Passenger Car Motor Oils 轿车发动机机油

Presentation on theme: "Passenger Car Motor Oils 轿车发动机机油"— Presentation transcript:

1 Passenger Car Motor Oils 轿车发动机机油
September 2006 2006年9月

2 Table of Contents 目录 Overview 概述 Engine Oil Background 发动机机油背景
Engine Oil Additives 发动机机油添加剂 Service Classifications 服务功能分类 Specification Background 规格背景 The SM/GF-4 Specification Requirements SM/GF-4规格要求 What’s in the Future 未来发展 ConocoPhillips PCMO Product Line ConocoPhillips PCMO产品系列

3 Engine Oil Background 发动机机油背景

4 Engine oils are very complex lubricants needed to:
Engine Oil Functions 发动机机油功能 Engine oils are very complex lubricants needed to: 发动机机油是非常复杂的润滑剂，用以实现如下功能： ●Lubricate ●润滑 -- Reduce friction & wear -- 减少磨损 ●Cool ●冷却 ●Clean ●清洁 -- Prevent deposit buildup -- 防止沉积物的聚积 ●Seal ●密封 -- Piston rings, valve guides, crankshaft seals -- 活塞环、气门导管及曲轴油封 ●Protect against rust and corrosion ●防止生锈及腐蚀 ●Protect exhaust emission control components ●防止废气排放控制成分 ●Provide improved fuel economy ●提高燃油经济性

5 Types of Engine Oils 发动机机油类型
Mineral 矿物类 Derived from refining crude oil 从原油中精炼获得 Synthetic 合成类 ● Formulated with PAO, ester, and/or Group III base oils ● 用PAO油、酯类和/或者Ⅲ类基础油配制 ● Offer better thermal stability at high temperatures, better low temperature pumpability, reduced fluid friction ● 提供了高温时更好的热稳定性，提高了低温可泵性，降低流体摩擦 Semi-synthetic 半合成类 ● Combination of mineral and synthetic base oils ● 为矿物油和合成基础油的混合体 ● Offer higher performance than mineral oils at lower cost than full synthetics ● 以比全合成油更低的成本提供比矿物油更好的性能

6 Important Engine Oil Properties 重要的发动机机油特性
● Viscosity ● 粘度 ● Viscosity Index ● 粘度指数 ● Oxidation Stability ● 氧化稳定性 ● Dispersancy ● 分散性 ● Detergency ● 去污性 ● Antiwear ● 耐磨性

7 “机油流动阻力的一种测量方法”（机油最重要的一个特性）
Viscosity 粘度 “A measure of oil’s resistance to flow” (oil’s most important characteristic) “机油流动阻力的一种测量方法”（机油最重要的一个特性） IF operating temperature viscosity is too . . . 如果工作温度粘度太…… THEN . . . 那么…… low 低 ● metal-to-metal contact will occur, resulting in friction and wear ● 将会发生金属与金属直接接触，引起磨损 ● sealing is poor ● 密封性降级 ● oil consumption may increase ● 机油消耗可能增加 high 高 ● more fluid friction will occur, resulting in poorer fuel economy ● 将产生更大的流体摩擦力，降低燃油经济性 ● heat will not be carried away as readily ● 热量不容易被带走 ● cold starting will be more difficult ● 车辆冷启动更为困难

8 “随着温度变化在粘度方便变化率的测量方式。”
Viscosity Index 粘度指数 “A measure of the rate of change in viscosity with change in temperature.” “随着温度变化在粘度方便变化率的测量方式。” ● Since Higher VI oils change viscosity less with changes in temperature, they can be used over a wider temperature range ● 因为高于VI类粘度指数的机油随温度变化较小，所以可以用于更大的温度范围 -- They do not thin out as much at high temperatures -- 这样的机油在高温时候不会变稀 -- To a lesser extent, they do not thicken as much at low temperatures -- 在低温的时候，也不会变稠 ● Viscosity must be low enough to flow at low temperatures, but thick enough to prevent metal-to-metal contact at high temperatures ● 粘度必须低到机油在低温时可以流动，但是也必须高到高温时可以防止金属和金属间的直接接触

9 Oxidation Stability 氧化稳定性
“An oil’s ability to resist oxidation in the presence of air at high temperatures.” “机油在高温时在和空气接触的情况下抗氧化的能力。” ● High quality base oils have inherent oxidation stability which may be enhanced with additives (oxidation inhibitors) ● 高品质基础油本身有着固有的氧化稳定性，通过添加剂（氧化抑制剂）还可以提高 ● Oxidation stability minimizes ● 氧化稳定性可以减少 -- Viscosity increase -- 粘度的增加 -- Bearing corrosion -- 轴承的腐蚀 -- Formation of contaminants that can form varnish and lacquer deposits -- 形成漆状沉积的污染物的形式

