人類免疫缺乏病毒(Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV)鑑別診斷、治療與感染管制

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1 人類免疫缺乏病毒(Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV)鑑別診斷、治療與感染管制
林錫勳 醫師 義大醫院/義守大學

2 課程大綱 愛滋病的簡介 人類免疫缺乏病毒 (Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV)鑑別診斷
Acute HIV infection Chronic HIV infection AIDS 治療 感染管制

3 愛滋病的簡介 1981/6－MMWR：洛杉磯有5名男同志得到罕見的肺囊蟲肺炎(PCP) >> Gay-related immunodeficiency disease (GRID) >> AIDS 1983－HIV被證實為AIDS的致病原 1984/12－台灣發現第一例患者（美國入境的病患） 1985－發展出愛滋病毒的檢驗方法 1989－美國FDA通過第一項治療愛滋病藥物AZT 1996－Highly Active AntiRetroviral Therapy (HAART)，俗稱“雞尾酒療法”問巿 1997/4－台灣免費提供HAART 2008－諾貝爾生理醫學獎頒給人類免疫缺乏病毒發現者 圖片來源

4 人類免疫缺乏病毒

5 人類免疫缺乏病毒結構圖 WWW. Ourdunya. com

6 HIV-1之基因庫圖 核心抗原(gag) 酵素(pol) 外殼抗原(env) Virology-online.com

7 簡介 人類免疫缺乏病毒 (Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV)鑑別診斷 Acute HIV infection Chronic HIV infection AIDS 治療 感染管制

8 Three stages of HIV infection
Acute HIV Infection Chronic HIV Infection (asymptomatic HIV infection or clinical latency) AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

9 Acute HIV Infection Acute HIV infection is the earliest stage of HIV.
2 to 4 weeks after a person is infected with HIV. Flu-like symptoms, such as fever, headache, and rash. In this acute stage of infection, HIV multiplies rapidly and spreads throughout the body. The virus attacks and destroys the infection-fighting CD4 cells of the immune system. HIV can be transmitted during any stage of infection, but the risk is greatest during acute HIV infection.

10 Early Events in Transmucosal HIV-1 Infection
NEJM. 1998,339:33-9 Apple Daily Aug 28

11 Acute Retroviral Syndrome S/S 急性反轉錄病毒感染症候群的臨床症狀
發燒 96% 淋巴結腫大病變 74% 咽頭炎 70% 皮疹 70% 肌肉或關節痛 54% 血小板低下 45% 白血球低下 38% 腹瀉 32% 頭痛 32% 噁心及嘔吐 27% 肝功能異常 21% 肝脾腫大 14% 體重下降 13% 口腔念珠菌病 12% 神經病變 12%

12 HIV的傳染途徑 性交：陰道性交、肛交、口交 血液：輸血、扎針、刺青、器官移植、精液捐贈 母子傳染：經胎盤、經產道、經授乳
任何體液均含愛滋病毒：但只有血液、精液、陰道分泌液可傳染 12

13 愛滋病毒感染的診斷 (符合以下任何一項即可診斷)
愛滋病毒抗體篩檢陽性（即兩次免疫酵素法陽性）且確認檢驗（如西方墨點法）陽性。 以下任何一項愛滋病毒檢驗陽性 愛滋病毒培養 愛滋病毒抗原p24 愛滋病毒反轉錄聚合酵素鏈鎖反應 (RT-PCR)偵測HIV-1抗原

14 愛滋病毒的檢驗 WHO criteria: 2 Env ± Gag ± Pol 篩檢 酵素免疫法 (ELISA)、顆粒凝集法 (PA) 確認
西方墨點法 (Western blot) 病毒量 (Viral load) Pol Gag Env 160 120 68 55 52 41 40 34 25 18 Reactive (S/CO=12.23) Env: 120, 160 Gag: 18, 25, 55 Pol: 34, 52, 68 ± Gag ± Pol 病患 160 120 68 55 52 41 34 25 18 WHO criteria: 2 Env ± Gag ± Pol 14

15 “Window Period” 空窗期 Period of time after becoming infected when an HIV test is negative ＞90% of cases Test positive within 3 months of exposure ＜10% Test positive within 3-6 months of exposure 15

16 Defining of Acute HIV-1 Infection
From Nature Immunology Review 2010; 10 ; 11-23

17 Chronic HIV Infection The second stage of HIV infection is chronic HIV infection (also called asymptomatic HIV infection or clinical latency). HIV continues to multiply in the body but at very low levels. May not have any HIV-related symptoms, but they can still spread HIV to others. Without treatment with HIV medicines, chronic HIV infection usually advances to AIDS in 10 to 12 years.

