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Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (2DE)

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1 Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (2DE)
蛋白質體學 Proteomics 2016 純化酵素是一件非常基本的工作,很多重要的研究,都脫不開酵素的純化工作。而大多數酵素的純化,基本上也脫不開一些最基本的原則。 首先,建立一個完善的酵素實驗室是很必要的;我們把許多實驗室內的運作細節一一交代,期望同學能認知這些經驗,確實接收並養成習慣,且期望應用到將來每個人的研究工作上。 最先遇到,但是最容易被忽視的步驟,就是材料處理及總蛋白質的抽取。將提醒你小心選擇採料的種類、時期、部位等,並選擇一個良好的粗抽取方式,以便有一個良好的開始。 Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (2DE) 陳威戎

2 Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE)
說明文字

3 Principle of 2D Electrophoresis (2DE)
說明文字

4 2-DE 操作流程: pH 3 - - - - - - 10 (1) IEF 等電焦集電泳 (2) SDS-PAGE 分離膠體 (3)
染色脫色 Juang RH (2004) Proteomics

5 Run 2-DE, step by step 說明文字

6 Run 2-DE, step by step 說明文字

7 + - 10 環 9 境 影 響 8 分 子 的 7 帶 電 性 6 質 5 4 3 Buffer pH
Isoelectric point, pI 胺基酸基團的正負電荷總和成就了蛋白質的帶電性質: 蛋白質上面的胺基酸有許多帶電基團,這些帶電基團會隨著環境 pH 的改變,而有所變動 (為什麼?)。在某一個 pH 下,蛋白質上的正電荷數目與負電荷相等,也就是淨電荷為零,則此 pH 特稱為此蛋白質的等電點 pI。 因此,在環境的 pH = pI 時,蛋白質雖然還是帶有正、負電荷,但其淨電荷為零;若環境 pH > pI 則其淨電荷為負,反之則為正。也就是說,一個蛋白質的電荷正負與多寡,決定於環境 pH 的大小。因此緩衝液對一個蛋白質的性質,就非常重要,因為緩衝液可維持穩定的 pH,會使得蛋白質有穩定的電荷性質,不會隨著環境 pH 的飄動而一直變動著。 衍生的一個問題是,蛋白質為何要維持穩定的電荷性質? 與其活性有關係嗎? + - Net Charge of a Protein Juang RH (2005) EPA

8 等電點與環境 pH 的關係: - pH = 6 - 說明文字 pI = 5 等 電 點 pH = 4 + +

9 + - 3 + 5 7 - - 9 ++ Ampholyte 等 電 焦 集 法 的 方 式 : 焦集在等電點 在低 pH 處帶正電被排斥
焦集在等電點 說明文字 - - 在高 pH 處帶負電被排斥 -

10 Immobilized pH gradients (IPG)
pH<pI pH=pI pH>pI 純化酵素是一件非常基本的工作,很多重要的研究,都脫不開酵素的純化工作。而大多數酵素的純化,基本上也脫不開一些最基本的原則。 首先,建立一個完善的酵素實驗室是很必要的;我們把許多實驗室內的運作細節一一交代,期望同學能認知這些經驗,確實接收並養成習慣,且期望應用到將來每個人的研究工作上。 最先遇到,但是最容易被忽視的步驟,就是材料處理及總蛋白質的抽取。將提醒你小心選擇採料的種類、時期、部位等,並選擇一個良好的粗抽取方式,以便有一個良好的開始。

11 R2N–C–C–C–N–C–C–C–N–H H–N–C–C–C–N–C–C–C–N–H + C C–OH
● 組合不同數目胺基與酸基 可合成多種 pI 的混合物 R2N–C–C–C–N–C–C–C–N–H H–N–C–C–C–N–C–C–C–N–H + C C–OH CH2CO2- N–H OH R O H 說明文字

12 IPG strips- Immobiline DryStrips
Introduced by Gorg. A. Ref: Gorg. A (1994), Westermeier (2001) Dried gel strips can be stored at -20 to -80 oC for months. 說明文字

13 IEF sample loading: 說明文字

14 Placing the IPG DryStrip into the strip holder:
說明文字

15 Sample application for IEF
(1) Rehydration loading (In-gel rehydration) - large sample volume (> 100 mL), large sample amounts, more dilute samples - No precipitation at the application point (2) Cup-loading (at anode), for alkaline IPGs - Max. protein conc.: 150 mg/150 mL - Larger sample loads may lead to increased precipitation (3) Paper-bridge loading - Ideal for very large sample volumes - when using basic pH intervals (pH 6-9, pH 6-11, pH 7-11 NL) 說明文字