10 Despersancy/Detergency 去污性
“An oils ability to keep solid contaminants suspended thereby preventing sludge formation and varnish deposits on engine parts.” “机油保持固体污染物悬浮从而防止淤渣生成和发动机零部件上的漆状沉积的能力” ● Detergents prevent deposits from sticking to engine surfaces ● 用去垢剂防止沉积物粘附在发动机表面 ● Dispersants keep the contaminants in suspension until the oil is drained ● 用分散剂使污染物处于悬浮状态，直到机油被排出 ● Since additives are depleted over time, overextending oil drain intervals results in deposit formation ● 因为长时间后添加剂会消耗，所以过长的机油排放时间间隔会引起沉积形成

11 Antiwear 耐磨性 “An oil’s ability to minimize metal-to-metal contact.”
“机油减少金属和金属间的直接接触的能力。” ● Wear protection is ● 磨损防护 -- Partly achieved by using oil with proper viscosity (one that provides adequate bearing oil film thickness at operating temperature) -- 可以通过使用正确的粘度（可以在工作温度提供足够的轴承机油膜厚度的粘度）的方式部分获得 -- Enhanced by antiwear additives -- 通过使用抗磨添加剂的方式提高 ● Zinc dithiophosphate is most common antiwear additive used in engine oils ● 锌二烃基磷酸酯是使用于发动机机油最常见的抗磨添加剂 ● Most important for valve train wear protection ● 对汽门机构磨损防护尤为重要

12 Engine Oil Additives 发动机机油添加剂

13 Engine Oil Additives 发动机机油添加剂
● Viscosity index improvers ● 粘度指数改进剂 ● Anti-wear agents ● 抗磨剂 ● Friction modifiers ● 摩擦改进剂 ● Pour point depressants ● 倾点下降剂 ● Detergents ● 去污剂 ● Dispersants ● 分散剂 ● Oxidant inhibitors ● 氧化抑制剂 ● Rust and corrosion inhibitors ● 生锈及腐蚀抑制剂 ● Anti-foam agents ● 抗泡剂 ● Dyes ● 染色剂

14 Engine Oil Additives 发动机机油添加剂
Antiwear Agents form a protective coating to minimize metal-to-metal contact and wear. 抗磨剂形成了一个保护层，减少金属和金属间直接的接触和磨损。 Effective antiwear protection 有效的抗磨防护 Poor antiwear protection 较差的抗磨防护

15 Engine Oil Additives 发动机机油添加剂
● Rust and Corrosion Inhibitors protect bearings and other engine parts from rust and corrosion ●生锈及腐蚀抑制剂防止轴承和其他的发动机零部件生锈和腐蚀 ● Oxidation Inhibitors keep the oil in service longer by preventing rapid oxidation (chemical deterioration of oil) ● 氧化抑制剂通过防止快速氧化（机油的化学变质）提高机油寿命 Severe Oil Oxidation 严重的机油氧化

16 Engine Oil Additives 发动机机油添加剂
● Viscosity Index (VI) Improvers change how much viscosity changes with temperature ● 粘度指数（VI）改进剂可以改变多少随温度而发生的粘度改变 ● VI improvers make multi-grade oils possible. ● VI改进剂使多级机油成为可能 Multi-grade oils have VI improvers, single grades do not 多级机油有VI改进剂，而单级则没有 Kinemaric Viscosity 运动粘度 Temprature 温度

17 Engine Oil Additives 发动机机油添加剂
● Antifoam Agents minimize foam that interferes with proper lubrication and causes wear and damage ● 抗泡剂减少影响正确润滑及引起磨损的泡沫 ● Pour Point Depressants lower temperature at which oil flows for improved winter performance ● 倾点下降剂降低机油温度，提高机油的冬季性能

18 Engine Oil Additives 发动机机油添加剂
● Detergents keep deposits from building up on internal engine parts ● 去污剂防止在发动机内部零部件形成沉积 ● Dispersants keep contaminants suspended so they do not settle in the engine and are removed during an oil change ● 分散剂使污染物处于悬浮状态，使其不能在发动机中沉淀，并在机油更换时去除 ● Dyes are used for identification or marketing purposes only ● 染色机之用作识别或者营销目的 ● Friction Modifiers improve fuel economy by making engine components slide better ● 摩擦改进剂通过使发动机零部件更好地滑动提高燃油经济性

19 Summary 总结 Additive Type 添加剂类型 Purpose 用途 Detergents 去污剂
Reduce deposit formation 减少沉积形成 Viscosity Index Improvers 粘度指数改进剂 Reduce viscosity change with temperature 减小随温度的粘度改变 Dispersants 分散剂 Keep solid contaminants in suspension in the oil 使固体污染物在机油中悬浮 Friction Modifiers 摩擦改进剂 Improve fuel economy 提高燃油经济性 Antiwear Agents 抗磨剂 Minimize metal-to-metal contact; reduce wear 减少金属和金属间的直接接触；减少磨损 Oxidation Inhibitors 氧化抑制剂 Control oxidation and formation of sludge and acids; minimizes viscosity increase 控制氧化及沉淀物和酸性物质的形成；较少粘度增加 Rust and Corrosion Inhibitors 生锈及腐蚀抑制剂 Prevent rust and corrosion of engine parts 防止发动机零部件生锈和腐蚀 Pour Point Depressants 倾点下降剂 Lower pour point of oil for improved flow at low temperatures 机油的低倾点提高了低温条件下的流动性 Antifoam Agents 抗泡剂 Reduce foaming in the crankcase 减少曲轴箱的发泡 Dyes 染色剂 Identification or marketing purposes only 之用作识别或者营销目的