18 AIDS AIDS is the final stage of HIV infection.
Because HIV has destroyed the immune system, the body can’t fight off opportunistic infections and cancer. (Examples of opportunistic infections include pneumonia and tuberculosis) AIDS is diagnosed when a person with HIV has a CD4 count of less than 200 cells/mm3 and/or one or more opportunistic infections. Without treatment, people with AIDS typically survive about 3 years.

19 Clinical Categories of HIV Infection
Category C: Conditions listed in the AIDS surveillance case definition Candidiasis of bronchi, trachea, or lungs Candidiasis, esophageal Cervical cancer, invasive Coccidioidomycosis, disseminated or extrapulmonary Cryptococcosis, extrapulmonary Cryptosporidiosis, chronic intestinal (>1 month's duration) Cytomegalovirus disease (other than liver, spleen, or nodes) Cytomegalovirus retinitis (with loss of vision) Encephalopathy, HIV-related Histoplasmosis, disseminated or extrapulmonary Isosporiasis, chronic intestinal (>1 month's duration) Kaposi's sarcoma Toxoplasmosis of brain Lymphoma, Burkitt's (or equivalent term) Lymphoma, primary, of brain Mycobacterium avium complex or M. kansasii, disseminated or extrapulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis, any site (pulmonarya or extrapulmonary) Mycobacterium, other species or unidentified species, disseminated or extrapulmonary Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia Pneumonia, recurrenta Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy Salmonella septicemia, recurrent Wasting syndrome due to HIV Herpes simplex: chronic ulcer(s) (>1 month's duration); or bronchitis, pneumonia, or esophagitis Source: MMWR 42(No. RR-17), December 18, 1992

20 Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
人類免疫缺乏感染在不同CD4相關的感染 急性期 早期 中期 末期 (CD4 > 500) (500 >CD4 >200) (CD4 <200) 1000 Guillain-Barre syndrome Chronic demyelinating neruopathy Idiopathic thrombocytopenia Reiter’s syndrome Polymyositis Sjögren’s syndrome Bell’s palsy Tinea, onychomycosis Gingivitis Seborrhoeic dermatitis Molluscum contagiosum Herpes zoster Tuberculosis Sinusitis 每毫升淋巴球數目 500 Fever Myalgia Arthralgia Adenopathy Malaise Rash Meningo- encephalitis Herpes simplex Cryptosporidiosis PCP Toxoplasmosis Cryptococcosis MAC CMV Oral candidiasis Hairy leukoplakia 200 Kaposi’s sarcoma Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia Primary CNS lymphoma 10 週 年 年 年 20 Hakim JG, et al. SSMJ, 2009

21 肺囊蟲肺炎(Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, PJP, PCP)

22 AIDS with Penicillosis: Penicillium marneffei, Neck lymph node biopsy: Mycobacterium avium complex, CD4: 40 22

23 瀰漫性Rhodococcus equi 感染包括 肺炎、菌血症、骨隨侵犯、腦膜炎
23

24 右下葉肺結核, HIV + 24

25 Injection drug user (IDU): infectious spondylitis; HIV+, HCV+, HBsAg+, HDV+
25

26 腦膿瘍, injection drug user (IDU), HIV+
26

27 Generalized virological and immunological course of HIV infection
Virology-online.com

28 Mellors JW et al, Science. 1996

29 黃俊凱醫師製作 29

30 HIV viral dynamics and CD4 cell Life cycle
Simon V and Ho D. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2003

31 簡介 人類免疫缺乏病毒 (Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV)鑑別診斷 Acute HIV infection Chronic HIV infection AIDS 治療 感染管制

32 抗愛滋病毒藥物 ◆核甘類反轉錄脢抑制劑(NRTIs)
Zidovudine (AZT) Didanosine (ddI) Abacavir (ABC) Stavudine (d4T) Zalcitabine (ddC) Tenofovir * Lamivudine (3TC) Emtricitabine ◆非核甘類反轉錄脢抑制劑(NNRTIs) Nevirapine (NVP) Efavirenz (EFZ) Rilpivirin Etravirenz ◆蛋白脢抑制劑(PIs) Saquinavir (SQV) Indinavir (IND) Amprenavir Ritonavir (RIT) Nelfinavir(NFV) Lopinavir/r Atazanavir Darunavir/r ◆整合酶抑制劑(Integratease inhibitor) Raltegravir Dolutegravir Elvitegravir ◆CCR5-receptor antagonist ◆接合抑制劑(Fusion inhibitor) Maraviroc Enfuvirtide (T-20) 32

