1 Unit 4 Section A Heroes among us

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1 1 Unit 4 Section A Heroes among us
FOREIGH LANGUAGE TEACHING AND RESEARCH PRESS AIR FORCE ENGINEERING UNIVERTISY 1

2 1 4 — Romain Rolland A hero is a man who does what he can.
UNIT A hero is a man who does what he can. — Romain Rolland Heroism is latent in every human soul. — Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain 2

3 Section A Heroes of our time 1 4 Heroes among us To talk about heroism
UNIT Heroes among us Section A To talk about heroism Objectives To understand the text fully To apply the phrases and patterns To master the paragraph writing skill

4 Heroes among us Contents Warming-up activities Text study
Section A Contents Warming-up activities Text study Language application Summary

5 Heroes among us Warming-up activities Lead-in Pre-reading activities
Section A Warming-up activities Lead-in Pre-reading activities Cultural background

6 Short answer questions
1. Who is the greatest hero in your mind? And Why? Tips Huang Jiguang, Qiu Shaoyun, Dong Cunrui… (combat heroes who sacrificed their own lives to fulfill the operational mission) Wu Juping (the most beautiful mother), Zhang Lili (the most beautiful teacher)…(civilian heroes who risked their own lives to save others in modern times) Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai,…(great leaders who led Chinese people toward independence and liberation) Wen Tianxiang, Yue Fei, Qi Jiguang… (national heroes who dedicated their lives to national unity in Chinese history)

7 Short answer questions
2. What makes a hero in your eyes? Tips A good heart The readiness to lend a hand to people in trouble The courage to risk one’s own life to help others in danger The determination to fight for his own country and people

8 1. Who is Nelson Mandela? Why was he so famous?
Cultural background Questions previewing 1. Who is Nelson Mandela? Why was he so famous? 2. What is Greg’s Law? Why is it named after a person?

9 Who is Nelson Mandela? Why was he so famous?
Tips be arrested and sentenced to life in prison serve 27 years in prison lead his party to end apartheid after his release bring about a peaceful transition to nonracial democracy in South Africa receive the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize the first black President of South Africa an anti-apartheid activist the leader of the armed wing of the African National Congress

10 2. What is Greg’s Law? Why is it named after a person?
Tips be passed in 2009 as part of a larger Road Safety Bill target motorists who drive while suspended, unlicensed and uninsured introduce stricter sentencing, including a seven-day vehicle impoundment (扣押). in memory of police officer Greg Stobbart, who was tragically killed while riding his bike

11 Heroes among us Text study Main idea & structure Language focus
Section A Text study Main idea & structure Language focus Critical thinking

12 Main idea & structure Main ideas of the parts What thesis statement does the author make about heroes today? (Para.1) Tips The word“hero” becomes more common and is used to refer to both victims and survivors of all kinds of difficulties and tragedies.

13 What question does the author raise afterwards? (Para.1)
Main idea & structure Main ideas of the parts What question does the author raise afterwards? (Para.1) Tips Who are the heroes among us? 13

14 Main ideas of the parts Part I — (Para.1)
Main idea & structure Main ideas of the parts Part I — (Para.1) Today the word “hero” becomes more ________ and is used to refer to both _______ and ________ of all kinds of difficulties and tragedies. common victims survivors

15 Daniel Hernardez Dory Stoddard
Main idea & structure Main ideas of the parts What examples of heroic deeds does the author provide in Para. 2 and 3? Tips Para 2: _________________, who ran through danger in a mass shooting and saved the life of his boss and friend, Gabrielle Giffords. Para 3: _______________, who saved his wife by shielding her from the hail of bullets in the mass shooting. Daniel Hernardez Dory Stoddard 15

16 What conclusion does the author draw from the two examples? ( Para.4)
Main idea & structure Main ideas of the parts What conclusion does the author draw from the two examples? ( Para.4) Tips They are civilian heroes.

