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Health Management in China 健康管理在中国

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1 Health Management in China 健康管理在中国
Jesse Huang (黄建始) ,MB, MHPE,MPH, MBA Assistant President and Dean for Continuing Education Professor of Epidemiology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Peking Union Medical College Tel:

2 I will discuss…今天讨论的主要内容
What is Health Management? 什么是健康管理? Definition 定义 Roots of Health management 健康管理溯源 Why we need Health Management? 为什么需要健康管理? Health Management in China: based on what I know 我所了解的中国健康管理

3 I will discuss…今天讨论的主要内容
What is Health Management? 什么是健康管理? Definition 定义 Roots of Health management 健康管理溯源 Why we need Health Management? 为什么需要健康管理? Health Management in China: based on what I know 我所了解的中国健康管理

4 What is Health?什么是健康? 健康是一种个人躯体,精神与社会和谐融合的完美状态,并非是仅仅没有疾病。
Health is a status of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease of infirmity. WHO, 1948 健康是一种个人躯体,精神与社会和谐融合的完美状态,并非是仅仅没有疾病。 世界卫生组织, 1948年

5 What is Health?什么是健康? Health is the resource of daily life, not the purpose of the life. WHO, 1986 健康是每天生活的资源,并非生活的目的。 世界卫生组织, 1986

6 What is management?什么是管理?
Management is a process including strategic planning and targeting, resource management, human and financial resource management and measurement of outcome. Management also means recording and documenting the fact and information. 管理是包括制定战略计划和目标、管理资源、使用完成目标所需要的人力和财务资本、以及衡量结果的组织过程。管理还包括记录和储存为供以后使用的和为组织内其他人使用的事实和信息。

7 What is management?什么是管理?
The goal of management is to put right person in right place to do right thing in right time.管理的目的就是将正确的人放在正确的地方在正确的时间做正确的事。

8 Definition of HM (Draft)健康管理的定义(讨论稿)
Health management is a process in which individual and groups’ risk factors are systematically surveillanced, analyzed, evaluated predicted and prevented. 健康管理是对个人及人群的各种健康危险因素进行全面监测,分析,评估,预测以及进行预防的全过程。(博益美华李明中国可持续发展研究会环境与健康研讨会,2004年7月 /韩启德,中华医学信息导报,20:16,2005)

9 Definition of HM (Draft)健康管理的定义(讨论稿)
The purpose is to mobilize individual, groups, and society to efficiently use limited material resources to maximize health effects 宗旨就是调动个人,集体和社会的积极性,有效地利用有限的物力资源来达到最大健康效果。 Key to detailed operation is to provide individualized, accurate health information to individuals, groups (including government), and to create an environment to take action to improve health. 具体做法就是为个人和群体(包括政府)提供针对性强的准确健康信息并创造条件采取行动来改善健康。

10 HM Framework 健康管理内容框架 重serious case病人 慢性病 CD 一般疾病 Healthy 健康人群
Complicated case management复杂案例管理 Case management患者案例管理 Chronic disease management (心血管疾病、中风、慢阻肺、 糖尿病、精神压力等) Routine medical service demand based on health needs常规的医疗服务需求管理 Preventive health management预防性健康管理 (预防性服务,健康改善、 受保人群的教育等) 重serious case病人 High service Demand 高服务利用人群 个人在健康及疾病的过程中移动 慢性病 CD General health problem 一般疾病 Healthy 健康人群

11 (American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine) 美国职业和环境医学学会健康和生产效率管理(HPM)的定义
Health and Productivity Management (HPM): The joint management of the many types of programs and services designed to address all dimensions of employee health. This will include all prevention programs and services and those that employees may access when they are sick, injured, or balancing work/life issues. These include medical benefits, disability and workers' compensation programs, employee assistance programs (EAPs), paid sick leave, health promotion and occupational safety programs. HPM also refers to activities meant to enhance morale, reduce turnover, and increase on-the-job productivity. 针对员工全面健康的各种类型的项目和服务的联合管理,包括所有的预防项目和服务以及员工在生病、受伤、或生活和工作关系失衡时会寻求的各种项目和服务,如医疗保险,伤残保险,员工赔偿,员工生活和工作关系失衡协助项目(EAP),带薪病假,健康促进和职业安全项目。健康和生产效率管理也指所有能够促进士气,减少离岗,增加岗位工作效率的所有活动。