20 Engine Oil Classifications
发动机机油分类

21 Engine Oil Classification Systems
发动机机油分类体系 SAE Society of Automotive Engineers establishes viscosity grades for both “W” (winter) and straight grades 汽车工程师学会建立了冬季（W）和直接等级的粘度等级 API American Petroleum Institute established a guide for consumers indicating levels of performance for engine oils: “S” for gasoline engines and “C” for Diesel engines 美国石油组织为用户建立了表示发动机机油性能水平的指南：“S”表示汽油发动机，“C”表示柴油发动机 ILSAC International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee represents the needs of the American and Japanese auto manufacturers including fuel economy and exhaust catalyst protection 国际润滑剂标准化和批准委员会代表了美国和日本汽车制造商的需求，包括燃油经济性和排气催化剂保护

22 SAE Engine Oil Viscosity Classification
SAE Viscosity Grade SAE粘度等级 Cranking Viscosity, cP max at °C 启动粘度，°C时最大cP Pumping Viscosity, cP max at°C 泵吸粘度，°C时最大cP Kinematic Viscosity, c ST at 100°C 运动粘度，100°C时c ST High Shear Viscosity, cP min at 150°C 高剪切粘度，150°C时最小cP Minimum 最小 Maximum 最大 0W 6200 at -35 -35度时，6200 60000 at-40 -40度时，60000 3.8 - 5W 6600 at -30 -30度时，6600 60000 at -35 -35度时，60000 10W 7000 at-25 -25度时，7000 at -30 -30度时，60000 4.1 15W 7000 at-20 -20度时，7000 at -25 -25度时，60000 5.6 20W 9500 at-15 -15度时，9500 at -20 -20度时，60000 25W 13,000 at-10 -10度时，13000 at-15 -15度时，60000 9.3 20 <9.3 2.6 30 < 12.5 2.9 40 12.5 < 16.3 2.9 (OW-40, 5W-40, 10W-40) 3.7 (15W-40, 20W-40, 25W-40, 40) 50 16.3 < 21.9 3.7 60 21.9 < 26.1 Winter grades 冬季等级 Straight grades 直接等级

23 SAE Viscosity Classification SAE粘度分类
A 10W-30 engine oil must meet low temperature requirements for cranking and pumping…. 10W-30发动机机油必须满足启动和泵吸的低温要求…… SAE Viscosity Grade SAE粘度等级 Cranking Viscosity, cP max at °C 启动粘度，°C时最大cP Pumping Viscosity, cP max at°C 泵吸粘度，°C时最大cP Kinematic Viscosity, c ST at 100°C 运动粘度，100°C时c ST High Shear Viscosity, cP min at 150°C 高剪切粘度，150°C时最小cP Minimum 最小 Maximum 最大 0W 6200 at -35 -35度时，6200 60000 at-40 -40度时，60000 3.8 --- 5W 6600 at -30 -30度时，6600 60000 at -35 -35度时，60000 10W 7000 at-25 -25度时，7000 at -30 -30度时，60000 4.1 15W 7000 at-20 -20度时，7000 at -25 -25度时，60000 5.6 20W 9500 at-15 -15度时，9500 at -20 -20度时，60000 25W 13,000 at-10 -10度时，13000 at-15 -15度时，60000 9.3 20 <9.3 2.6 30 < 12.5 2.9 40 12.5 < 16.3 2.9 (OW-40, 5W-40, 10W-40) 3.7 (15W-40, 20W-40, 25W-40, 40) 50 16.3 < 21.9 3.7 60 21.9 < 26.1 as well as kinematic and high temperature high shear viscosity minimums. 以及运动和高温高剪切最小要求。

24 SAE Viscosity Classification SAE粘度分类
Grade SAE粘度等级 Cranking Viscosity, cP max at °C 启动粘度，°C时最大粘度cP 0W 6200 at-35 -35度时，6200 5W 6600 at-30 -30度时，6600 10W 7000 at-25 -25度时，7000 15W 7000 at-20 -20度时，7000 20W 9500 at-15 -15度时，9500 25W 13,000 at-10 -10度时，13,000 20 — 30 40 50 60 The first test an oil must meet to qualify as a “Winter” grade is a test for cranking. Passing this test indicates the oil will have a low enough viscosity at low temperature to allow the engine to crank fast enough to start. 第一次测试机油必须满足启动测试要求的“冬天”的质量要求。通过本测试意味着本机油有着低温条件下足够的粘度，允许发动机快速启动。 A 10W would have to be below 7000 cP at - 25 °C 10W机油应该低于- 25 °C时7000 cP的粘度

