not truth itself. (2)如何找真理? 找不到,所以每个人都在为真理而斗争。 作者:为揭示真理而写作 读者:为揭示真理而阅读 译者:为真理而架起作者和读者之间的桥梁。 问题:如何翻译 “人总是要死的”?是 Man must die 吗? (3)翻译:追求真理的过程。 (4)真理是什么? (wikipedia) 蟄兮
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Truth has a variety of meanings, such as the state of being in accord with a particular fact or reality, or being in accord with the body of real things, real events or actualities. It can also mean having fidelity to an original or to a standard or ideal. In a common archaic usage it also meant constancy or sincerity in action or character.The direct opposite of truth is "falsehood", which can correspondingly take logical, factual or ethical meanings.
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However, language and words are essentially "tools" by which humans convey information to one another. As such, "truth" must have a beneficial use in order to be retained within language. Defining this potency and applicability can be looked upon as "criteria", and the method used to recognize a "truth" is termed a criteria of truth. Since there is no single accepted criteria, they can all be considered "theories".
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Various theories and views of truth continue to be debated among scholars and philosophers. There are differing claims on such questions as what constitutes truth; what things are truthbearers capable of being true or false; how to define and identify truth; the roles that revealed and acquired knowledge play; and whether truth is subjective, relative, objective, or absolute.
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绝对真理不存在,相对真理有参照。 人性相同,但是对问题的观察视角因环境不同而立场不同,导致了态度和问题研究的结果不同!所以换位思考事关重大。
蟄兮
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10 翻译:追求真理的过程 10.2 源语言信息把握度取决于源语言文化水平 (1)真理的陷阱:文化水平
But without Adolf Hitler, who was possessed of a demoniac personality, a granite will, uncanny instincts, a cold ruthlessness, a remarkable intellect, a soaring imagination and—until towards the end, when drunk with power and success, he overreached himself—an amazing capacity to size up people and situations, there almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich.
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翻译是译者在信息流的顺流、逆流、截流之间的选择。但哪一种水平最高?
**然而,如果没有阿道夫.希特勒,那就几乎可以肯定不会有第三帝国,因为阿道夫.希特勒有着恶魔般的性格、花岗石般的意志、不可思议的本能、无情的冷酷、杰出的智力、深远的想象力以及对人和局势惊人的判断力。这种判断力最后由于权力和胜利冲昏了头脑而自不量力,终于弄巧成拙。 翻译是译者在信息流的顺流、逆流、截流之间的选择。但哪一种水平最高? 蟄兮
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(1) 真理的陷阱:文化水平影响源语言信息的理解
10 翻译:追求真理的过程 10.2 源语言信息把握度取决于源语(文化)水平 (1) 真理的陷阱:文化水平影响源语言信息的理解 But without Adolf Hitler, who was possessed of a demoniac personality, a granite will, uncanny instincts, a cold ruthlessness, a remarkable intellect, a soaring imagination and—until towards the end, when drunk with power and success, he overreached himself—an amazing capacity to size up people and situations, there almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich. 蟄兮
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参考译文1:But without Adolf Hitler, who was possessed of a demoniac personality, a granite will, uncanny instincts, a cold ruthlessness, a remarkable intellect, a soaring imagination and—until towards the end, when drunk with power and success, he overreached himself—an amazing capacity to size up people and situations, there almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich. 然而,因为有了阿道夫.希特勒以及他所具有的魔鬼性格、花岗石意志、离奇的本能、无情的冷酷、杰出的智力、深远的想象力,以及他最后因被权力和胜利冲昏了头脑而弄巧成拙时所失去的那种惊人的判断力,所以他能把握世人和局势,从而历史上就有了第三帝国。 蟄兮
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参考译文2:But without Adolf Hitler, who was possessed of a demoniac personality, a granite will, uncanny instincts, a cold ruthlessness, a remarkable intellect, a soaring imagination and—until towards the end, when drunk with power and success, he overreached himself—an amazing capacity to size up people and situations, there almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich. 然而,如果没有阿道夫.希特勒,如果他没有那种魔鬼性格、花岗石意志、离奇的本能、无情的冷酷、杰出的智力、深远的想象力,以及他最后因被权力和胜利冲昏了头脑而弄巧成拙时所失去的那种惊人的判断力,他就把握不了世人和局势,历史上也就没有第三帝国。 翻译水平体现在信息的顺流、逆流、截流之间。 蟄兮
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10 翻译:追求真理的过程 10.3 误解:真理的歪曲 And I take heart from the fact that the enemy, which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours, has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions, because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way. 蟄兮
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**由于受到顽强抵抗,吹嘘在几小时内就占领要地的敌人甚至还没有能占领外围地带,这一事实使我增强了信心。
And I take heart from the fact that the enemy, which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours, has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions, because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way. **由于受到顽强抵抗,吹嘘在几小时内就占领要地的敌人甚至还没有能占领外围地带,这一事实使我增强了信心。 蟄兮
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而且,我深信,敌人虽然自吹占领要地要不了几个小时,却还进不了外围地带,因为这种顽强的抵抗是其最大的障碍。
And I take heart from the fact that the enemy, which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours, has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions, because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way. 而且,我深信,敌人虽然自吹占领要地要不了几个小时,却还进不了外围地带,因为这种顽强的抵抗是其最大的障碍。 蟄兮
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10 翻译:追求真理的过程 10.4 目标语修辞水平决定翻译的质量
10 翻译:追求真理的过程 目标语修辞水平决定翻译的质量 (1)源语言信息的准确表达需要灵活地运用目标语的语法形式,这取决于译者的修辞水平。 (2)传播谬误是背叛真理 蟄兮
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赠汪伦 李 白(唐) 李白乘舟将欲行, 忽闻岸上踏歌声。 桃花潭水深千尺, 不及汪伦送我情。 信息流翻译:语法形异但信息流同 蟄兮
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LI Bai(Tang Dynasty) LI Bai, on board the boat, just leaving,
TO WANG Lun LI Bai(Tang Dynasty) LI Bai, on board the boat, just leaving, Hears from ashore tramping-song singing. The Peachpool waters deep, 1000 feet, But less than WANG Lun's farewell I feel. (cf. I feel the Peachpool waters deep, 1000 feet, but less than WANG Lun's farewell.) 蟄兮
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11 结语 在毫无止境的真理追求过程中,没有绝对的最好翻译,因为翻译的标准不是客观的,而是主观的。我们的言行都有真理的特征,但都还不是真理本身。愿大家的努力离真理越来越近。 What we say or what we do is a truth, but never is truth itself! Best wishes for a closer contact with truth for translation! 蟄兮
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Thank you very much for your attention! Questions are welcome! ——蟄兮
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Rhetoric 12
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