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The English Sounds
20 vowels 28 consonants
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The Syllables(音节) (1)单音节由一个元音(或再加上前后的辅音)构成。如:I [ai];my [mai];Mike[maik] ; blame; case; damp; fax; flash; lack; mask; pan; stab; char; chart; ray; aid; sprain; scheme; belt; jet; press; swell; tense; heal; treat; bleed; sleeve; squeeze; germ; nerve; crime; guide; tight; mild; skin; wrist; link; spin; switch; strict; thrill; chief; firm; choke; stove; fold; pot; throat; goods; loop; scoop; port; blouse; rough; pour; clue; pump; plus; mud; cure; bruise
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The Syllables(音节) (2)双音节由两个元音(或再加上前后的辅音)构成。如:hour [-];answer[-] ; as-pect; ban-dage; bright-ness; cap-sule; chal-lenge; col-league; con-flict; cup-board; dead-line; dust-bin; fire-work; flash-back; Green-wich; house-wife; king-dom; lay-er; li-quid; move-ment; Nor-man; nose-bleed; oint-ment; out-break; paint-er; post-age; ea-ger; ex-pert; post-code; pres-sure; pro-cess; pro-vince; ra-dium; sec-tion;
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The Syllables(音节) (2)双音节由两个元音(或再加上前后的辅音)构成。如:stat-ue[]; stew-ard; tab-let; tis-sue; ty-pist; vic-tim; Vi-king; wed-ding; blis-ter; fas-ten; fore-see; poi-son; po-lish; pol-lute; pub-lish; swal-low; u-nite; up-date; back-ward; cau-tious; com-plex; con-stant; dead-ly; gift-ed; gree-dy; guil-ty; in-stant; mean-while; mild-ly; pre-vious; Ro-man; rough-ly; roy-al; se-vere []; side-ways; splen-did; swo-llen; vi-tal
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The Syllables(音节) (3)多音节由三个或三个以上的音节构成。如:exhausted[--]; am-bu-lance; ap-point-ment; cer-e-mo-ny; cer-tain-ty; cit-i-zen; com-mun-ism; con-ve-nience; coun-try-side; de-part-ment; di-lem-ma [];; ed-i-tor; ex-per-tise[]; in-jur-y; jour-nal-ist; lon-gi-tude; ma-ter-ial; neg-a-tive; neigh-bour-hood; o-pen-ing; phy-si-cian; pos-si-bi-li-ty; re-ceiv-er; time-ta-ble; type-writ-er; u-ni-form; u-ni-verse;
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The Syllables(音节) (3)多音节由三个或三个以上的音节构成。如:an-a-lyse; con-cen-trate; con-tri-bute; im-i-tate; man-u-fac-ture; to-ler-ate; ac-cur-ate; ad-mir-able; con-sis-tent; con-stant-ly; de-li-ber-ate-ly; de-light-ed; de-mand-ing; ef-fi-cient; en-joy-a-ble; e-nor-mous; es-sen-tial; na-tion-wide; pos-i-tive; tem-por-ar-y; un-cer-tain; un-u-sual; un-will-ing; wat-er-y
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The Syllables(音节) (4)爆破辅音、摩擦音与边辅音、鼻辅音组成的无元音字母的音节发音也较响亮,可以自成音节,叫做成音节。常见的成音节有[-], [-], [-], [-],[-], [-], [-],[-], [-], [-], [-],[-], [-]。如:couple[]; temple[]; sudden[]; parcel[]; listen[]; rifle[]; grateful[]; travel[]; seven []; dozen[]; cotton[]; curtain[]; item[]; official[]; ankle[]; recycle[]; kettle []; pedal[]; handle[]; moveable[]; label[]; basin[]
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The Syllables(音节) (5)开音节和闭音节:元音字母后面没有辅音字母时,为绝对开音节;“元音字母+辅音字母(r除外)+默音e”结构为相对开音节;元音字母后面有辅音字母(发音)时为闭音节。如:I[]、no[]绝对开音节;note[t]相对开音节;not[]、desk[]、on[]闭音节 blame; damp; fax; scheme; belt; jet; swell; crime; guide; skin; wrist; link; spin; switch; strict; thrill; choke; stove; pot; conclude; pump; mud