25 SAE Viscosity Classification SAE粘度分类
Grade SAE粘度等级 Cranking Viscosity, cP max at °C 启动粘度，°C时最大粘度cP Pumping Viscosity, 泵吸粘度，°°C时最大粘度cP 0W 6200 at -35 -35度时，6200 60,000 at-40 -40度时，60,000 5W 6600 at -30 -30度时，6600 60,000 at-35 -35度时，60,000 10W 7000 at -25 -25度时，7000 60,000 at-30 -30度时，60,000 15W 7000 at -20 -20度时，7000 60,000 at-25 -25度时，60,000 20W 9500 at -15 -15度时，9500 60,000 at-20 -20度时，60,000 25W 13,000 at-10 -10度时，13,000 60,000 at-15 -15度时，60,000 20 — 30 40 50 60 The next test an oil must meet to qualify as a “Winter” grade is a test for pumping. Passing this test indicates the oil will have a low enough viscosity at low temperature to allow the oil pump to move it through the engine. 下一次测试机油必须满足泵吸测试要求的“冬天”质量要求。通过本测试意味着本机油有着低温条件下足够的粘度，允许机油泵在发动机中流动。 A 10W would have to be below 60,000 cP at - 30°C 10W机油应该低于-30°C时7000 cP的粘度

26 SAE Viscosity Classification SAE粘度分类
Grade SAE粘度等级 Cranking Viscosity, cP max at °C 启动粘度，°C时最大粘度cP Pumping 泵吸粘度，°C时最大粘度cP Kinematic Viscosity, cSt at 100°C 运动粘度，100°C时cSt Minimum 最小 Maximum 最大 0W 6200 at -35 -35度时，6200 60,000 at -40 -40度时，60,000 3.8 — 5W 6600 at -30 -30度时，6600 60,000 at -35 -35度时，60,000 10W 7000 at -25 -25度时，7000 60,000 at -30 -30度时，60,000 4.1 15W 7000 at -20 -20度时，7000 60,000 at -25 -25度时，60,000 5.6 20W 9500 at-15 -15度时，9500 60,000 at -20 -20度时，60,000 25W 13,000 at-10 -10度时，13,000 60,000 at-15 -15度时，60,000 9.3 20 < 9.3 30 < 12.5 40 12.5 < 16.3 50 16.3 < 21.9 60 21.9 < 26.1 Even in cold weather, the engine will eventually warm up, so the oil has to also have a high enough viscosity at operating temperature to protect it. “Winter” oils also have to pass a minimum viscosity test at 100°C (about 210°F) 在寒冷的冬天，发动机要暖机，以便机油能够达到工作温度足够的粘度以保护发动机。“冬季”机油要通过100°C（大约210°F）时的最小粘度测试 A 10W would have to be a minimum of 4.1 cSt at 100°C 10W机油应该低于100°C时4.1 cSt的最小量

27 SAE Viscosity Classification SAE粘度分类
Kinematic Viscosity, cSt at 100°C 运动粘度，100°C时cSt High Shear Viscosity, cP min at 150°C 高剪切粘度，150°C时最小cP Minimum 最小 Maximum 最大 3.8 — 4.1 5.6 9.3 <9.3 2.6 < 12.5 2.9 12.5 < 16.3 2.9 (OW-40, 5W-40, 10W-40) 3.7 (15W-40, 20W-40, 25W-40, 40) 16.3 < 21.9 3.7 21.9 < 26.1 If an oils is to be a multi-grade, like 10W-30, two additional requirements need to be met: the oil must meet the viscosity requirements of an SAE 30 at 100°C and a High Temperature High Shear test run at 150°C 如果机油是多级别的，例如10W-30，必须满足两个额外的要求：本机油必须满足100°C 时SAE 30的粘度要求和150°C时高温高剪切粘度测试运行。 A 10W-30 would have to be between 9.3 and 12.5 cSt at 100°C and also have a minimum viscosity in the High Temperature High Shear test of 2.9 cP at 150°C 10W-30的粘度在100°C时介于9.3到12.5 cSt之间，同时满足150°C时高温高剪切粘度2.9 cP的测试。

28 API Service Categories
● API (American Petroleum Institute) establishes service classifications for engine oils ●API（美国石油组织）建立了发动机机油的I服务功能分类。 ● The first letter of the classification indicates the type of service: ● 分类的第一个字幕代表着服务功能的类别： -- “S” designations for Spark ignited engines (gasoline) -- “S”代表火花点火发动机（汽油机） -- “C” designations for Compression ignited engines (Diesel) -- “C” 代表压缩点火发动机（柴油机） ● Diesel oils will also carry a suffix designation: -2 for two-stroke engines, -4 for four stroke engines ● 柴油机用机油通常也带有一个后缀名称：-2表示两行程发动机，-4表示四行程发动机

29 API Service Categories
● The second letter indicates how recent the classification is. Oils go from “SA” to the current “SM” ● 第二个字面表示本分类是否是最近的。机油名从“SA”到最近的“SM”。 ● Oils must pass a rigorous series of both laboratory and engine tests to qualify ● 机油要通过一系列严格的实验室和发动机测试，方合格 ● These tests are conducted at testing laboratories ● 这些测试在测试实验室进行 ● Oils of the correct service classification must be used to maintain Manufacturer’s warranty ● 必须使用正确服务功能分类的机油以维持制造商的授权。 ● Newer service classification oils are back-serviceable and can be used in older engines ● 最新的服务功能类别的机油可上溯使用，可以使用用在较旧型号的发动机

