Unit 10 The Judge and the Jury

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1 Unit 10 The Judge and the Jury
TextⅠ English Judges -To learn about the independence of English judges and the English judicial offices Text Ⅱ Jury -To learn about the history, development and function of the jury and the grand jury in common-law tradition Text III Case Reading -To read one case related to the right to trial by jury

2 TextⅠ English Judges Term: public nuisance
Proper names: Lord Chancellor (L.C.), Lord Chief Justice (L.C.J.), cf. J., L.J., L.JJ., Circuit judge, the Consolidated Fund, the Act of Settlement, Recorder, borough Quarter Session, Lord of Appeal in Ordinary / Law Lord, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, Master of the Rolls (MR), the Disciplinary Committee, Attorney-General (AG), the Official Secrets Act, the English Bar, Solicitor-General, Law officer, Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP), Home Secretary

3 Outline of Text I Ⅰ. (paras. 1-2) Introduction: 2 features of the judiciary in England Ⅱ. (paras. 3-5) Independence of judges Ⅲ. (paras. 6-9) English judges A. (paras 6-7) Circuit judges and recorders B. (paras 8-9) Supreme court judges Ⅳ. (paras ) Judicial offices: LC, LCJ, MR, AG and DPP

4 Questions based on Part I
How many features of the judicial profession are mentioned? What are they? (para. 1 line 2-3) What does the exception refer to? Why is the judicial office of judge attractive to barristers?

5 Questions based on Part II
How is the independence of judges reflected according to the text? How are judges paid? And how about civil servants and members of the armed forces? How can a Supreme Court judge be removed from office? Is it possible to bring an action against a superior court judge for misconduct?

6 Questions based on Part III
In what courts do circuit judges serve and how are they addressed in the court? How do you understand the sentence in line 6 of para. 7? How are the supreme court judges addressed in the court? How about in writing?

7 Questions based on Part IV
Fill in the table in the exercises concerning the information about the judicial offices in England.

8 Term public nuisance 妨害公众利益之人或事物, 妨害公众安宁,妨害公益罪 petition 申诉；申请；起诉状；请愿书
an official letter to a law court, asking for a legal case to be considered, e.g. a petition for divorce

9 Proper names Lord (High) Chancellor (L.C.) （英）大法官：兼任上议院议长的大法官（集立法、、司法、行政大权于一身的首脑人物）主持高等法院大法官庭 Lord Chief Justice (L.C.J.) 最高法院的首席法官、王座庭庭长 Circuit judge 巡回法院法官 the Consolidated Fund 统一基金 the Act of Settlement（英）《王位继承法》（1701年） Recorder 刑事法院法官（巡回刑事法院兼职法官）。市法院法官; (英国某些市镇的)首席法官,某个城市中有刑事审判权的法官 borough Quarter Session 季审法庭

10 Proper names Lord of Appeal in Ordinary / Law Lord（英国）上议院高级法官（有些地方译为“上诉法院”） the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 枢密院司法委员会 *Privy Council -a council of the British sovereign that until the 17th century was the supreme legislative body, that now consists of cabinet ministers ex officio and others appointed for life, and that has no important function except through its Judicial Committee, which in certain cases acts as a supreme appellate court in the Commonwealth

11 Proper names Master of the Rolls (MR) （英）案卷保管主事官（指高等法院各分院中主管文牍等事务的官员，如保管案卷的法官）；卷录主任，录事主任；上诉法院民事庭庭长；原来曾是大法官的助手 the Disciplinary Committee 纪律委员会 Attorney-General (AG) （英）检察总长 ；（美）司法部长 the Official Secrets Act 官方秘密法案 the English Bar 英国法律界/律师界

12 Proper names Solicitor-General 副检察长 Law officer 司法官员
Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) 检察长；（英）检察官 Home Secretary （英）内政大臣

13 B. Partial translation 1. although the parties, and not the judge, are responsible for the primary obligation to call and question the witnesses 2. the mayor was removed from his office 3. some serious obligations may arise out of the proposed clause 4. on the grounds of insufficient evidence 5. All the public require(s) of a government

14 Translation 1. 然而，法院不会咨询政府的立法目的，部分原因是政府可能会根据自己当前的意图做出解释。
2. 如经裁定，证据不足，被告将得以释放，但由于这不是审判，所以不等于无罪宣判，如果有新的证据，可以再进行新一轮的检控。 3. 依照抗辩制度，除非当事方反对，否则法官无权裁定证据不被采纳。反对方必须说明反对的理由。

15 Translation 4. Judges are the judicial personnel who exercise the judicial authority of the State according to law, including presidents, vice presidents, members of judicial committees, chief judges and associate chief judges of divisions, judges and assistant judges of the Supreme People’s Court, local People’s Courts at various levels and special people’s courts such as military courts. 5. China started to reform its legal system more than 20 years ago. Now china is experiencing a period with great historical significance: a transformation from tradition of “rule of men” to “rule of law”.