17 civilian courage grace
Main idea & structure Main ideas of the parts Part II — (Paras. 2-4) Both Daniel and Dory are _______ heroes as they acted instinctively with ________ and ______ when situations call for. civilian courage grace

18 Question Examples Conclusion
Main idea & structure Main ideas of the parts Structure (Paras. 1-4) Question Examples Conclusion

19 Question-Example-Conclusion Pattern
Main idea & structure Main ideas of the parts What is the question raised by the author in Para. 5? Tips Are first responders considered heroes, too? What is the example of first responders? (Para. 6) Question-Example-Conclusion Pattern Tips Sergeant Ryan Russell, who tried to stop a drunk driver in a stolen snowplow with only his police car and his good will to help others, and was killed. Conclusion(implied): First responders are also honored as heroes. 19

20 extraordinary courage
Main idea & structure Main ideas of the parts According to the writer, what were heroes in the past? (Para. 7) Tips These people were called heroes because they performed acts of _____________________. Only those acting beyond the call of duty or great leaders were considered heroes: Example 1: a _______ running through gunfire to rescue other military personnel; Example 2: _______________, who overcame great difficulties and helped establish a harmonious society as the first black president of South Africa. soldier extraordinary courage Nelson Mandela

21 Comparison and Contrast
Main idea & structure Main ideas of the parts What are heroes nowadays? (Para.8) Tips Nowadays, our heroes are ________ men and women. average Comparison and Contrast Paragraph 7 Paragraph 8 21

22 Question-Example-Conclusion Pattern
Main idea & structure Main ideas of the parts Question: Do first responders who fail to achieve their goals in their efforts become heroes? (Para. 9) Example: Eleanor McMahon was sure that Sgt. Russell was indeed a hero because he showed distinct courage when trying hard to stop the snowplow before it hurt others. She strongly argued: It’s natural for civilians to rush toward safety and away from danger. But heroes of first responders rush toward danger to help those in need. (Paras ) Question-Example-Conclusion Pattern Conclusion: We expect first responders to rush forward, especially when we or our loved ones are in danger. So when they die doing that, we should recognize their heroic efforts. (Para. 12)

23 Main idea & structure Main ideas of the parts Para. III — (Paras. 5-12) First responders are heroes no matter they succeed in their effort to save people or get injured or killed in their efforts.

24 inspiring extraordinary honor circumstances
Main idea & structure Main ideas of the parts Listen to the conclusion for the whole text and fill in the blanks. (Para. 13) Tips The _________ stories of heroes, both civilian heroes and first responders, show that ordinary people can do ____________ things whether they are carrying out their duties, or as part in their daily life. We should not only ______ them, but also change the situations that may lead to their death. We should try to act heroically if ______________ call on us. inspiring extraordinary honor circumstances 24

25 Main ideas of the parts Para. IV — (Para. 13)
Main idea & structure Main ideas of the parts Para. IV — (Para. 13) The stories of heroes help remind us that ordinary people can do extraordinary things and, being inspired by them, we can also be heroes when circumstances call on us to act heroically.

26 Main idea of the passage
Main idea & structure Main idea of the passage Text A is an essay on people’s view about what makes a hero. It is pointed out that in the past the word “hero” was reserved for those who performed acts of courage beyond the call of duty or for great leaders, while today heroes can be ordinary people like us. Besides, first responders, whose duty is to rush toward danger, are also heroes, even when their efforts failed to bring about desirable effects. Hopefully, we will also act heroically when circumstances call on us.

27 Example 1 (civilian heroes)
Main idea & structure Structure of the text Question Example 1 (civilian heroes) 1.Daniel Hernardez saved his boss and friend. 2.Dory Stoddard saved his wife. Conclusion: Both Daniel and Dory are civilian heroes as they acted instinctively with courage and grace when situations call for.

28 Example 1 (civilian heroes)
Main idea & structure Structure of the text Question Example 1 (civilian heroes) Example 2 (First responder heroes) First responders are also honored as heroes as can be seen from the example of Sergeant. Ryan Russell. Heroes in the past were those who performed acts of extraordinary courage while today heroes are average men and women. We expect first responders to rush toward danger. So when they die doing that, we should recognize their heroic efforts.

29 Example 1 (civilian heroes)
Main idea & structure Structure of the text Question Example 1 (civilian heroes) Example 2 (First responder heroes) Conclusion The encouraging stories of heroes, both civilian heroes and first responders, show that ordinary people can do heroic things. We should not only honor them, but also change the situations that may lead to their death. We should try to act heroically if circumstances call on us.