30 API Service Categories
Gasoline Diesel 汽油发动机用 柴油发动机用 SA Straight mineral oil CA Light Duty (1940s-50s) SA 直接矿物油 CA 轻型（20世纪40年代到50年代） SB Inhibited oil CB Moderate Duty (1949) SB 抑制油 CB 中型（1949年） SC 1964 Warranty CC Moderate to Severe Duty (1961) SC 1964年授权 CC 中型到重型（1961年） SD 1968 Warranty CD Severe Duty (1965) SD 1968年授权 CD 重型（1965年） SE 1972 Warranty CD-II 1985 Severe-Duty Two-Stroke SE 1972年授权 CD-II 1985年重型两冲程 SF 1980 Warranty CE 1985 Diesel Engine Service SF 1980年授权 CE 1985年柴油发动机服务 SG 1989 Warranty CF Diesel Engine Service SG 1989年授权 CF 年柴油发动机服务 SH 1993 Warranty CF Indirect-Injected (1994) SH 1993年授权 CF 直接喷射发动机（1994年） SJ 1997 Warranty CF-2 Severe-Duty Two-Stroke (1994) SJ 1997年授权 CF-2 重型双冲程（1994年） SL 2001 Warranty CG Severe-Duty SL 2001年授权 CG 年重型 SM 2004 Warranty CH Severe-Duty SM 2004年授权 CH 年重型 CI Severe Duty CI 年重型 CI Upgrade of CI-4 CI 年CI-4的升级 CJ Severe Duty CJ 年重型

31 Service Classifications
服务功能分类 Service classifications and viscosity are displayed on the oil container: ILSAC on the front, API on the back 在机油容器上显示服务功能分类和粘度：ILSAC在正面，API在背面 ILSAC API ● Starburst for new car warranty ● 新轿车授权使用Starburst的证明标志 ● Low SAE grades ● 低SAE等级 ● Latest API ● 最近API ● Energy Conserving ● 节能 ● Donut for quality levels ● 质量等级使用Donut标志 ● SAE grade ● SAE等级 ● Energy Conserving ● 节能

32 Service Classifications 服务功能分类
● Engine and laboratory tests for each specification are very similar. Exception: ILSAC requires a fuel economy test proving fuel economy improvement with fresh oil as well as improvement after the oil has been run in the test engine for 96 hours (the equivalent of 4000 miles of driving) ● 每一种规格机油的发动机和实验室测试都是类似的。但是也有例外：ILSAC还需要进行燃油经济性测试，以证明使用新机油后其燃油经济性得到提高，同时证明测试发动机在运行96小时（相当于行驶4000英里）后燃油经济性得到提高。 ● An oil can meet “SM” but not be qualified as “GF-4” ● 机油可能满足“SM”，但是“GF-4”可能不合格 -- Higher viscosity oils cannot meet fuel economy requirements for GF-4 -- 更高粘度的机油可能不能满足GF-4的燃油经济性要求 ● Most American and Japanese manufacturers require GF-4 for their warranties ● 大多数美国和日本的汽车制造商要求对GF-4的授权

33 Specification Background 规格背景

34 Specification Background 规格背景
Historically engine oil specification changes were driven by problems observed in the field. 现场发现的问题驱使发动机机油规格发生变化。 These specifications were long-lived and often included a new or modified test to address the problem. 这些规格是长期存在的，通常包括一项新的或者改良的测试，以提出该问题。 Examples of reasons for past specification changes 过去规格改变的原因举例

35 Why New Specifications? 为什么要有新的规格？
● Historical reasons ● 历史原因 -- Provide customer satisfaction -- 提供客户满意度 -- Increased engine durability -- 增加的发动机耐用性 -- Solve field problems -- 解决现场问题 -- Advanced vehicle technology -- 先进的汽车技术 ● More recent reasons ● 更多的当前原因 -- Longer service (drain) intervals -- 更长的保养（排放）间隔 -- Many new cars are leased for fixed terms and do not receive regular maintenance -- 许多新轿车为定期租用，不需要接受定期保养 -- Many consumers do not perform regular maintenance, so manufacturers require more robust oils -- 许多客户没有进行定期保养，所以制造商需要更多的稳固的机油

36 Why New Specifications? 为什么要有新的规格？
● Assist auto manufacturers in meeting tighter federal standards ● 帮助汽车制造商满足更为严格的联邦标准 -- Federal Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) -- 联邦公司平均燃油经济性（CAFE） ● Requires 27.5 mpg for passenger cars, 20.7 for light trucks ● 乘用车需要27.5 mpg，轻型卡车需啊哟20.7 mpg ● Lighter viscosity grade oils preferred ● 首选更轻级的粘度级别 -- Federal Clean Air Act Amendments -- 联邦空气清洁法令修正版 ● Exhaust catalyst protection ● 废气催化剂保护 -- Lower phosphorous levels -- 更低的磷水平 -- Lower oil volatility -- 更低的机油挥发性 -- Longer catalyst life -- 更长的催化剂寿命