33 HIV病毒（反轉錄病毒）生活史 愛滋病毒 融合、進入 蛋白酶 反轉錄酶 嵌合酶 CD4淋巴球 33
RNA RNA Proteins 反轉錄酶 RT RNA RNA DNA DNA RT 3TC, lamivudine; ABC, abacavir; COBI, cobicistat; CrCl, creatinine clearance; DHHS, US Department of Health and Human Services; DTG, dolutegravir; EVG, elvitegravir; FTC, emtricitabine; HLA, human leukocyte antigen; IAS, International Antiviral Society; RAL, raltegravir; TDF, tenofovir. If we look at the most recent antiretroviral therapy treatment guidelines from the US Department of Health and Human Services and from the IAS-USA, both guidelines panels recommend all three of the integrase strand transfer inhibitors as appropriate for first-line antiretroviral therapy. raltegravir, is recommended for use together with tenofovir/FTC. Elvitegravir is recommended as the fixed-dose combination of elvitegravir, cobicistat, tenofovir, and FTC in patients with normal renal function. And dolutegravir is recommended for use either with tenofovir/FTC or with abacavir/3TC. These recommendations predated the approval of the fixed-dose combination of dolutegravir with abacavir/3TC. And, of course, when using abacavir, the regimen is recommended only for patients who are negative for HLA-B*5701. DNA DNA DNA DNA Provirus 嵌合酶 CD4淋巴球 33

34 Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART，高效能抗病毒藥物治療)
為何需使用組合式治療? Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART，高效能抗病毒藥物治療) 34

35 + / 高效能抗病毒治療(HAART) NNRTI 2 NRTIs PI  r II
以兩種NRTI為主幹，加上一種NNRTI, PI (可用ritonavir增強藥物動力學) 或II為主的合併療法。 II 35

36 DHHS Guideline April 8, 2015 36

37 台灣CDC 抗人類免疫缺乏病毒 藥品處方使用規範
37

38 抗病毒藥物治療的目標 Maximally and durably suppress HIV viral load Restore and/or preserve immunologic function Reduce HIV-related morbidity Prolong duration and quality of survival Prevent HIV transmission: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) 38

39 AIDS mortality and protease inhibitor (PI) use
Deaths Deaths per 100 person-years Therapy with a PI (% of patient-days) AIDS mortality rates declined significantly following the introduction of protease inhibitors (PIs). The reductions in mortality were related to the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and in particular PI treatment. Mortality benefits are related to treatment intensity. As patients were switched away from no antiretroviral (ARV) therapy or monotherapy to more aggressive treatments, mortality rates declined. Use of PIs 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Year Palella et al. N Engl J Med 1998 39

40 機遇性感染的機率隨著高效能抗病毒藥物使用下降
Palella et al. N Engl J Med. 1998 40

41 不同時期之存活率 Lohse N et al. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146: 87-95 41
Survival from age 25 years.Cumulative survival curve for HIV-infected persons (without hepatitis C coinfection) and persons from the general population. Persons with HIV infection are divided into 3 calendar periods of observation. Dashed lines indicate 95% CIs. HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; HAART = highly active antiretroviral therapy. Lohse N et al. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146: 87-95 41 ©2007 by American College of Physicians 41

42 With the availability of the START and TEMPRANO trial results, the Panel’s overall recommendation remains the same: ART is recommended for all HIV-infected patients regardless of pre-treatment CD4 count. However, the strength of the recommendation will be changed to AIa (strong recommendation based on data from randomized controlled trials) for all patients. The INSIGHT START Study Group, NEJM, 2015 42

43 HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 052 Partner-Linked HIV-1 Transmissions Analysis HIV serodiscordant adult couples - N=1,763 couples (ART-naïve, HIV-infected partner, CD4 between ) Multivariate Analysis HR 95% CI Rx Early Therapy (>350) vs. Delayed Therapy 0.04 0.01–0.28 Baseline condom use (100% vs. <100%) 0.33 0.12–0.91 Male sex vs. female sex 0.73 0.33–1.65 Baseline CD4 count (per 100 CD4 increment) 1.24 1.00–1.54 Baseline viral load (per unit log10 increment) 2.85 1.51–5.41 0.3 0.2 0.1 1 2 3 4 5 Years since randomization Number at Risk Early Delayed Delayed Early Cumulative Probability Linked transmissions Delayed arm: n=27 Early arm: n=1 早期抗病毒治療可以降低96%的感染風險給性伴侶 早期治療可以減少41%臨床疾病的風險 Adapted from Cohen MS, et al. N Engl J Med 2011; 43

