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Sedative-hypnotics
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学习要求 1.掌握苯二氮卓类药物及其受体拮抗剂的药动学特点、药理作用、机制、主要临床应用和不良反应。 2. 熟悉其他镇静催眠药物的作用特点及应用。 3. 了解其他及新型镇静催眠药的作用特点及应用。
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Human sleep EEG EMG EOG
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EEG: electroencephalogram 脑电图
EMG: electromyogram 肌电图 EOG: electroculogram 眼电图
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Non-rapid eye-movement sleep, NREMS
“深睡”;与恢复体力有关 Rapid eye-movement sleep, REMS 做梦;与恢复脑力有关
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睡眠阶段
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Sedative-hypnotics benzodiazepines (苯二氮卓类) widely used clinically now barbiturates (巴比妥类) classical drugs other newly used drugs
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Benzodiazepines benzodiazepine
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Early 1960’s Hoffmann-La Roche
Sternbach, et al. chlordiazepoxide (Librium 利眠宁) Sedative-hypnotics
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Sedative-hypnotics 1964,上海医工院仿制成功 上海大众制药厂生产
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benzodiazepines diazepam 地西泮(安定) flurazepam 氟西泮 nitrazepam 硝西泮 lorazepam 劳拉西泮 triazolam 三唑仑 alprazolam 阿普唑仑 *1991.3,药物命名原则
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Pharmacokinetics Benzodiazepines: 1, oral absorption rapid usually 2, most phase one metabolites active, with half-lives greater than parent drugs accumulation of active metabolites leads to excessive sedation
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Pharmacodynamics 1, anti-anxiety 抗焦虑 small dose; acting at limbic system 2, sedation (low dose), hypnosis (dose increase)
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失眠定义 临床常见的失眠形式有: (1)睡眠潜伏期延长:入睡时间超过30 min; (2)睡眠维持障碍:夜间觉醒次数≥2次或凌晨早醒;
患者对睡眠时间和(或)质量不满足并影响白天社会功能的一种主观体验。 临床常见的失眠形式有: (1)睡眠潜伏期延长:入睡时间超过30 min; (2)睡眠维持障碍:夜间觉醒次数≥2次或凌晨早醒; (3)睡眠质量下降:睡眠浅、多梦; (4)总睡眠时间缩短:通常少于6 h; (5)日间残留效应( diurnal residual effects) :次晨感到头昏、精神不振、嗜睡、乏力等。 注:符合上述情况不一定需要应用催眠药
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Effect of hypnotic on sleep pattern
NREM(70~75%) REM stage ↑ ↓ ↓ ↓ Stop ↓ ↑ ↑ ↑多梦
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3, anticonvulsant effects
mouse 30 mA, 0.1 秒电刺激,腿抽搐 戊四唑, 皮下注射,125 mg/kg 预先给镇静剂,再给电刺激或戊四唑,不再出现抽搐 4, muscle relaxation
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3, seizure(惊厥) and epilepsy(癫痫)
Therapeutic uses 1, anxiety 2, insomnia(失眠) 国际精神卫生组织3月21日“世界睡眠日” 睡眠是一种主动过程,是恢复精力所必须的休息,有专门的中枢管理 3, seizure(惊厥) and epilepsy(癫痫) 4, muscle spasm caused by stroke and spinal injury
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5, intravenous anesthesia (induction)
0.05 mg/kg 的咪达唑仑,使地氟烷的MAC从6.0 降至4.7
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Mechanism of sedatives and hypnotics
GABAA receptor-chloride ion channel macromolecular complex Five binding sites for GABA, benzodiazepine, barbiturate, picrotoxin (印防己毒素), and neurosteroid(神经甾体)
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Mechanism of benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines increase the opening frequency of Cl-channel with self-limitation
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Adverse drug reactions