37 Why New Specifications? 为什么要有新的规格？
● Consumer desire to reduce oil consumption ● 客户希望降低油耗 ● Consumer preference for larger, more powerful vehicles ● 客户偏爱更大型的更大功率的汽车 ● Fit manufacturer’s marketing strategy ● 配合制造商的营销战略 -- Offer longer warranties -- 提供更长的保证期 -- Some offer free oil changes to encourage consumers to practice better preventive maintenance -- 一些制造商提供免费的机油更换，以鼓励客户进行更好的保护性保养

38 The SM/GF-4 Specification SM/GF-4规格

39 ILSAC GF-4 Drivers ILSAC GF-4驱使因素
● Main driver: Tier 2 Emissions Standards that begin phase-in with 2004 model year vehicles ● 主要驱使因素：在2004年车型年车辆逐步采用的美国Tier 2排放标准 ● Improved emissions system protection ● 改进的排放系统保护 -- Reduced phosphorus & sulfur content -- 降低了磷和硫含量 ● New test to measure high temperature wear ● 实施新的测试，测量高温磨损 ● Improved fuel economy & fuel economy retention ● 改进的燃油经济性和燃油经济性保持 ● Improved oxidation/piston deposit control ● 改进的氧化/活塞沉积物控制 ● Retention of low temperature pumpability on used oil ● 旧机油低温泵吸性保持

40 Tier 2 vs. Tier 1 Clean Air Standards 美国Tier2及Tier1空气清洁标准对比

41 ILSAC GF-4 vs. GF-3 Requirements ILSAC GF-4及GF-3要求对比

42 ILSAC GF-4 Timeline ILSAC GF-4执行时间表
● Original first commercial use: 4th Quarter 2003 ● 首次商业使用：2003年第4季度 ● Original mandatory use: 3rd Quarter 2004 ● 初次强制使用2004年第3季度 -- GF-4 introduction delayed due to concerns about phosphorus levels & backwards compatibility -- 因为磷水平及向后兼容性，GF-4推介被延迟 ● Proposed limits agreed to: July 2003 ● 协定的提议时间界限：2003年7月 ● New first commercial use: July 2004 ● 最近商业使用：2004年7月 ● New mandatory use: April 2005 ● 最近强制使用：2005年4月

43 SM/GF-4 Formulation Impact SM/GF-4配方的影响
● Requires increased antioxidant level ● 需要更高的抗氧化水平 -- Antioxidant levels up -- 抗氧化水平提高 ● Longer oil drains made possible ● 可能形成更长时间的机油排放 ● Less oil thickening for better lubrication/less wear ● 更少的机油增稠，更好的润滑性/更少的磨损 ● Requires more robust dispersant ● 需要更稳固的分散剂 -- Cleaner internal engine surfaces, less sludge -- 发动机内表面更为清洁，更少的泥状沉积 -- Less chance of oil passage or oil screen plugging -- 更少的油管或者机油过滤网堵塞机会 -- Fewer piston deposits, less ring sticking, better engine performance over life of car -- 更少的活塞沉积物，更少的活塞环胶结机会，整车寿命中更好的发动机性能

44 SM/GF-4 Formulation Impact SM/GF-4配方的影响
● Improved fuel economy ● 提高了燃油经济性 -- Improved air quality -- 提高了空气质量 ● Better protection of exhaust emission control devices ● 对废气排放控制装置提供了更好的保护 ● Better valve train wear protection ● 更好的气门机构磨损保护

45 Performance upgrade over GF-3/SL quality oils GF-3/SL品质机油基础上的性能升级
Summary 总结 Performance upgrade over GF-3/SL quality oils GF-3/SL品质机油基础上的性能升级

46 Synthetic Blends 合成混合机油
76, Kendall, Phillips 66, & Conoco GF-4 motor oils are now……. 76、Kendall、Phillips 66及Conoco GF-4机油现在都是…… Synthetic Blends 合成混合机油

47 Synthetic Blend Advantages 合成混合机油的优势
● Superior oxidation control ● 良好的氧化控制 -- Purer components offer enhanced stability -- 更纯净的成分使稳定性提高 ● Less sludge & varnish formation ● 更少的泥状和漆状沉积物的形成 ● Fewer deposits ● 更少的沉积物 -- Viscosity control -- 粘度控制 ● Reduced oil thickening ● 降低了机油增稠 ● Lower Volatility ● 更低的挥发性 -- Reduced oil consumption & oil thickening -- 减少了机油消耗和机油增稠 ● Exceptional oil flow pumpability ● 良好的机油泵吸性 -- Reduced flow times and engine friction -- 减少了流动次数及发动机摩擦 Premium performance from startup to shut down under all temperature conditions 从启动到停车期间所有温度条件下的优异性能