44 Partners PrEP: Reduction in HIV
Acquisition With PrEP Primary Efficacy Outcome, mITT* Analysis TDF (n = 1584) TDF/FTC (n = 1579) Placebo HIV acquisitions, n 18 13 47 HIV incidence/100 PY 0.74 0.53 1.92 Efficacy vs placebo, % (95% CI) 62 (34-78) 73 (49-85) -- P value .0003 < .0001 *mITT analysis includes HIV acquisitions not detected at enrollment. Baeten J, et al. N Engl J Med. 2012;367: 44

45 簡介 人類免疫缺乏病毒 (Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV)鑑別診斷 Acute HIV infection Chronic HIV infection AIDS 治療 感染管制

46 (Standard Precautions)
標準防護措施 (Standard Precautions) 接觸到血液丶體液丶滲出物丶分泌物及破損之皮膚和黏膜等均採取此標準防護措施 。 對象為所有病人 46

47 HIV Transmission to Healthcare Workers
Source of exposure HIV% Needlesticks or cuts Intact skin contact <0.1 Splashes in mucous membrane (eyes, nose, and mouse) 0.1 David M. Bell. The American Journal of Medicine. 1997 47

48 不回套或單手回套 「回套」是造成針扎的重要原因。有鑑於此，美國職業安全衛生署(OSHA)於其「血源性致病菌」法規中明定不可回套；若在無法避免情況下，則須以機械輔助並採取單手回套方式。而國內研究亦指出單手回套確實可明顯降低針扎發生次數。 X 不得已時的單手回套法 O 48

49 X 防穿刺的針器收集筒 針頭屬感染廢棄物，不可丟於一般垃圾桶內。收集筒應加以標示並分類處理，且其材質應具備防穿刺能力。
針頭容器存量八分滿時，使用單位應將盒蓋蓋上，不可溢出。 X 49

50 立即處理使用過針器 迷你針頭收集盒 「用完針頭但尚未放入收集盒或回套時」是污染性針扎事件中僅次於「回套」動作者，此代表的即是針器使用者未能立即處理用過的針器，使其夾雜於被單、床褥或工作檯上，而造成針器使用者或清潔人員與洗衣房工作人員的扎傷。 50

51 手不接觸手技巧 Hand free technique
當刷手人員及手術者在傳遞器械時，刷手人員及手術者絕不在同一時間接觸同一器械，器械應放在刷手人員及手術者之安全地帶如彎盆(Neutral zone)來傳送以預防尖銳物品扎傷。 51

52 各式的安全針具 注意刺傷 自動保護 52

53 HIV 防治措施 “避免受傷才是最佳防治之道 “ 傳染性低
受感染後是否使用Zidovudine (AZT)，使用AZT可使感染率減少81% 。 “避免受傷才是最佳防治之道 “ 53

54 Risk factors of seroconversion after occupational exposure to HIV-infected blood
Risk factors Odds ratio Deep injury Visibly patient’s blood Intra-arterial (IA) or Intra-venous (IV) procedure Patient died of AIDS in 2 mons NEJM 1997;337(21): 54

55 Occupational Postexposure
Prophylaxis (PEP) Started ASAP; complete of a full 4-week regimen (28-day) Contain 3 (or more) antiretroviral drugs for all occupational exposures to HIV If a newer fourth-generation combination HIV p24 antigen–HIV antibody test is utilized for follow-up HIV testing of exposed HCP, HIV testing may be concluded 4 months after exposure; if a newer testing platform is not available, follow-up HIV testing is typically concluded 6 months after an HIV exposure. 55

56 USCDC/SHEA 2013 56

57 H E A R T 結語 鑑別診斷：急性感染、慢性感染、AIDS 治療： 愛滋病毒感染是一個可以控制的疾病 愛滋病毒是一個可以預防的疾病
鼓勵全民篩檢 鼓勵早期治療 感染管制：標準防護措施、避免針紮 H E A R T 57

58 課程結束