30 Question Examples Conclusion Structure of the text
Main idea & structure Structure of the text Question Examples Conclusion

31 In an era of heightened heroism, who are the heroes among us?
Main idea & structure Summary of the text In an era of heightened heroism, who are the heroes among us? They can be ordinary people like Daniel Hernandez who ran through danger in a mass shooting to save his boss and Dory Stoddard who saved his wife by ________ her from the hail of bullets. Both of them are ______ heroes as they acted with courage and grace when __________ extraordinary circumstance. shielding civilian caught up in

32 Main idea & structure Summary of the text Then are first responders considered heroes, too? We get the answer from Sergeant. Ryan Russell, who got killed in his efforts to help others but was _______ by thousands of other emergency responders. In the past the word “hero” was _______ for those who performed acts of distinct courage beyond the call of duty or for great leaders, while today heroes can be ordinary people like us. Then, do first responders who ___ to bring about honored reserved fail

33 Main idea & structure Summary of the text desirable results also become heroes? Ms. McMahon provided the right answer. She strongly argued that it’s ______ for civilians to rush away from danger. In contrast, first responders rush toward danger to help those ______. So when first responders die doing that, we should _________ their heroic efforts Ordinary people can do extraordinary things and, being _______ by them, we can also be heroes when circumstances call on us to act heroically. natural in need recognize inspired

34 Practical Phrases Specific Meanings
Language focus Practical phrases Practical Phrases Specific Meanings 1. apply pressure to / on 按压，给…施加压力 2. shield sb. from sth. 使……免受…… 3. be/get caught up in 被卷入；陷入 4. reserve sth. for sb. / sth. 保留；预留 5. relate to sth. / sb. 理解；认同 6. make sense of sth. 理解，弄懂某事 7. give authority to 授权 8. count on 依靠；指望

35 apply pressure to/on 短语应用 意群提示 Practical phrases 按压，给…施加压力 短语逆译
Language focus Practical phrases 按压，给…施加压力 apply pressure to/on 短语逆译 短语应用 你可以按压伤口让血流的慢些。 意群提示 (injury / bleed) You can apply pressure on the injury to make the blood bleed slower.

36 shield sb. from sth. 短语应用 意群提示 Practical phrases 使… …免受… … 短语逆译
Language focus Practical phrases shield sb. from sth. 使… …免受… … 短语逆译 短语应用 保护祖国不受侵略是军人的职责。 意群提示 (shield … from… / invasion / servicemen) It is the duty of servicemen to shield their country from invasion.

37 be/get caught up in 短语应用 意群提示 Practical phrases 被卷入；陷入 短语逆译
Language focus Practical phrases 被卷入；陷入 短语逆译 be/get caught up in 短语应用 那些被卷入游行示威的学生的安全必须得到保证。 意群提示 (be caught up in / demonstration/ be guaranteed) The safety of those students caught up in the demonstration must be guaranteed.

38 reserve sth. for sb./sth. 短语应用 意群提示 Practical phrases 保留；预留 短语逆译
Language focus Practical phrases reserve sth. for sb./sth. 保留；预留 短语逆译 短语应用 这个问题必须留待进一步讨论。 意群提示 (reserve for / further discussion ) This question must be reserved for further discussion.

39 relate to sth./sb. 短语应用 意群提示 Practical phrases 理解；认同 短语逆译
Language focus Practical phrases relate to sth./sb. 理解；认同 短语逆译 短语应用 我知道他的求职申请被拒后他很沮丧。我能理解他的感受。 意群提示 (job application/ reject/be frustrated/ relate to ) I know he was very frustrated when his job application was rejected. I can relate to that.

40 make sense of sth. 短语应用 意群提示 Practical phrases 理解，弄懂某事 短语逆译
Language focus Practical phrases 理解，弄懂某事 短语逆译 make sense of sth. 短语应用 我无法搞懂他为什么在最后一刻放弃比赛。 意群提示 (make sense of/ competition) I can’t make any sense of his giving up the competition at the last minute.

41 give authority to 短语应用 意群提示 Practical phrases 授权 短语逆译
Language focus Practical phrases give authority to 授权 短语逆译 短语应用 合同授权研究人员使用实验室里的任何东西。 意群提示 The contract gives authority to research members to use anything in the laboratory. (contract/give authority to/research members)

42 count on 短语应用 意群提示 Practical phrases 依靠；指望 短语逆译 他们决定不依靠外援来缓解饥荒。
Language focus Practical phrases count on 依靠；指望 短语逆译 短语应用 他们决定不依靠外援来缓解饥荒。 意群提示 (count on/foreign aid/ relieve/famine) They decided not to count on foreign aid to relieve the famine.