12 I will discuss…今天讨论的主要内容
What is Health Management? 什么是健康管理? Definition 定义 Roots of Health management 健康管理溯源 Why we need Health Management? 为什么需要健康管理? Health Management in China: based on what I know 我所了解的中国健康管理

13 Roots of HM Theory健康管理的理论溯源

14 Roots of HM Theory健康管理的理论溯源
TCM Canon: The best doctors who care the persons without sickness, the good doctors who care the persons near sickness, and so-so doctors who treat the persons already in sickness.黄帝内经《素问 四季调神大论》:“圣人不治已病治未病,不治已乱治未乱,此之谓也。夫病已成而后药之,乱已成而后治之,譬犹渴而穿井,斗而铸锥,不亦晚乎”。 上医治未病,中医治欲病,下医治已病。

15 Roots of HM Theory健康管理的理论溯源

16 Roots of HM Theory健康管理的理论溯源
Hippocrate:A person who knows life, also knows that health is of the highst value for a man.希波克拉底:能理解生命的人同样理解健康对人来说具有最高的价值。 Galen:Six innatural things can be influenced by the will of a man and his own actions:: 1. Air; 2. Motion and rest; 3. Sleeping and waking; 4. Food and drinks; 5. Filling and evacuation; 6. Emotional excitation. 盖仑:健康和疾病和人本身的意愿和行动能影响的六个因素有关:空气,运动和休息,睡眠和觉醒,食物和饮料,满足和撤离,情绪性兴奋。

17 Roots of HM Theory健康管理的理论溯源
Celsius, a Roman encyclopaedist of the old times: Medical practice consists of three parts: the first part embraces treatment by the way of life; the second one - treatment by drugs and the third - treatment by a hand. Greeks called the first part a dietetics, the second one - pharmaceutics, the third - surgery.罗马大百科全书专家摄氏:医学实践由三部分组成:通过生活方式治疗通过药物治疗(,通过手(术)治疗。

18 Roots of HM Theory健康管理的理论溯源
Dietetics:make prescriptions and to give advices in the healthy way of nutrition, dressing and care for the body, to fulfilment and duration of physical exercises, massages and baths, sleep, sexual activity within reasonable limits.在营养,穿着和对身体的护理,进行锻炼和锻炼的时间长度,按摩和洗澡,睡眠,合理限度内的性生活方面提供健康方式的处方和建议。

19 I will discuss…今天讨论的主要内容
What is Health Management? 什么是健康管理? Definition 定义 Roots of Health management 健康管理溯源 Why we need Health Management? 为什么需要健康管理? Health Management in China: based on what I know 我所了解的中国健康管理

20 Changes of human resource management paradigm
人力资源观念的演变 工业化时代 前工业化时代 后工业化时代 我的人比你的人 劳动更买力 我的机器比你的 机器更大、更快、 更有威力 我的员工比你的员 工更聪明、更有创 造力、更以顾客为 中心、更有工作效率

21 美国个人医药卫生健康开支的变化

22 美国每年每个员工医疗卫生开支, 美国员工医疗开支上升越来越快

23 Why economic solutions fail to solve the problem?
为什么经济手段解决不了问题? It’s not an economic problem It’s a HEALTH problem! 因为这不是经济问题, 这是健康问题!

24 What do we expect when we become ill?
当我们病了, 我们期望什么? Medical miracles医学奇迹, Free access免费医疗(人人享有健康), Entitlement even to unproven, experimental care希望接受正在实验的还没有证明有效的新疗法, Entitlement to care even if low marginal value compared to cost希望不管化多少钱哪怕只有一点用也好, Demands go up希望最好的医生,最好的护理,最好的… 不断增长的需求。

25 Unlimited demands &expensive medical miracle
期望奇迹的需要无限,医学奇迹十分昂贵 How much coronary disease can be prevented with 2 billion dollars per year? For example, Intracoronary stents didn’t exist 10years ago now it is 2 b/y market Very effective in reducing second heart attack(80-90%) 10-20% clog within first 6 months,so, more expensive stents 例子: 十年前没有冠状动脉支架,现在市场额每年超过200亿美金。 减少二次心肌梗塞的风险非常有效(80-90%)但在6个月内有10-20%再堵上。 于是发明了带抗凝药的支架,更加昂贵。 魔高一尺,道高一丈… 放出来的魔鬼不会再回到瓶子里去的!