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The Syllables(音节) (6)两个音节之间只有一个辅音字母(r除外),如前面的是开音节,该辅音字母属于后面;如前面是闭音节,该辅音字母属于前面。如: a-lien; []外星人;ba-sin[] ; u-nion [] ; cred-it[]; des-ert []; hov-er[] (7)两个音节间有两个辅音字母(r除外),则分别属于前后两个音节。如:but-ton; scis-sors; rib-bon; sym(p)-tom;
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The Syllables(音节) (8)两个音节相邻处是rr时,一个r属于前面,另一个r属于后面,前边按重读闭音节规律发音。如:marry[];quar-rel; bar-rier; car-riage; er-ror; cur-rency; sur-rounding;相邻处如果是“元音字母+r+其他辅音字母”时,r属于前面,按重读-r音节规律发音。如:organ; furnish; firmly;相邻处是“元音字母+r+元音字母”时,r属于前面。如:during []在……期间; series; insurance; thorough;
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The Syllables(音节) (9)辅音字母组合不能分开,必须划在一个音节内。如:
neigh-bourhood[-]邻居; enthusiastic[] tightly; architecture; assignment; sightseeing;
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The stress(重音) 1、单音节词的重音:单音节词单独念时都要重读。单音节词本身就是重读音节,所以无须标出重音符号。如:he[], good[], learn[]。 2、双音节词的重音:双音节词一般都是在第一个音节上重读。如:letter[-],study[-],sister[-],morning[-]。 注:有些词的重音可以是第一个音节,也可以是第二个音节。如:detail[]
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The stress(重音) 1)重音在第二个音节上:
a) 带有词头a-, be-, de-, re-, ad-, ap-, com-, con-, dis-, en-, im-, in-, ex-, pre-, 等的词重音一般在第二个音节上。如:absorb; accuse; accomplish; acquire; alike; announce; apply; approve; arrange; assess; assist; attend; attract; co-operative; concise; consist; construct; control; defeat; delight; demand; deny; dispose; examine; expose; infect; infectious; inform; instruct; investigate; involve; reject; repeat; submit; suspect; unbearable
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The stress(重音) b) 含有后缀-self和-selves的复合词。如:myself[],himself[],yourselves[], themselves[]。
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The stress(重音) 2)有些双音节词两个音节都重读。
a) 中国地名。如:Beijing[],Shanghai[] b) 以前缀re- (再、重新)构成的双音节词。如:rewrite[],retell[] c) 一些复合词。如:inside[],upstairs[] d) 数词13—19。如:thirteen[],nineteen[]
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The stress(重音) 3、多音节词的重音:
1)多音节词的重音一般落在倒数第三个音节上。有五个音节以上的词则从重读音节数起(不算重读音节),倒数第二个音节为次重读音节。如:am-a-teur[]; char-ac-ter-is-tic[]; cho-ler-a[]; e-co-lo-gy [i]; e-du-ca-tion-al[]; ef-fi-cien-cy []; i-mag-in-ar-y[]; i-mag-i-na-tive[ ]; in-ter-view-ee[]; op-por-tu-ni-ty [----]; o-rig-i-nal[]; pos-si-bi-li-ty[----]; re-vo-lu-tion-ar-y []; set-tle-ment[]; un-for-get-ta-ble[]; variety[]
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The stress(重音) 2)词尾有-ic、-tion或-sion的词,在该词尾前一个音节上重读。如:historical; idiomatic; optimistic; pessi mistic; skeptical; scientific; technical; technically; accu sation; administration; collection; combination; con struction; description; edition; exhibition; infection; insti tution; investigation; motivation; navigation; radiation; conclusion; impression; profession; professional 4、区别词类的重读:有些词虽然拼法相同,但往往由于重音不同而引起词性的变化。一般规律是,名词和形容词重音落在第一个音节上,动词重音落在第二个音节(词根)上。
