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Drugs Affecting the Respiratory System

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1 Drugs Affecting the Respiratory System
By Caiying Ye Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College

2 Introduction Antiasthmatics 平喘药 Antitussives 镇咳药 Expectorants 祛痰药

3 概况 咳、痰、喘是呼吸系统常见的三大症状,三者 同时存在又相互影响。 祛痰:促使痰液排出,使咳、喘症状缓解。
抗喘:能降低器官阻力,利于痰排除. 消除病因配合镇咳、祛痰、抗喘药,可缓解症状,提高疗效,有效地预防合并症的发生。

4 抗喘药 Antiasthmatic Drugs

5 Aasthma A chronic inflammatory disease of the airways
Clinical feature: bronchospasm, bronchial obstruction, dyspnea Pathologic changes:lymphocyte infiltration, mucosal oedema, vascular leakage, airway smooth muscle proliferation. Cellular infiltration invovling mast cell and eosinophil triggers bronchial inflammation and allergic response in susceptible population. Treatment principle:inhibit airway inflammation and inflammatory mediators.

6 Classifications β2 adrenoceptor agonists
Methylxanthines:aminophiline 氨茶碱; Muscarinic antagonists: ipratropium bromide异丙阿托品; Glucocorticosteroids: beclomethasone dipropionate丙酸倍氯米松; Mast cell stablizers: sodium cromoglicate色苷酸钠

7 Effect of antiathmatic drugs on intracellular levels of cAMP

8 1. Adrenoceptor agonists
Nonselective Epinephrine 肾上腺素(Adrenalin®) Ephedirine 麻黄碱 Isoprenaline 异丙肾上腺素 β2 agonist Salbutamol 沙丁胺醇(albuterol 舒喘灵) Terbutaline 特布他林(Breathair®) Clenbuterol 克伦特罗 Formoterol 福莫特罗 Bambuterol 班布特罗

9 1. Adrenoceptor agonists
[作用特点]: Activate β2 receptor activate adenylyl cyclase cAMP Ca relax airway smooth muscle Activate α receptor cause vasoconstriction reduce edema improve airflow dilate the bronchus to relieve bronchospasm Activate β receptor on the membrane of mast cell inhibit release of allergic mediators prevent allergic asthma attack

10 [注意事项]: 长期应用此类药物,可使支气管平滑肌细胞膜上的β 2受体数目减少,疗效减低,引起哮喘反跳,病情加重。 故本类药物不宜长期连续应用,必要时可与其他平喘药交替使用。

11 肾上腺素 adrenaline,epinephrine
[作用特点]:作用强而快 Stimulate α, β1 & β 2 receptors β受体:舒张支气管 α受体:使支气管粘膜血管收缩,减轻水肿,利于气管通畅。 激动心脏β1受体,引起心动过速. 对血管α受体的激动,引起收缩压明显增高,加重心脏负担. 吸入给药,哮喘急性发作,或发作前预防。

12 异丙肾上腺素isoprenaline (喘息定)
麻黄素ephedrine 作用似肾上腺素,平喘作用弱,生效缓慢,持久,维持4-6小时; 用于轻症哮喘和预防作用,口服有效。 异丙肾上腺素isoprenaline (喘息定) 作用强而迅速( Stimulate both β1 & β 2 receptors ); 吸入给药,1 min迅速改善症状,维持1-2 hr; 过量有心悸、肌震颤,心率失常。

13 沙丁胺醇salbutamol(舒喘灵) 特点: 对β 2受体作用强于β1受体,扩支气管作用强; 抑制组胺等过敏介质释放,防止痉挛;
临床用于防止喘息急性支气管炎、支气管哮喘及肺气肿的支气管痉挛。

14 2. theophylline 氨茶碱 aminophylline 胆茶碱cholinophylline
[Pharmacologic effects] Relaxes airway smooth muscle Improves respiratory function Positive inotropic effect

15 Mechanism of relaxing airway smooth muscle
① Inhibits phosphodiesterases,leading to intracellular accumulation of cAMP and smooth muscle relaxation. ②Stimulates endogenous epinephrine & noradrenalin release, relaxing airway smooth muscle. ③Blocks adenosine receptor, antagonizing bronchial constriction induced by endogenous adenosine.

16 Improves respiratory function
enhancing diaphragmatic contraction,还具有呼吸兴奋作用,使呼吸深度增强,但呼吸频率不增加; Positive inotropic effect增强心肌收缩力,增加心输出量,并能降低右心房压力,增加冠状动脉血流量;此外还有微弱的利尿作用,适用于心源性哮喘。

17 [Therapeutic uses] Acute or chronic asthma,cardiac asthma(心源性哮喘) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(慢性阻塞性肺疾病); Cardiac edema & renal edema (心性及肾性水肿)

18 [Adverse effects] Gastrointestinal:nausea, vomiting
Cardiovascular:palpitation (心悸),arrhythmias(心律失常),惊厥,血压下降;重者心跳停止;心梗,休克;儿童慎用。

19 3. Muscarinic antagonists
喘息:M受体(+)平滑肌细胞内cGMP上升,使支气管平滑肌张力下降,促进过敏介质释放,形成喘息。  parasympathetic neurons M 1 and M3 receptors Ach Mucus gland secretion increases Airway smooth muscle cell contracts

20 Muscarinic antagonists
异丙阿托品 ipratropium bromide 作用: 对支气管平滑肌有松弛作用 作用强而持久 临床支气管哮喘及慢支

21 4. Glucocorticoids The best established anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of asthma. Glucocorticoids produce significant anti-inflammatory, immunodepressive and anti-shock effect, probably by attenuating prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis, preventing release of inflammatory mediators and decreasing mucus production. Glucocorticoids are usually reserved for patients with severe persistent asthma. Inhaled glucocorticoids achieves a significant anti-inflammatory effect without causing systemic adverse effects.