16 Suitable sample loads 說明文字

17 Running conditions using the IPGphor
純化酵素是一件非常基本的工作,很多重要的研究,都脫不開酵素的純化工作。而大多數酵素的純化,基本上也脫不開一些最基本的原則。 首先,建立一個完善的酵素實驗室是很必要的;我們把許多實驗室內的運作細節一一交代,期望同學能認知這些經驗,確實接收並養成習慣,且期望應用到將來每個人的研究工作上。 最先遇到,但是最容易被忽視的步驟,就是材料處理及總蛋白質的抽取。將提醒你小心選擇採料的種類、時期、部位等,並選擇一個良好的粗抽取方式,以便有一個良好的開始。

18 Proteins analyzed by IPG strips of different pI ranges
說明文字

19 2-DE instruments, 1st dimension
說明文字 Amersham Biosciences (now GE Healthcare) Bio-Rad

20 Run 2-DE, step by step 說明文字

21 Transfer from the 1st to the 2nd dimension:
Equilibration : To complete loading all proteins with SDS for improved protein transfer from the 1st to the 2nd dimension 2 x 15 min with gentle shaking in Equilibration buffer (E buffer) E buffer: 50 mM Tris-buffer (pH6.8, or 8.8), 2% SDS, 6 M urea, and 30% Glycerol, 1. E buffer + DTT or tributylphosphine ; 15 min 2. E buffer + iodoacetamide ; 15 min Second dimension: SDS gels Fix and seal by 0.5% agarose 說明文字

22 Second-dimension: SDS-PAGE
純化酵素是一件非常基本的工作,很多重要的研究,都脫不開酵素的純化工作。而大多數酵素的純化,基本上也脫不開一些最基本的原則。 首先,建立一個完善的酵素實驗室是很必要的;我們把許多實驗室內的運作細節一一交代,期望同學能認知這些經驗,確實接收並養成習慣,且期望應用到將來每個人的研究工作上。 最先遇到,但是最容易被忽視的步驟,就是材料處理及總蛋白質的抽取。將提醒你小心選擇採料的種類、時期、部位等,並選擇一個良好的粗抽取方式,以便有一個良好的開始。

23 影響電泳泳動率的因素:

24 膠體的聚合反應: - (O S-SO ) 2 SO Ammonium persulfate (free radical initiator)
4 2- 2 SO 自由基的生成者 1 1 Acrylamide (monomer) 2 成膠的基本單位 說明文字 Bis(acrylamide) (bridge) 1 2 架橋使聚合產生分枝 TEMED (catalyst) CH2=CH-CO-NH2 幫助傳遞自由基的催化劑 Acrylamide 有毒性! 澱粉加高熱會誘生? SDS (Sodium dodecyl sulfate)

25 單體聚合反應: 鑄膠反應 端點自由基 可再延續 架橋物造成分枝 聚合反應 free radical Bis 交錯連結 Bis 自由基形成
說明文字 Bis 交錯連結 架橋物造成分枝 Bis 自由基形成

26 電泳裝置組成示意圖 1 2 Stacking 3 pH 6.8 Separating 4 pH 8.8 5

27 電泳膠體系統的組成: 電泳系統 緩衝液 pH 膠體濃度 1 2 3 4 5 上層(負極)緩衝液 8.3 - 樣本溶液 8.3 - 膠 體
Tris-glycine 8.3 - 2 樣本溶液 Tris-glycine 8.3 - 3 焦集膠體 Tris-HCl 6.8 5% 4 分離膠體 Tris-HCl 8.8 5 - 20% 5 下層(正極)緩衝液 Tris-glycine 8.3 -

28 Glycine: Negative charged No net charge
在焦集膠體中的三個主要作用角色: Glycine: Negative charged No net charge Chloride ion: Proteins: 小分子 大分子