26 Problem is 问题是 The 1.9 trillion US “health care system” has little to do with maintaining and promoting health.美国每年化1万9千亿美金的医疗卫生系统与维护或促进美国人民的健康最优化几乎没有什么关系。 In fact it is a 1.9 trillion “diagnosis and treatment system”.实际上,这是一个每年化1万9千亿美金的“诊断和治疗”系统。 China has no exception.中国也不例外。

27 What drive the demands ? 现实是
The sickest 1% of total pop use 30% of total health expenditure, the healthiest 70% use only 10% total cost. However, we all have a chance at being in that unlucky 1% 人群中最不健康的1%人口用了30%医疗卫生费用 ,最不健康的1%和患慢性病的19%共用了70%的医疗卫生费用。 最健康的70%人口只用了10%的医疗卫生费用。 然而我们不能保证自己永远健康,我们每个人都有机会成为最不健康的1%或患慢性病的19%。

28 What drive the demands ? 现实是
What we need is a health maintaining or managing system, NOT “diagnosis and treatment system”. 我们最需要的不是主要为不健康的病人服务的昂贵的“诊断和治疗”系统。我们迫切需要的是健康维护和管理系统。

29 Opportunity is ..机会是 No country and individual can afford continuing increase of health cost. This is a golden opportunity for health management to prove its value. 没有一个国家,单位,个人能够负担继续疯狂增长的医疗卫生费用。至今没人有办法遏制疯狂的增长。 这就为证明人力健康投资和健康管理系统的重要性 和有效性提供了史无前例的大好机会。

30 高健康风险员工的医疗开支大于低健康风险员工

31 医疗费用随年龄和 健康风险因素的增加而增加

32 Extra medical cost due to health risks 因中高健康风险导致的超额医疗开支(美金)
$2,199 $3,039 $3,460 $5,520 Extra medical cost Basic medical cost Low risk No assessment Medium risk High risk Edington, AJHP. 15(5): , 2001

33 Change in Cost Associated with Change in Risk 医疗费用的变化随危险因素数目的变化而变化
Risks Reduced 风险减少 Risks Increased 风险增加

34 医疗费用和整体健康分数的关系 Medical cost and health scores 年医疗费用
Annual medical cost Health score

35 Health Management can 健康管理可以
Control medical cost 控制医疗开支 Increase employees productivity 增加员工生产效率 So, we need health management 因此我们需要健康管理

36 I will discuss…今天讨论的主要内容
What is Health Management?什么是健康管理? Definition 定义 Roots of Health management健康管理溯源 Why we need Health Management?为什么需要健康管理? Health Management in China: based on what I know 我所了解的中国健康管理

37 Huge Health Management Demands in China 中国需要健康管理
Double threats by ID and Non-ID Aged without wealth Huge pop., unbalanced gender distribution, low pop. quality 传染病非传染病双重威胁, 未富先老, 人口基数大,性别比失衡,质量不高。

38 Double threats by ID and Non-ID(1) 传染病非传染病双重威胁
No.of HIV infection increased rapidly No of active TB: world No. 2 。 Hepatitis B carrier: world 1/3 Old ID come back:TB, Measles New ID emerging: SARS, Avian Flu HIV感染人数迅速增加。 活动性肺结核患者居世界第二。 乙肝病毒携带者占世界的1/3。 旧有传染病重新抬头。 新发传染病威胁严重。 解放以来,我国重大疾病的控制取得重大进展,但新老传染病危害严重,艾滋病病毒感染人数近百万,2010年可能超过1000万;活动性肺结核患者约450万,居世界第二;乙肝病毒携带者1.3亿,占世界的1/3;血吸虫病、性病等发病率呈上升趋势。目前全世界新出现的40多种传染病中,有一半可能在我国发生。