43 Functional patterns Functions & usages Functional patterns
Language focus Functional patterns Functional patterns Functions & usages 1. It used to be that … 用于表达“过去的某一习惯或情况现在已不存在”，表示与目前习惯或情况有所不同。 2. Sb./Sth. is …. So is sb./sth. else/So are some other people/some other things. 用于表达“人或事物之间的相似之处” 。 3. Sb. do sth., especially when…. 用于表达“某人最有可能做某事的一种条件”。 4. Sb. do sth. by…. Perhaps, even more importantly, sb. do sth. by… 用于表达“对某人而言更为重要的行为方式”。 43

44 原句译文 逆译练习 在过去，“英雄”一词仅限于称呼那些做出超乎职责范围的特别英勇的行为的人们。
Language focus Functional patterns 原句译文 在过去，“英雄”一词仅限于称呼那些做出超乎职责范围的特别英勇的行为的人们。 逆译练习 It used to be that the word hero was reserved for those who performed acts of distinct courage beyond the call of duty. 句型提炼 44

45 句型提炼 应用提示 It used to be that … 用于表达“过去的某一习惯或情况现在已不存在”，表示与目前习惯或情况有所不同。
Language focus Functional patterns 句型提炼 It used to be that … 应用提示 用于表达“过去的某一习惯或情况现在已不存在”，表示与目前习惯或情况有所不同。 句型应用 45

46 典型例句 意群提示 Functional patterns 在过去，只有享受至高无上权利的皇家才能使用龙的形象。
Language focus Functional patterns 典型例句 在过去，只有享受至高无上权利的皇家才能使用龙的形象。 意群提示 ( supreme power/image) It used to be that the image of dragon could only be used by royal families that enjoyed the supreme power.

47 Language focus Functional patterns 原句译文 一位战士冒着枪林弹雨去抢救其他战友，他就被看作英雄。同样，与众不同的伟大领袖人物也是英雄，比如纳尔逊· 曼德拉，他被囚禁于单人牢房中27年，出狱后东山再起。 逆译练习 A soldier who runs through gunfire to rescue other military personnel is seen as a hero. So are larger-than-life leaders such as Nelson Mandela, who emerged after 27 years of jail, confined in a solitary chamber. 句型提炼 47

48 Language focus Functional patterns 句型提炼 Sb./Sth. is …. So is sb./sth. else./ So are some other people/some other things. 应用提示 用于表达“两个人或事物之间的相似之处”。 句型应用 48

49 典型例句 意群提示 Functional patterns
Language focus Functional patterns 典型例句 在你的人生中，通过不懈努力取得的成功是宝贵的财富。同样，帮助你逐步走向成熟的人生挫折也是财富。 意群提示 (painstaking efforts/ valuable asset/setback ) Success that you achieve through painstaking efforts is seen as valuable asset in your life. So are the setbacks that help you to become mature gradually.

50 原句译文 逆译练习 我们指望应急人员冲向危险，尤其是当我们自身或我们所爱的人身处险境时。
Language focus Functional patterns 原句译文 我们指望应急人员冲向危险，尤其是当我们自身或我们所爱的人身处险境时。 逆译练习 We count on first responders to rush toward danger, especially when it involves us or those we love. 句型提炼 50

51 句型提炼 应用提示 Sb. do sth., especially when…. 用于表达“某人最有可能做某事的一种条件”。
Language focus Functional patterns 句型提炼 Sb. do sth., especially when…. 应用提示 用于表达“某人最有可能做某事的一种条件”。 句型应用 51

52 典型例句 意群提示 Functional patterns 我喜欢回忆过去，特别是当孤寂来袭之时。 (recall/ strike)
Language focus Functional patterns 典型例句 我喜欢回忆过去，特别是当孤寂来袭之时。 意群提示 (recall/ strike) I love recalling the past, especially when loneliness strikes.