22 丙酸倍氯米松 beclomethasone
(地塞米松的衍生物) 强大的局部抗炎作用; 气雾吸入,直接作用于气道,抗喘作用; 起效慢,NOT for acute asthmatic attacks! 长期使用可导致oral fungal infections(口腔霉菌感染)。

23 5. Mast Cell Stabilizer Cromolyn Sodium 色甘酸钠 (Nasalcrom®,Intal®)
Ketotifen 酮替芬 Nedocromil Sodium 奈多罗米钠(Tilade®)

24 [Pharmacologic Effects and Mechanism]
①稳定肥大细胞膜,阻止肥大细胞释放过敏介质(inhibits chloride channels and inhibits the release of histamine and other autacoids from mast cells) ; ②直接抑制引起气管痉挛的某些反射 (depress the exaggerated neuronal reflexes triggered by irritant receptors in the airways)

25 [Pharmacologic Effects and Mechanism]
③抑制非特异性支气管高反应性(bronchial hyperreactivity) 哮喘病人的气道对物理或化学刺激的反应较正常人敏感,微弱刺激即能引起气道痉挛性收缩。

26 [Therapeutic Uses] (1) 预防性治疗,对已发作者无效; (2) 预防过敏性鼻炎的发作; (3) 溃疡性结肠炎
(4) 其他胃肠道过敏性疾病。 (5) 预防食物过敏。

27 [Adverse Effects] (1)少数病人呛咳、气急,甚至诱发哮喘; (2)偶见排尿困难,尿急,尿痛,头痛,头晕等。

28 祛痰药 Expectorants

29 祛痰药 Expectorants 促进呼吸道分泌,促使痰液稀释或裂解粘性成分,液化,使痰易于咳出,改善咳嗽和哮喘症状称祛痰药。 粘液促动药
加速呼吸道纤毛运动,改善痰液转运的药物称为粘液促动药。

30 祛痰药 Expectorants 气道上痰液刺激导致咳嗽 粘痰积于小气道,支气管狭窄导致喘 目 的:祛痰药起到镇咳、平喘作用。

31 祛痰药 Expectorants 1.粘液分泌促进药 ammonium chloride 氯化铵 guaifenesine 愈创木酚甘油醚
potassium iodide 碘化钾 ipecac syrup 吐根糖浆 酒石酸锑钾、桔梗、远志等。 2.Mucolytics 粘痰溶解药 acetylcysteine 乙酰半胱氨酸,痰易净 bromhexine 溴己新,必咳平

32 Classification of Mucolytics
(1) 使痰液中的酸性粘蛋白纤维断裂:溴 已新、氨溴索、溴凡克新; (2) 药物结构中的巯基与粘蛋白的二硫键互换,使粘蛋白分子裂解:乙酰半胱氨酸、美司坦、羧甲司坦、美司钠; (3) 酶制剂 (4) 表面活性剂:泰洛沙泊

33 氯化铵ammonium chloride 酸性无机盐,刺激胃粘膜,反射性增加呼吸道分泌,痰液稀释,易咳出 多配成复方制剂应用
用于急、慢性呼吸道炎症、痰多者。 服用大量时可产生酸中毒。溃疡病及肝肾功能不良者慎用。

34 乙酰半胱氨酸 Acetylcysteine (痰易净)
吸入用于粘痰阻塞气道、咳痰困难者。 紧急时气管内滴入,可迅速使痰变稀,便于吸引排痰

35 乙酰半胱氨酸 Acetylcysteine (痰易净)
有特殊臭味,引起恶心、呕吐,可导致支气管痉挛,加用异丙肾上腺素支气管哮喘患者应慎用。 不宜与青霉素(penicillin)、 头孢菌素(cephalosporin)、 四环素(tetracycline)混合,以免降低抗生素活性。

36 镇咳药(Antitussives)

37 Two Basic Types of Cough
镇咳药(antitussives) 咳嗽——防御性反射,轻度咳嗽有利于排痰, 清洁呼吸道,一般不用药。 Two Basic Types of Cough Productive Cough Non-Productive Cough Congested cough Dry/Hacking cough removes excessive “self-feed” secretions DON’T USE USE ANTITISSIVES ANTITUSSIVES

38 镇咳药(antitussives) Central antitussives Narcotic 成瘾性(Opioids 阿片类)
codeine 可待因 Non-narcotic 非成瘾性(Non-opioids 非阿片类) dextromethorphan 右美沙芬 pentoxyverine 喷托维林,咳必清 Peripheral antitussives benzonatate 苯佐那酯

39 可待因 codeine Strongly effective cough suppressant, ≈ 1/4 morphine;
Use for dry cough; Produce constipation, nausea and respiratory depression (60 mg). Addictive liability Rarely recommended for children. NOT for cough accompanied with excessive secretions.

40 Dextromethorphan 右美沙芬
The most popular antitussives Selectively depresses the cough center in the medulla 15~30 mg = 8~15 mg codeine as an antitussive Therapeutic effect: dry cough No respiratory depression, no euphoria and physical dependence Adverse effects are mild and rare dizziness, drowsiness, nausea

41 咳必清 pentoxyverine Selectively depresses the cough center,≈ 1/3 codeine;atropine-like effect & local anesthetic 具有局麻及松弛支气管平滑肌和抑制呼吸道感受器的作用; Therapeutic effect: dry cough;good for children 青光眼禁用。

42 Peripheral Antitussives
那可丁 narcotine 苯佐那酯 benzonatate 在呼吸道局部感受器和神经末梢有麻醉作用,消除或减弱局部刺激。

43 Thanks!


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