39 Double threats by ID and Non-ID(1) 传染病非传染病双重威胁
Cancer death 1.5 mi. CVD and stroke:about 3 mi. Economic burden of above 2: hundreds bi. Diabetes M. 40 mi. Hypertension: 160 mi. Psychological and mental problems increases. 癌症年死亡150万。 心脑血管疾病年死亡近300万。 上述两病年经济负担就达数千亿元。 糖尿病患者4000多万。 高血压患者1.5亿。 精神和心理疾病负担日益加重。 慢性非传染性疾病危害仍然严重,全国癌症每年发病约200万人,死亡约150万人,心脑血管疾病每年死亡近300万人,据测算,上述两种疾病每年造成的经济损失达4000多亿元;全国糖尿病患者人数高达4000多万,高血压患者人数高达1.3亿,精神和心理疾病负担日益加重,环境恶化、应激过度、不良生活方式和行为对健康的危害越来越明显,亚健康状态普遍存在 。

40 Proportion of Elderly (≥60岁)
Aged without wealth 未富先老 Proportion of Elderly (≥60岁) 10%-Aging society 1999 China mi. Asia mi. World mi. 2050 China mi. 30% Asia mi. 全世界 mi. 北京晚报2005/10/112050年我国老人将达到.2亿

41 Aged without wealth未富先老
World pop(100 mi) China pop. (100 mi.) Tot./Aged (Proportion) Tot./Aged (Proportion) /4 (1/12) / (1/1(2) /5.9 (1/11) / (1/10) /10 (1/8) / (1/7) /16 (1/6) / (1/4) Annual increase(%)1.3/ /3.9 (中华老年医学杂志 2001)

42 Aged without wealth未富先老
Over 60: >10%,140 mi. Over 65: >7.5%, closed to 100 mi. Aged without wealth: China enters aging society with low per capita income, poor social security system and weak health care system. Aging brings health and care problems: heavy social and health burdens. 60岁以上人口超过10%,达1.4亿,65岁以上人口超过7.5%,近1亿。 在人均收入不高、社会保障和医疗保健体系不够健全、技术不甚发达的情况下提前进入了老龄化,导致未富先老。

43 Majority of Elderly Live in Rural Areas
City Rural

44 Limited Family Support 有限的家庭支持
4 2 1 4-2-1 Syndrome 4-2-1症侯群

45 Huge Pop. Unbalanced Gender Distribution, Low Pop
Huge Pop. Unbalanced Gender Distribution, Low Pop. Quality 人口基数大性别比失衡质量不高 Sex ratio at birth (M:F) 出生性别比(男:女)失衡持续加重 1982, 1990, 2000, 2005,119.00 Birth defect: 800,000 ~ 1 mi./y 出生缺陷发生率高 Disabled 70 mi. Of them 70% due to Birth Defect Prop. with BS: 3.6%,USA: 25% 大学人口比例 High tech talent 0.67% of pop., USA or Canada: times more than China 高科技人才仅占总人口的0.67%,是德、加、日、美的300 ~ 600分之一。

46 So… 因此 China May Not Have Sufficient Health Resources
To Support Sustainable Development ! 中国也许没有足够的健康资源来支持可持续发展 长期以来对医疗卫生工作推动经济发展和社会进步的重大作用认识不足,投入不够,卫生费用一直徘徊在GDP的3%以下,直到上个世纪90年代末期才上升到GDP的5%以上,但仍低于发展中国家的平均水平;个人医疗负担超过卫生费用的60%,几乎是全世界最高的;迄今全国80%以上的人口没有可靠的医疗保障;卫生防御和应急能力薄弱,预防为主的方针没有得到充分落实,SARS的暴发流行充分地证明了这一点。 对健康教育重视不够,全民健身运动尚未普及,并且缺乏科学的指导,国民体质监测系统不完善,缺乏公众营养研究,营养结构不尽合理。

47 China has to face during 21th Century. 城镇化是中国21世纪面临的最大挑战.
Not Only Without Sufficient Health Resources, But Also Health Overdraw!不仅没有足够的健康资源,而且健康透支 Urbanization is the No 1 challenge China has to face during 21th Century. 城镇化是中国21世纪面临的最大挑战. Nobel Laureate,US Economist J . Stiglitse (1999年7月23日在中国“城市发展高级圆桌会议”上的讲话)

48 Urbanization 1% increase per year
每年以1%的速度增加 City 828 Mi. 37 mi.( Natural Increased Pop ) City 502 mi. 289 mi.(Immigration pop) Rural 782 mi. Rural 622 mi. 129 mi.(Natural Increased Pop.)) 2002 2020