1, central inhibition 2, tolerance and dependence :《精神药品管理办法》
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Flumazenil 氟马西尼 Antagonist of benzodiazepines
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Barbiturates (巴比妥类)
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barbiturates 1903 used clinically, and widely before 1960’s phenobarbital 苯巴比妥 amobarbital 异戊巴比妥 secobarbital 司可巴比妥 thiopental 硫喷妥
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pentobarbital 戊巴比妥 (动物实验用) phenobarbital 苯巴比妥
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amobarbital 异戊巴比妥 secobarbital 司可巴比妥
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thiopental(硫喷妥)
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pentobarbital (Nembutal) Marilyn Monroe June 1, 1926 – August 5, 1962
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pharmacokinetics of barbiturates:
rate of entering brain depending on the lipid solubility action time depending on redistribution and the structural stability phenobarbital: typical cytochrome p450 inducer
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Actions and clinical uses:
1, sedation and hypnosis seldom used now 2, antiseizure: seizure induced by child high fever, tetanus, … tetanospasmin(破伤风痉挛毒素)抑制GABA和甘氨酸释放
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破伤风发作
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3, anti-epilepsy (phenobarbital)
4, intravenous anesthesia (thiopental)
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Mechanism of barbiturates
barbiturates increase the opening time of Cl-channel; inhibiting voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels, mainly in the ascending reticular activating system
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Other and Newer drugs for insomnia
Chloral hydrate 水合氯醛 Zolpiclone 佐匹克隆;zaleplon 扎来普隆 structurally different from benzodiazapine, but acting like benzodiazepine as a GABAA agonist
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March 14, 2007, FDA 要求所有生产镇静催眠药物厂商标注醒目标记
注意: 过敏反应(allergic reactions) 睡眠驾驶(sleep-driving) 睡眠时打电话 睡眠时起来制作和吃食物 ……
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镇静催眠药小结 失眠治疗原则:按需治疗;小剂量间断 苯二氮卓类:
(1)非选择性激动GABAA receptor-chloride ion channel macromolecular complex,具有镇静、肌松和抗惊厥三重作用; (2)通过改变睡眠结构,延长总睡眠时间,缩短睡眠潜伏期; (3)不良反应及并发症较明确,包括:日间困倦、认知和精神运动损害、失眠反弹及戒断综合征; (4)长期大量使用会产生耐受性和依赖性。
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镇静催眠药小结 唑吡坦、佐匹克隆、扎来普隆 主要特征:
(1)选择性激动GABAA receptor-chloride ion channel macromolecular complex,仅有催眠而无镇静、肌松和抗惊厥作用; (2)不影响健康者的正常睡眠结构,可改善患者的睡眠结构; (3)治疗剂量内唑吡坦和佐匹克隆一般不产生失眠反弹和戒断综合征。 巴比妥类:基本不作催眠剂。
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Drugs effective in the therapy of the epilepsies 治疗癫痫药物
癫痫,“痫”,读“闲”音
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学习要求 1.掌握苯妥英钠、卡马西平、地西泮的药理作用、临床应用、不良反应。 2.熟悉扑米酮、氯硝西泮、硝西泮等的作用与应用,乙琥胺、丙戊酸钠、苯巴比妥、硫酸镁的药理作用特点和应用。 3.了解抗癫痫药的概念与分类。
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Introduction What is seizure? epilepsy?
Epilepsy: a group of disorders of the central nervous system that are characterized by sudden seizures, muscle contractions, and partial or total loss of consciousness.
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电线杆广告语:“祖传秘方,专治癫痫” 可信否?