48 TEOST MHT- 4 Deposit Test Results TEOST MHT- 4沉积测试结果
Conoco 5W20 Brand A 10W30 品牌A 10W30 Motorcraft 5w-20 had 3 times the deposit protection power of a leading 10W-30, deposits in oil and on rod are measured. Motorcraft 5w-20机油的沉积保护能力比领先的10W-30优异三倍，其机油中和杆上的沉积物都经过了测量。 The 5W-20 had more than 3 times the deposit protection of a leading 10W-30 5W-20机油的沉积保护比领先的10W-30要优异三倍

49 Conventional vs Synthetic vs Semi-Synthetic 常规机油、合成机油和半合成机油的对比
● Benefits of synthetics over conventional engine oils: ● 合成机油的性能要比常规的发动机机油好： ● Synthetics provide additional thermal and oxidative stability ● 合成机油提供了额外的热稳定性和氧化稳定性 ● Synthetics have better cold temperature properties than conventional motor oils ● 合成机油比常规机油拥有更好的低温性能 ● Synthetics offer better protection for vehicles under severe driving ● 合成机油在严苛的驾驶条件下为车辆提供了更好的保护 ● Consider: ● 考虑到 ● Vehicle ● 车辆 ● Driving habits ● 驾驶习惯 ● Oil change interval ● 机油更换间隔 ● Climate ● 气候 Partial synthetic/semisynthetic/synthetic blend – synthetic considered to be a sign of quality 部分合成机油/半合成机油/合成混合——合成被看成是品质的标志

50 Synthetic Blend vs. Leading Full Synthetic 合成混合机油和领先的全合成机油对比
-40°F Pour Test -40°F时倾倒测试 ConocoPhillips’ synthetic blends offer performance very close to that of leading full synthetics at low temperatures ConocoPhillips的合成混合机油在低温条件下提供了领先的全合成机油相似的性能 SB 5W-20 FS 5W-30

51 Synthetic Blend vs. Mineral Oil 合成混合机油和矿物机油的对比
-40°F Pour Test -40°F时倾倒测试 ConocoPhillips’ synthetic blends offer premium cold temperature flow over conventional oils ConocoPhillips的合成混合机油提供了比常规机油优异的低温流动性

52 Premium Cold Flow 优异的低温流动性
Synthetic blends offer premium cold temperature flow for added protection at startup 合成混合机油在启动时为额外保护提供了优异的低温流动性 19,000 44,000 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 Viscosity, -35C -35C时，粘度cP 76 Super 5W-30 76超级5W-30机油 Conventional 5W-30 常规5W-30机油 Oil Flow at Cold Temperature 低温条件下的机油流动

53 Improved Fuel Economy 改进的燃油经济性
Synthetic blends offer benefits to your customers that will affect them and the environment. 合成混合机油为客户提供了对客户和环境有影响的益处 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 Average % Fuel Economy 平均燃油经济性% Typical GF-3 5W-20 典型的GF-3 5W-20机油 76 Super Synthetic Blend 5W-20 76超级合成混合5W-20机油

54 U.S. Automakers Service Fill Requirements 美国汽车制造商的机油要求

55 Ford WSS-M2C153-H Service Fill 福特WSS-M2C153-H机油
● Ford recommends SAE 5W-20 meeting Ford specification WSS-M2C153-H for 2001 and later model year vehicles, and also for many earlier models ● 福特推荐使用满足福特WSS-M2C153-H规格的2001年和以后多年车型使用的SAE 5W-20机油，也适用于许多早期车型 -- 5W-30 still recommended for liter 年4.0升车型依然推荐使用5W-30机油 ● Ford does not require synthetic blend SAE 5W-20 ● 福特不要求使用合成混合的SAE 5W-20机油 -- Motorcraft 5W-20 is a synthetic blend -- Motorcraft 5W-20机油是一种合成混合机油 ● Ford has tested backward compatibility in several older models ● 福特已经在多款以往车型上进行了上溯兼容性测试

56 SAE 5W-20 for Ford & Honda 福特和本田使用的SAE 5W-20机油
● Lower viscosity oil is preferred to maximize fuel economy savings ● 首选低粘度机油，增加燃油经济性 ● ConocoPhillips was an industry leader in developing this technology and was the first company to supply a commercial product to the automotive industry for initial engine fill in new vehicles ● ConocoPhillips公司在本技术开发领域处于行业领先位置，也是最早在新车型上向汽车工业提商业产品的公司 ● SAE 5W-20 products are available in all our brands ● 本公司所有品牌均提供SAE 5W-20机油产品

57 GM 6094M Service Fill Specification GM 6094M机油规格
● All oil marketers wishing to claim GM 6094M performance must “register” these oils with GM ● 所有请求销售GM 6094M的机油销售商必须在通用汽车公司“注册”这些机油 -- Submit physical properties and engine test data -- 提交物理特性和发动机测试数据 -- Different base stocks require separate registration -- 不同的基本原料要求单独注册 -- Applies to SAE 0W-30, 5W-30, & 10W-30 viscosity grades -- 适用于SAE 0W-30、5W-30和10W-30的粘度等级 ● Requirements: ILSAC GF-4 plus enhanced low temperature pumpability ● 要求：ILSAC GF-4增加了加强的低温泵吸性 ● All mainline and premium motor oils for all 4 brands are registered with GM ● 所有四个品牌的主导和优质机油均需在通用汽车公司注册