53 Language focus Functional patterns 原句译文 我们向消防队员、警察和普通平民致敬，赞扬其英雄精神。也许，甚至更为重要的是，我们要通过努力改变让他们遭遇不幸的环境，以此来纪念他们。 逆译练习 We honor the fireman, the policeman, and the average citizen by recognizing their heroism. Perhaps, even more importantly, we honor them by working to change the circumstances that led to their death. 句型提炼 53

54 Language focus Functional patterns 句型提炼 Sb. do sth. by… . Perhaps, even more importantly, sb. do sth. by… 应用提示 用于表达“对于某人而言更为重要的行为方式”。 句型应用 54

55 典型例句 意群提示 Functional patterns 我们通过传授知识培养学生，也许，更为重要的是，我们通过传授学习方法培养学生。
Language focus Functional patterns 典型例句 我们通过传授知识培养学生，也许，更为重要的是，我们通过传授学习方法培养学生。 意群提示 (impart knowledge ) We cultivate students by imparting knowledge. Perhaps, even more importantly, we cultivate students by teaching them learning methods.

56 What do you think we should do to honor heroes?
Critical thinking Theme exploration How do you define a hero? Do you think people who give their life to save their family members should be considered heroes? Why or why not? What do you think we should do to honor heroes?

57 In my view, a hero is someone who:
Critical thinking Theme exploration How do you define a hero? Tips In my view, a hero is someone who: • is brave or even risks their life in face of danger; • saves others in trouble; • shows great courage when others hesitate or fear; • sacrifices themselves for others.

58 putting themselves in danger to protect others;
Critical thinking Theme exploration 2. Do you think people who give their life to save their family members should be considered heroes? Why or why not? \\ Tips Yes, people who give their life to save others should certainly be considered heroes, no matter whom they save — whether it is their family member or a stranger. By rescuing others, they demonstrate extraordinary courage and demonstrated the rare qualities of a hero. These heroic qualities include: putting themselves in danger to protect others; fearing no danger or death; and never regretting their own loss.

59 3. What do you think we should do to honor heroes?
Critical thinking Theme exploration 3. What do you think we should do to honor heroes? Tips To honor heroes, we can: • spread their names and stories in legends, stories, media, songs, movies, etc.; • put up monuments for commemoration; • name different places after heroes; • set up a special day to remember them; • take good care of them and their families; • give them special honors; and • call on society to learn from them.

60 Background information
Critical thinking Culture exploration Background information Joseph John Campbell was an American mythologist, writer and lecturer, best known for his work in comparative mythology and comparative religion. His famous book The Hero with a Thousand Faces retells dozens of stories and explains how each represents the hero’s journey. Katniss Everdeen is a fictional character and the protagonist of Suzanne Collins' The Hunger Games trilogy. Frodo Baggins is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings.

61 1. What is hero’s journey according to the video?
Critical thinking Culture exploration 1. What is hero’s journey according to the video? Tips Hero’s journey is compared to a cycle, which begins and ends in the hero’s ordinary world, but the quest passes through an unfamiliar, special world. Along the way, there are some key events including status quote, call to adventure, assistance, departure, trials, approach, crisis, treasure, result, return, new life, resolution. And then, the cycle starts over again. Many books and movies follow this pattern.

62 2. What message do you get from the video?
Critical thinking Culture exploration 2. What message do you get from the video? Tips Just as Joseph Campbell said, “in the cave you fear to enter lies the treasure you seek”. When facing problems that are scary in our lives, we need to listen to the call for adventure, accept the challenge, conquer the fear and finally we will claim the treasure we seek.

63 Heroes among us Language application Writing devices Essay writing
Section A Language application Writing devices Essay writing Paragraph translation

64 Attributive clause introduced by “who”：
Writing devices Sentence writing Attributive clause introduced by “who”： Giving a detailed description to a person is sometimes necessary when you are relating a story, or narrating an event. In this case, attributive clause introduced by “who” serves the purpose quite well. It helps to achieve completeness and vividness of your description.

65 Example: Sentence writing
Writing devices Sentence writing Example: 1) These are civilian heroes, who acted instinctively with courage and grace when caught up in extraordinary circumstances. 2) A soldier who runs through gunfire to rescue other military personnel is seen as a hero.

66 Practice Sentence writing
Writing devices Sentence writing Practice Only those candidates（在学业、身体及领导才能上有足够潜质）___________________________________________ ___________________ receive appointments to the Military Academy. who have enough academic, physical and leadership potential There is more eye contact between people who like each other than those（对彼此冷漠或有敌意）____________________________ ___________________. who are indifferent or hostile towards each other

67 Writing devices Paragraph writing Question Example Conclusion For more

68 Writing devices Paragraph writing Directions: Have a look at the outline below and the sample paragraph, which starts with a question supported by an example.

