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翻译与文化 ——中英文化差异及对翻译的影响
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Culture Culture refers to the total pattern of beliefs, customs, institutions, objects, and techniques that characterize the life of a human community. 文化是一种复杂体,它包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗, 以及其余社会上习得的能力与习惯。
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总结 ※1、观察与思维上的差异对翻译的影响 ※2、词义联想与文化意象对翻译的影响 ※3、宗教信仰与历史典故对翻译的影响
※4、地域政治与社会生活对翻译的影响 总结
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中英思维方式对比 中国人注重伦理(ethics), 英美人注重认知(cognition)。
中国人重整体(integrity)、偏重综合性(synthetic)思维, 英美人重个体(individuality)、偏重分析性(analytic)思维。 中国人重直觉(intuition), 英美人重实证(evidence)。 中国人重形象思维(figurative thinking),英美人重逻辑思维(logical thinking)。
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李大钊《东西方文明之根本差异》 “东西方文明有根本不同之点,即东洋文化主静,西方文明主动是也。……一为自然的,一为人为的;一为安息的,一为战争的;一为消极的,一为积极的;一为依赖的,一为独立的;一为苟安的,一为实进的;一为因袭的,一为创造的;一为保守的,一为进步的;一为直觉的,一为理智的;一为空想的,一为体验的;一为艺术的,一为科学的;一为精神的,一为物质的;一为灵的,一为肉的;一为向天的,一为立地的;一为自然支配的,一为人间征服自然……”
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1.观察与思维上的差异对翻译的影响 您(先)请! After you. 前事不忘,后事之师。
Past experiences, if not forgotten, is a guide for the future. (Lessons learned from the past can serve as a guide in the future.)
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Bridal shower Bachelor’s party
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对颜色词的理解 “红糖” brown sugar “红茶” black tea “black coffee” 浓咖啡” “黑眼睛 ”
“black eyes” brown sugar black tea 浓咖啡” dark eyes 挨打后出现的黑眼圈
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Nobody could be too foolish this day.
今天谁也不会太愚蠢。(WRONG) 从句法上看,它是一个双重否定结构,从思维方式上看,它是一种逆向思维。 “今天,无论你出洋相到什么程度,都不算够分。”
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white elephant昂贵且无用的东西
The new naval base(海军基地) has proved to be a white elephant. A. 新的海军基地证明是一只白象。 B. 新的海军基地被证明为不堪一击。 C. 新的海军基地是庞大而坚不可摧的。 D. 新的海军基地被证明为毫无用处。 white elephant昂贵且无用的东西
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in the red亏损出现赤字; in the black 盈利 红白事:误译:red and white happiness,
A large number of America radio stations operate(运行) in the red. A. 大量的美国无线电台运行良好。 B. 许多美国无线电台竞争激烈。 C. 许多美国广播电台向红色国家广播。 D.大量的美国无线电台在惨淡经营。 in the red亏损出现赤字; in the black 盈利 红白事:误译:red and white happiness, 正译:weddings and funerals
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2.词义联想与文化意象差异对翻译的影响 The Milky Way
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Miss Johnson is the manager’s girl Friday. 忠诚能干的女助手
B.约翰生小姐是经理的“小秘”。 C.约翰生小姐星期五为经理当秘书。 D.约翰生小姐是经理的私人秘书 girl Friday. 忠诚能干的女助手(尤指女秘书) Man Friday:得力、忠诚的助手。这个说法源自小说《鲁滨逊漂流记》。
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A married woman hops(蹦跳) in the hay(干草).
B.结了婚的女子成熟快乐,但易衰老。 C.结婚女子焦虑不安,后悔不已。 D.寡妇门前是非多,已婚女子想偷情。 E.红杏出墙
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3.宗教信仰与历史典故对翻译的影响 Mary crossed (交叉)her fingers during the race so that Tom would win. A. 玛丽比赛时交叉双手,以便汤姆能赢。 B. 玛丽退出了比赛,所以汤姆就赢了。 C. 比赛时玛丽用指头打暗号,所以汤姆赢了。 D. 比赛时玛丽为汤姆祈祷,但愿他能赢。 crossed one’s fingers 祈祷上帝保佑
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My sister took her degree at Cambridge, since when we call her a blue stocking.
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4.地域政治与社会生活差异对翻译的影响 中国以农立国,用语不少是农谚。 骨瘦如柴 be lean as a rake 对牛弹琴
cast pearls before swine 滚石不生苔 A rolling stone gathers no moss. 众人拾柴火焰高 Many hands make light work. 竹篮打水一场空 drawing water in a bamboo basket means drawing nothing.
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英国人喜欢航海,用语不少源于航海事业 Hoist your sail when the wind is fair. Still waters run deep. In a calm sea, every man is a pilot. A small leak will sink a great ship.
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Hoist your sail when the wind is fair. 好风快扬帆。
Still waters run deep. 静水流深 In a calm sea, every man is a pilot. 海面平静,人人都可当舵手。 A small leak will sink a great ship. 小洞不堵要沉大船。
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No one is certain how much energy The Big Apple consumes, but the amount must be enormous.
D. 谁也无法肯定纽约市消耗多少能量,但能源消耗量肯定是巨大的。
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Those were days when the sun never set on the British flag nor rose on many an East End home.
C.那时候,日不落的英国旗帜在西方飘扬,但没有在东方升起。 D. 那是日不落大英帝国的黄金时代,也是伦敦贫民区千家万户从不见天日的岁月。
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plays ducks and drakes with one’s money.
He plays ducks and drakes(公鸭母鸭)with his money. A. 他花钱扮演公鸭和母鸭。 B.他花钱玩“野鸡”——嫖娼 C.他玩公鸭母鸭进行赌博。 D.他乱花自己的钱,尽情享受。 plays ducks and drakes with one’s money. 挥霍金钱
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奈达说过:“就真正成功的翻译而言,译者的双文化(bi-culture)功底甚至比双语(bilingualism)功底更重要,因为词语只有在其起作用的文化语境中才富有意义。
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名作翻译练习 论读书 ——F. Bacon Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtile; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in mores.
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Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtile; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in mores. (Studies pass into and influence manners) 读书使人充实, 讨论使人机智, 笔记使人准确。因此,不常做笔记者须记忆特强,不常讨论者须天生聪颖,不常读书者须欺世有术,始能无知而显有知。读史使人明智,读诗使人灵秀,数学使人周密,科学使人深刻,伦理使人庄重,逻辑修辞之学使人善辩:凡有所学,皆成性格。
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See You Next Time
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