16 Text Ⅱ Jury words: recruit, deliberate, secrecy, indigenous, ordeal, aftermath, outright, waive, foreman phrases: other than, from the outset, do away with, excuse sb. for, swear in, collude with sb., take an oath, rubber-stamp terms: charter of liberty, (petit / trial) jury cf. grand jury, probable cause, indictment, beyond a reasonable doubt, capital crime proper names: the French Revolution, the duchy of Nassau, the Soviet bloc

17 Outline of Text II Ⅰ. (para. 1) Introduction
Ⅱ. (para. 2-5) History and development of the jury Ⅲ. (para. 6) Function of the jury Ⅳ. (para. 7-10) Grand jury: compared with (petit) jury

18 Terms charter of liberty 自由宪章 (petit / trial) jury 小陪审团
－A petit jury consists of twelve citizens duly qualified to serve on juries, impaneled and sworn to try one or more issues of facts submitted to them and to give a judgment respecting the same, which is called a verdict. Each one of the citizens so impaneled and sworn is called a juror. grand jury 大陪审团 －a jury of 12 to 23 persons convened in private session to evaluate accusations against persons charged with crime and to determine whether the evidence warrants a bill of indictment probable cause

19 Terms indictment 起诉书 -a written statement charging a party with the commission of a crime or other offense, drawn up by a prosecuting attorney and found and presented by a grand jury beyond a reasonable doubt 超出合理怀疑之外 *reasonable doubt 合理怀疑 -在刑事案件中判定有罪时使用的证据标准。该标准要求检察官向事实认定者（法官或陪审团）证明被指控者犯有所指控的罪行。如果存在合理怀疑，被指控者必须宣布无罪。(The finding of guilty must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt.) Compare: probable cause合理依据 -用来判断在刑事诉讼中各种政府行为的证据标准。合理依据是用以说服司法官员签发逮捕令或搜查证或把案件提交到法院审理的一种证据标准。 capital crime 可判死刑的罪行

20 Proper names the French Revolution 法国大革命(1789-1799)
the duchy of Nassau公爵领地, 直辖领地 the Soviet bloc 苏维埃(集团) *Soviet Union (=the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) 苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟[略U.S.S.R.(苏联)] *bloc 为某种共同目的而采取一致行动的政治组织, 集团

21 Text III Case Reading words: responsive, inestimable, overzealous, compliant, eccentric, tutored (adj.), plenary phrases: right to do sth. / doing sth. / sth., be sentenced to, break off, find sb. guilty, power over sth., find expression in terms: simple battery, misdemeanor, certiorari, hung jury, acquittal proper names: (names of case reporters) U.S., L.Ed., S.Ct., La., So. 2d.

22 Terms simple battery 单纯殴打罪 misdemeanor 轻罪（cf. felony重罪）
certiorari 诉讼文件移送命令 －a writ from a higher court to a lower one requesting a transcript of the proceedings of a case for review hung jury 悬而未决的陪审团 acquittal 宣判无罪

23 Proper names U.S. United States Supreme Court Reports美国最高法院判例汇编
L.Ed. “（美国）律师合作出版公司”（Lawyers Cooperative Publishing Company）的《（美国律师版）最高法院判例汇编》（United States Reports Lawyers Edition，缩写为 L.Ed.） S.Ct. “西方（法律）出版公司”（West Publishing Company缩写为Westlaw）整理出版的《（美国联邦或州的）最高法院判例汇编》（Supreme Court Report，缩写为S.Ct.） La. Louisiana Reports（路易斯安那州判例汇编）或 Louisiana Supreme Court Reports（路易斯安那州最高法院判例汇编） So. 2d. Southern Reporter, Second series (美)南方区的判例汇编，第二套丛书

24 美国宪法第六條修正案 Amendment 6 In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence. 在所有刑事案中，被告人應有權提出下列要求:要求由罪案發生地之州及區的公正的陪審團予以迅速及公開之審判，並由法律確定其應屬何區;要求獲悉被控的罪名和理由;要求與原告的證人對質;要求以強制手段促使對被告有利的證人出庭作證;並要求由律師協助辯護。

25 美国宪法第五修正案 Amendment 5 No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. 无论何人，除非根据大陪审团的报告或起诉，不得受判处死罪或其他不名誉罪行之审判，惟发生在陆、海军中或发生在战时或出现公共危险时服现役的民兵中的案件，不在此限。任何人不得因同一罪行为而两次遭受生命或身体的危害；不得在任何刑事案件中被迫自证其罪；不经正当法律程序，不得被剥夺生命、自由或财产。不给予公平赔偿，私有财产不得充作公用。

26 美国宪法第十四條修正案第一款 Amendment 14 (July 28, 1868) Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 任何人，凡在合眾國出生或歸化合眾國並受其管轄者，均為合眾國及所居住之州的公民。任何州不得制定或執行任何剝奪合眾國公民特權或豁免權的法律。任何州，如未經適當法律程序，均不得剝奪任何人的生命、自由或財產;亦不得對任何在其管轄下的人，拒絕給予平等的法律保護。