69 Paragraph writing Question: What is culture shock?
Writing devices Paragraph writing Question: What is culture shock? Example: Mr. Li’s experience on a bus in the US Factor 1: Mr. Li meant to give his seat to an elderly man on a bus. Factor 2: The elderly man refused to take the seat. Factor 3: His American friends explained why. Conclusion: Culture shock is the feeling of confusion and anxiety when you encounter situations where the cultural norms in your culture no longer apply.

70 Sample paragraph: Paragraph writing
Writing devices Paragraph writing Sample paragraph: What is culture shock? (Question) When he first visited the US, Mr. Li was confused on a bus: He meant to give his seat to an elderly man, but the man seemed annoyed and refused to take the seat. Later his American friends explained to him that in the US it is not advisable, and even offensive, to offer your seat to elderly people. This is very different from China, where people are encouraged to do so. (Example)

71 Sample paragraph: Paragraph writing
Writing devices Paragraph writing Sample paragraph: From the example we can see that culture shock is the feeling of confusion and anxiety when you encounter situations where the cultural norms in your culture no longer apply. (Conclusion)

72 Writing practice Paragraph writing
Writing devices Paragraph writing Writing practice Directions: Write a paragraph on the following topic. You can follow the outline given below.

73 Question: Where does happiness come from?
Writing devices Paragraph writing Question: Where does happiness come from? Example: Ann’s experience with her community members Factor 1: Ann, a worker of low income, was devoted to the community. Factor 2: Ann was touched and felt grateful when many people came to help her when she was in trouble. Conclusion: Happiness is the result of helping each other.

74 Essay writing Write an essay entitled “A Great Hero in My Mind” by following the writing pattern of the text. You may apply as many expressions from the text as possible to your writing.

75 You can follow the outline given below.
Essay writing You can follow the outline given below. Beginning part: Thesis Statement and Question 1. Who is the great hero in your mind; 2. A question related to the topic;

76 You can follow the outline given below.
Essay writing You can follow the outline given below. Body part: Examples A few inspiring stories to illustrate your point; Concluding part 1. Restatement of the main idea; 2. The benefit you get from the heroic stories; 3. Your wish to become a hero like him or her.

77 You may adopt the following expressions.
Essay writing You may adopt the following expressions. victims and survivors of difficulties and tragedies courageously run through the danger give one’s life for sb. shield sb. from sth. act instinctively with courage and grace be caught up in extraordinary circumstances protect others from harm one’s goodwill to help others rush toward danger to help those in need in the fulfillment of one’s duty be inspired by recognize and honor one’s heroism

78 the useful expressions
Heroes among us Section A Summary Revision of the useful expressions Revision of the functional patterns

79 the useful expressions
Revision of the useful expressions Language points—useful expressions 1 用温柔体贴的话语安慰某人 2 按压，给…施加压力 3 使…免受… 4 被卷入；陷入 5 用…的话来说 6 保留；预留 7 超乎职责范围 8 被囚禁于单人牢房中 9 创建和谐 speak tender words of sympathy apply pressure to / on shield sb. from sth. be/get caught up in in the words of sb. reserve sth. for sb. / sth. beyond the call of duty be confined in a solitary chamber establish harmony

80 the useful expressions
Revision of the useful expressions Language points—useful expressions 11 促进社会化解以往的矛盾 12 理解；认同 13 理解，弄懂某事 14 授权 15 总结 16 帮助需要帮助的人 17 依靠；指望 18 履行职责 help society reconcile its conflicted past relate to sth. / sb. make sense of sth. give authority to sum up help those in need count on in the fulfillment of one’s duties

81 the useful expressions
Revision of the useful expressions Language points—useful patterns Functions & Usages Sentence Patterns 1.用于表达“过去的某一习惯或 情况现在已不存在”，表示与目 前习惯或情况有所不同。 2. 用于表达“某事引起的回忆”。 3. 用于表达“某人最有可能做某事的一种条件”。 4. 用于表达“对某人而言更为重要的行为方式”。 It used to be that … Sb./Sth. is …. So is sb./sth. else/ So are some other people/some other things. Sb. do sth., especially when…., Sb. do sth. by… . Perhaps, even more importantly, sb. do sth. by…