49 Approx. 300 Mi. Rural Pop. Immigrate to City 约三亿农村人口移民城市
Pop. Move,crowded pop., housing, traffic, limited living space, increased work pressure provided excl. condition. for ID 传染病增加 Urbanization and globalization bring about the disease of modernization: Epidemic of Obesity. 肥胖流行

50 Also… Annual economic lost due to envirn. Pollution: 3-8% GDP.
2002,343 cities surveyed, only 1/3 air quality meet required standards, suitable for living. According to WB, by 2020, China has to pay 390 bi USD for coal burning pollution,approx.13% of GDP at that time. 每年我国由于环境污染造成的经济损失占GDP的3-8%。 2002年,在我国有统计的343个城市中,只有约1/3的城市(116个)的空气质量达到二级空气质量标准,符合适于居住的条件。 世界银行预计,2020年中国将为燃煤污染导致的疾病支付3,900亿美元的费用,约占当时GDP的13%。

51 Also… Lost in cancer bi. RMB,by 2020年, bi.,24.4% GDP(WB,1990)。 Direct lost from hepatitis: 100 bi./y. AIDS: by 2010,24 mi-30 mi. poverty. Lost from smoking: 560 bi. 我国肿瘤所造成的损失:1,432亿元,到2020年肿瘤造成的损失将达60,725亿,占当年的GDP的24.4%(世界银行1990年)。 肝炎的直接经济损失达1,000亿/年。 AIDS如果以现行增长速度感染人群,到2010年2400万到3000万人致贫。改革开放农村贫困人口从1亿减少到目前3千万的经济成果将毁于一旦。 吸烟致癌造成的经济损失大约在5,600亿元左右,相当于烟草税收的3.5倍。 联合国儿童基金会项目《艾滋病对我国社会经济的影响》调查

52 Reality is…现实是 We almost used up all 30 y health resource accumulation
Current health resources are overdrawn. Increase of GDP is not able to catch up with increase of health needs and demands. 我们用完了1949年以来三十年的健康资源积累,我们还在透支。 GDP的增加赶不上健康需求的增加。

53 Reality is…现实是 China did not do a good job in health resource investment and management. Current health status is not able to support sustainable development in China. China do need health management! 中国的健康资源并没有好好地投资和管理。 中国更需要健康管理!

54 Health Management in China: What I know about it.我所了解的中国健康管理
Health Management began in China less than ten years. Practice is ahead of theoretical research First HM Co. Registered in 2001 HM begin to progress after SARS crisis and HM becomes a occupation in 2005 健康管理在中国的出现不到十年,实践应用先行于理论研究。自2001年国内第一家健康管理公司注册到今天,健康管理走过了艰难而重要的五年。2003年SARS危机的出现和2005年健康管理师国家职业的设立,有力地推动了健康管理在中国的发展

55 Health Management in China: What I know about it.我所了解的中国健康管理
Currently, no consensus on basic concept of HM, no research team, no persons has wealthy of experiences re: HM, no textbook, HM service is in disarray, everyone claim they know HM. 由于普及健康管理基本概念和知识的工作尚未到位,研究健康管理理论的队伍没有形成,进行健康管理实践的人才相当匮乏,关于健康管理的正规教材正在编写,市场上健康管理知识和服务的提供很不规范,出现了“鱼目混珠”的局面。

56 Health Management in China: What I know about it.我所了解的中国健康管理
HM training market needs quality control健康管理培训需要规范化 MOH is organizing occupational standards for HM, expecting to be released soon.  卫生部正在组织职业标准,预计很快出台. MOH is organizing HM textbook writing,expecting to be published mid of Nov. 卫生部正在组织教科书编写,预计十一月中旬出版 MOH is preparing HM licensing exam.卫生部正在筹备职业鉴定考试 MHO set up and advisory group to help assure the healthy grow.卫生部已设立专家委员会

57 Health Management in China: What I know about it.我所了解的中国健康管理
Three professional organizations set up special branch for health management 三大学会设立健康管理专门委员会/分会:中国医师学会,中华预防医学会,中华医学会 HM in China will continue to grow and to mature in the near future.健康管理在中国会继续发展并逐渐成熟.

58 Thank you Q & A


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