29 焦集膠體對蛋白質分子的焦集作用: A C B + 8.8 6.8 8.3 離子缺乏空間

30 SDS SDS 在蛋白質表面 均勻敷上 一層負電: boiling 變性蛋白質成一線狀分子 原態蛋白質 並且均勻帶上一層負電荷 極性頭部
說明文字 變性蛋白質成一線狀分子 原態蛋白質 並且均勻帶上一層負電荷 極性頭部 非極性尾部

31 - - + X Y Z X Y Z 三種不同性質蛋白質的電泳比較: Molecular Weight pI Mobility Protein
Native PAGE SDS- Mobility Protein Quaternary Structure X Y Z Tetramer (40,000)x4 5.8 5.2 9.3 Slow Upward Fast Fast Slow Medium Monomer 88,000 說明文字 Monomer 60,000 - - + X Y Z

32 - - + X Y Y X Native-PAGE SDS-PAGE Z Z + SDS 分子量 及 淨電荷密度 只有 分子量 影響泳動率
說明文字 分子量 及 淨電荷密度 均影響泳動率 只有 分子量 影響泳動率

33 Estimating the molecular weight of a protein
純化酵素是一件非常基本的工作,很多重要的研究,都脫不開酵素的純化工作。而大多數酵素的純化,基本上也脫不開一些最基本的原則。 首先,建立一個完善的酵素實驗室是很必要的;我們把許多實驗室內的運作細節一一交代,期望同學能認知這些經驗,確實接收並養成習慣,且期望應用到將來每個人的研究工作上。 最先遇到,但是最容易被忽視的步驟,就是材料處理及總蛋白質的抽取。將提醒你小心選擇採料的種類、時期、部位等,並選擇一個良好的粗抽取方式,以便有一個良好的開始。

34 2-DE instruments, 2nd dimension
Amersham Biosciences (now GE Healthcare) 23 x 20 cm 8 x 10 cm 說明文字 16 x 16 cm

35 2-DE instruments, 2nd dimension
Bio-Rad 說明文字

36 Separation of E. coli protein by 2-DE
Sample applied: 240 mg pH range: 4-7 MW range: kDa Silver-stained Scanned with laser scanner 純化酵素是一件非常基本的工作,很多重要的研究,都脫不開酵素的純化工作。而大多數酵素的純化,基本上也脫不開一些最基本的原則。 首先,建立一個完善的酵素實驗室是很必要的;我們把許多實驗室內的運作細節一一交代,期望同學能認知這些經驗,確實接收並養成習慣,且期望應用到將來每個人的研究工作上。 最先遇到,但是最容易被忽視的步驟,就是材料處理及總蛋白質的抽取。將提醒你小心選擇採料的種類、時期、部位等,並選擇一個良好的粗抽取方式,以便有一個良好的開始。

37 Mouse liver protein separated by 2-DE
純化酵素是一件非常基本的工作,很多重要的研究,都脫不開酵素的純化工作。而大多數酵素的純化,基本上也脫不開一些最基本的原則。 首先,建立一個完善的酵素實驗室是很必要的;我們把許多實驗室內的運作細節一一交代,期望同學能認知這些經驗,確實接收並養成習慣,且期望應用到將來每個人的研究工作上。 最先遇到,但是最容易被忽視的步驟,就是材料處理及總蛋白質的抽取。將提醒你小心選擇採料的種類、時期、部位等,並選擇一個良好的粗抽取方式,以便有一個良好的開始。 wide pH range gel (pH 3-12) narrow pH range gel (pH 5-6)

38 Protein Detection Methods
說明文字

39 1 2 各 種 蛋 白 質 染 色 法 機 制 : Ammoniacal silver Coomassie Brilliant Blue R
金屬銀沈澱 Ag H3N…Ag…NH3 Arg C HN NH2 NH2+ Lys C NH NH2+ Glu -N=N- -NH- -OH -SO3- SO3- Ag H2N… C NH3+ Glutaraldehyde -N=N- -NH- -OH -SO3- SO3- R O H + N C - Lys 說明文字 (Cys)

40   Comparison of various gel staining methods Staining method
Sensitivity Time and labor MS compatibility Reproducibility Colloidal Coomassie Method Sub-mg 1-2 days Classical Silver-Staining Method ~ 5 ng Laborious MS-Compatible Silver Staining ~ 10 ng Fluorescent Stains (eg. SYPRO Ruby) 6 hr 說明文字

41 Silver staining vs. SYPRO Ruby:
The patterns obtained with Silver staining and SYPRO Ruby staining were similar, but not identical. 說明文字