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Causes of epilepsy induced by abnormal nerve discharges in the brain. sources of abnormal discharges: tumor, infection, injury, stroke, etc. “focus” (病灶)in the brain 0.5~1% of population affected
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额叶癫痫
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Classification of epilepsy
1, partial seizure(部分性发作) simple partial (单纯部分性发作) complex partial (复杂部分性发作) partial with secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizure(部分性发作转强直阵挛性发作)
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Classification of epilepsy
2,generalized seizure(全身性发作) absence seizure 失神性发作 myoclonic seizure 肌阵挛性发作 tonic-clonic seizure 强直阵挛性发作
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抗癫痫药作用机制: 1、改变细胞膜对离子(主要为Na+)的通透性。 2、增加抑制性神经递质的活性,如GABA。 3、抑制兴奋性递质的活性,如谷氨酸。 表现形式:抑制神经元放电;抑制神经元放电传播。
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神经传递过程示意图
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phenytoin 苯妥英 1908 德国Heinrich Blitz synthesized
1938 Putman & Merritt tested the effect 1953 FDA approved controlling seizures, without the sedative effects associated with phenobarbital
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Mechanism blocking sodium channels and inhibiting the generation of repetitive action potentials. (therapeutic level) more precisely, the combination of actions at several levels. Ca2+, K+, GABA usually higher levels(concentration) sedation and antiseizure can be discriminated
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Clinical uses: 1, generalized tonic-clonic seizure (1st choice) with no effect on absence seizure 2, partial seizures 3, antiarrhythmia (especially ventriclular arrhythmia caused by digitalis intoxication) 4, trigeminal neuralgia(三叉神经痛)
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三叉神经从颅骨穿出部位
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Pharmacokinetics of phenytoin
1, blood Conc. <10 μg/ml,first order kinetics > 10 μg/ml,zero order with half life longer what will happen? 2, cytochrome p450 inducer 3, large individual variation(2~50μg/ml )
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一癫痫小孩,服药控制,长久不发。一日其母发现新配来的药片与以前服的大小有异, 遂向医生提出。医生云剂量是相同的。然服药后很快发作。
Real case 一癫痫小孩,服药控制,长久不发。一日其母发现新配来的药片与以前服的大小有异, 遂向医生提出。医生云剂量是相同的。然服药后很快发作。 ?
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ADRs: dose and time related
1, nystagmus(眼球震颤),diplopia 复视,ataxia(共济失调):loss of the ability to coordinate muscular movement. 20~30μg/ml时,出现眼球震颤; 30μg~40μg /ml时出现共济失调; >40μg /ml时可引起精神异常。 2, gingival hyperplasia (齿龈增生) reversible, but inaesthetic
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4,megaloblastic anemia 巨幼红细胞性贫血
ADRs of phenytoin 3,hirsutism(多毛症) 4,megaloblastic anemia 巨幼红细胞性贫血
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Phenobarbital(苯巴比妥) Clinical use: first-line for partial and generalized tonic–clonic seizures
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Carbamazepine (卡马西平) Mechanism: like phenytoin plus interaction with adenosine receptors and inhibition of uptake and release of NA
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1, complex partial seizure (1st choice)
Clinical uses 1, complex partial seizure (1st choice) 2, tonic-clonic seizure and simple partial seizure 3, trigeminal neuralgia
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Sodium valproate(丙戊酸钠)
1881,合成丙戊酸,主要作为有机溶剂使用。 1963,在筛选抗癫痫药中,发现用丙戊酸溶解的两种不同的化合物都有抗惊厥活性,认为决非偶然。 进一步研究发现丙戊酸有抗惊厥活性。 1967,其钠盐正式成为抗癫痫药。
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Sodium valproate(丙戊酸钠) and ethosuximide(乙琥胺)
Clinical use: absence seizure
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topiramate(托吡酯) newer, adjunctive agent for partial seizure
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Levetiracetam(左乙拉西坦)
Mechanism unknown. binding to a synaptic vesicle protein, SV2A, which is believed to impede nerve conduction across synapses. Uses: partial seizures; adjunctive therapy for partial, myoclonic and tonic-clonic seizures
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Benzodiazepines diazepam(地西泮): Tonic-clonic status epilepticus 癫痫持续状态(1st line, IV)
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Selection of anti-seizure drugs
强直阵挛性发作、复杂部分性发作:苯妥英钠 失神性发作:丙戊酸钠、乙琥胺 单纯部分性发作:丙戊酸钠; 左乙拉西坦 癫痫持续状态:地西泮、苯巴比妥。
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Magnesium sulfate (硫酸镁)
随给药途径不同,产生的效应和临床用途各异 oral: carthasis(导泻),cholagogic(利胆) intravenous: anticonvulsive effect (mainly pregnancy-induced seizure) vasodilation (hypertensive crisis)
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