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The stress(重音) 1) 拼法相同,重音不同,词性不同。如:
increase [] n. [] v.增加 perfect [] adj. 完美的 [] v. 使完美 rebel [] adj. 反叛的 [] v. 反叛 transport []n. [] vt.运输,运送 2) 拼法相同,重音不同,词性词义都不同。如: subject [] n. 学科 [] v.使隶属 object [] n. 物体 [] v. 反对 refuse [] n.垃圾 [] v.拒绝
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Attention: 辅音连缀:辅音连缀是英语特有的一种语言现象。在朗读辅音连缀时,一定要求做到:①不在辅音之间添加元音[];②不吞没辅音连缀中的任何一个辅音。例如有些同学不是将next[]中的[]吞掉,读成[],就是将[]吞掉而读成[]。正确的读音应是将三个辅音都读出来,既不加元音,也不吞辅音。如:black; clarify; flame; fluent; glacier; plough; slow; bravery; creative; sky; scheme; small; disposal; responsible; sprained; adjustment; assistant; stewardess; twelve; swim; enquiry; photograph; photographer; photography; frequently; privately; representative;
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Attention: 不完全爆破:所谓不完全爆破,就是前一爆破音的除阻被省略而发出第二个爆破音。不完全爆破含有五种条件:两个爆破音相邻;爆破音与破擦音相邻;爆破音与摩擦音相邻;爆破音与鼻音相邻;爆破音与边舌音相邻。 1) sit down [ ] I can’t come. [ ] actor [] blackboard [] 2) sweet dream [ ] It’s not true.[ ] picture [] object[] 3) old friend [ ] I’m not sure.[ ] breakfast [] outside [] 4) good night [ ] Don't thank me.[ ] kindness [] grandmother[] 5) about Li [ ] I don't like it.[ ]
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Attention: 同化:音的同化就是两音相邻而互相影响,使邻音变为相同或相似的音,或者变成一个新音素。主要有三种情况:前音受相邻后音影响而变化,如1);后音受相邻前音影响而变化,如2);前音与相邻后音相互影响,产生第三个音素,如3)。同化既可发生在同一词或复合词内,也可以发生在句子中相邻的两个词之间,这是因为说话时我们不是以单词作单位,而是以短语或句子作单位的。 1) newspaper [—] Does she? [ —— ] 2) speed [——] 3) []+[]—[]:Didn't you? [] []+[]—[]:Could you? []
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Attention: 连读:在连贯讲话或朗读一个意思紧密相关的词组时(即意群),如果碰到前词以辅音结尾而后词以元音起首,那么这个辅音和这个元音就要连在一起读,如1);如果前一个词以元音结尾而后一个词以元音开头,这两个元音可连读,如2);当前一个词的末尾有字母r或re而后一个词以元音开头时,字母r可读出来与后一个词的元音连读;如3);有时词尾没有r或re,但以[],[],[],[]结尾,可加上[]音与元音开头的后一个词连读;如4)。注意:连读现象只发生于同一意群当中。 1) Have a look at it. [⌣ ⌣⌣] Not at all.[⌣⌣] 2) We must try again. [ () ⌣] They are deeply interested in it. [⌣ ⌣⌣⌣] 3) I bought a pair of shoes. [ ⌣ ⌣ ] 4) Go away. [⌣] What about your idea of it? [⌣⌣⌣⌣]
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Attention: 升调和降调:调是指语调,语调就是说话时调门的上升或下降、声音的高亢或低沉,即语句的升调、降调和平调。英语的基本语调有三种:升调、降调和平调。一般情况下,陈述句与特殊疑问句句末读降调,一般疑问句句末读升调,句中的实词读平调;选择疑问句的选择部分前升后降;并列成分前面所有的项读升调,最后一项读降调;客气的语气用升调。 See the textbook.
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Attention: 升调和降调:调是指语调,语调就是说话时调门的上升或下降、声音的高亢或低沉,即语句的升调、降调和平调。英语的基本语调有三种:升调、降调和平调。一般情况下,陈述句与特殊疑问句句末读降调,一般疑问句句末读升调,句中的实词读平调;选择疑问句的选择部分前升后降;并列成分前面所有的项读升调,最后一项读降调;客气的语气用升调。 Where’s the nearest post office, ↗please? ↗Sorry, I don’t ↘know. Is there a bookshop near ↗here? Yes, there ↘is. Which bus do I ↘need? I think you need a number ↘7 bus. I think I’ll stay ↗home and do some ↘reading. There are →seven ↘days in a ↘week. They are ↗Sunday, ↗Monday, ↗Tuesday, ↗Wednesday, ↗Thursday, ↗Friday and ↘Saturday.
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English Calligraphy 英语书写要领:横平竖直弧圆,满格右倾平行,大写小写分清,词距标点匀称。 样例:
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