42 Technical difficulties inherent in 2-DE:
Limited solubility of hydrophobic and membrane proteins Limited dynamic range, and difficulties in focusing highly basic and acidic proteins Missing proteins at very high and low molecular weight. One gene  multiple protein spots One single spot  several gene products Protein abundance Circumvented by 說明文字 Protein fractionation Narrow pH range gels

43

44 Sample A pre-labelled with dye A Sample B pre-labelled with dye B
Differential fluorescence staining: Sample A pre-labelled with dye A Sample B pre-labelled with dye B Differential View Cy5 Cy3 Cy3/cy5 staining Cy5 Cy3 Cy5/Cy3 staining ... 1 Gel, 2 Samples, 2 Dyes: More Data Reliability with Higher Speed!!

45 Difference Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE)
Allows the separation of treated (or diseased) and untreated (or control) samples in a single physical gel. Quick comparison in the differences of the protein profiles of each sample by overlaying the unwrapped maps of treated and untreated samples. It is possible to see which proteins are shared by both, which are present in one sample but not in the other. In a DIGE system, proteins are pre-labelled with fluorescent CyDyes™ such as Cy3, and Cy5 prior to electrophoretic separations. Labelled samples are then mixed before isoelectric focusing, and resolved on the same 2D gel.

46 Difference Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE)
Key benefits: More confidence- reflects true biological outcomes and is not due to the technical variation Less gels- saves time by reducing the large number of replicates that are used in the conventional, single stain 2D gel method High accuracy- no false negative and no false positive Quantitative data

47 Fluorescence Difference Gel Electrophoresis
Here is an outline of the 2D DIGE technique. Two or more protein samples are individually labelled with different fluors and mixed together prior to separation. The fluors currently used are Cy2, Cy3 and Cy5NHS ester. The samples are then separated by conventional IPG isoelectric focusing followed by SDS-PAGE. The individual samples can be viewed separately by using suitably optimised excitation and emission filters. The images can be analysed with normal 2D software.

48 Difference Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE)
In a new DIGE system, proteins are pre-labelled with fluorescent CyDyes™ such as Cy2, Cy3, and Cy5 prior to electrophoretic separations. Labelled samples are then mixed before isoelectric focusing, and resolved on the same 2D gel. Cy2 dye is used to label an internal standard, which consists of a pooled sample comprising of equal amounts of each of the samples to be compared. This allows both inter and intra gel matching, and is used in the standardization of spot volumes in different gels. Spot volumes are expressed as a ratio to the internal standard. Images of each dye are acquired with various lasers using a variable mode imager and images are analyzed with differential image analysis software.

49 Difference Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE)
Cyanine Dyes (Cy2, Cy3, and Cy5) Fluorophore Absorption Peak (nm) Emission Cyanine, Cy2 492 510 Fluorescein, FITC 520 Indocarbocyanine, Cy3 550 570 Tetramethyl Rhodamine, TRITC Indodicarbocyanine, Cy5 650 670

50 Difference Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE)
Cyanine Dyes (Cy2, Cy3, and Cy5) Excitation Emission

51 Difference Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE)
IEF+SDS PAGE Control (untreated) Cy3 (Cy5) Mix DeCyder DIA Treated Sample Cy5 (Cy3) Internal standard Cy2

52 Difference Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE)

53

54 Samples are labelled with different fluorescent tags, allowing 2 samples to be separated on a single gel, removing gel-to-gel variation. An internal standard, composed of all samples in the experiment, is run on each gel, allowing comparison of samples on different gels. DIGE comparison of depleted plasma Sample 1 – Cy3 Sample 2 – Cy5 Overlay Image

55 Run 2-DE, step by step 說明文字

56

57 Gel image analysis for 2-DE: an example
Healthy control Patient D 說明文字 Digest to peptide fragment MS analysis

58 Spot detection One of the first and most important steps in 2-DE analysis. Locating the spots in the gel image Defining their shape Calculating measurement information (volume and area) 說明文字

59 Spot detection 說明文字

60 Image matching 說明文字

61 Expression comparison:
Two fold up or down expression are thought to be significant. 說明文字

62 pI/MW calibration: Observed or experimental pI/MW pI calibration
說明文字

63 Spot annotation 說明文字

64

65

66

67 HepG2

68 Spot excision by spot picker:
說明文字 Spot picker


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