58 European Automakers Service Fill Requirements 欧洲汽车制造商的机油要求

59 Mercedes-Benz Maintenance Commitment 梅赛德斯-奔驰的保养要求
● Effective 8/2003, MB USA requires the use of Mobil 1 SAE 0W-30 for all MB USA-paid Maintenance Commitment oil services ● 从2003年8月开始，MB美国要求所有MB在美国付款的保养会员会机油服务使用Mobil 1 SAE 0W-30机油 -- Included with all models -- 包括所有车型 ● Mobil 1 is only oil that currently meets MB 229.5 ● Mobil 1是当前满足MB 229.5的唯一机油 ● Customer-paid oil changes may continue to use MB full synthetics for MY 2003 and earlier vehicles ● 客户付款的机油更换可以在MY 2003和早期车型上继续使用MB 229.3全合成机油 -- 76 Pure Synthetic 5W-40 -- 76 纯净合成5W-40机油 -- Kendall GT-1 Full Synthetic 5W-40 -- Kendall GT-1全合成5W-40机油

60 Audi RS6 Special Requirement 奥迪RS6的特殊要求
● Audi RS6 4.2L Turbo engine requires full synthetic meeting VW specification ● 奥迪RS6 4.2L涡轮发动机要求满足大众505.01规格的全合成机油 ● Castrol has the only oil currently meeting VW ● 当前只有Castrol有满足大众505.01的机油 ● VW is not cooperating in getting other oils approved ● 大众没有合作取得其他批准的机油 -- VW intended as interim spec until more VW oils available -- VW 在有更多的VW 机油之前可以作为中间规格使用

61 Porsche Engine Oil Approvals 保时捷发动机机油要求
● New requirements effective 11/2002 ● 新的要求从2002年11月开始生效 -- ACEA A3, VW PV 1449 endurance test, Porsche 200 hour engine oil approval test -- ACEA A3、VW PV 1449耐久性测试，保时捷200小时发动机机油合格性检验 ● Currently approved oils must pass new tests before approval is renewed ● 当前合格的机油在重新取得核准之前必须通过新的测试

62 Manufacturer’s Free Maintenance Strategy 汽车制造商的免费保养战略
● Promote use of SAE 5W-20 oils (better fuel efficiency) ● 促进SAE 5W-20机油（更好的燃油经济性）的使用 ● Ensure owners change their oil during warranty, especially for leased vehicles ● 确保车主在保质期内进行机油更换，特别是租用车辆 ● Encourage consumers to perform better maintenance practices, especially for leased vehicles ● 鼓励客户进行更好的维护保养，特别是租用车辆 ● Consumers keep purchased vehicles longer ● 客户使购买的车辆寿命更长 ● Some manufacturers offering longer purchase warranties ● 一些制造商提供更长的购买保质期

63 PCMOs: What Is In The Future? PCMO的未来走向
● Direct injection gasoline engines ● 直接喷射机油发动机 -- Better fuel economy -- 更好的燃油经济性 -- Lower emissions -- 更低的排放 ● Camless valve trains ● 无凸轮气门机构 -- Lower antiwear requirement -- 更低的抗磨需要 ● Diesel engines for passenger cars and trucks ● 乘用车辆和卡车用柴油发动机 -- Lower emissions (Kyoto agreement) -- 更低的排放（京都协议） ● Potential for diesel-electric hybrids ● 柴油—电力混合车的潜能

64 76 PCMO Product Line 76 PCMO产品系列

65 76 PCMO Product Line 76 PCMO产品系列
● Premium synthetic motor oils ● 高级合成机油 -- 76 High Performance Full Synthetic Motor Oil -- 76高性能全合成机油 -- 76 High Performance Track Full Synthetic Motor Oil -- 76高性能路轨全合成机油 -- 76 Pure Synthetic Motor Oil -- 76纯合成机油 ● Premium motor oils ● 高级机油 -- 76 High Performance Motor Oil -- 76高性能机油 -- 76 Super Synthetic Blend Motor Oil -- 76超级合成混合机油 -- 76 Super High Mileage Synthetic Blend -- 76超级大里程合成混合机油 ● Mainline motor oils ● 主导机油 -- 76 Super Motor Oil -- 76超级机油 -- 76 Firebird LD Motor Oil (Re-refined) -- 76 Firebird LD机油（再精炼） ● Older vehicles ● 较前车型 -- 76 Custom Motor Oil -- 76常规机油

66 76 High Performance Full Synthetic Motor Oil 76高性能全合成机油
● SM/GF-4 (5W-30, 10W-30), API SJ (20W-50) ● SM/GF-4 (5W-30、10W-30)、API SJ (20W-50) ● DaimlerChrysler MS-6395N, MS-6395L (5W-30, 10W-30) ●DaimlerChrysler MS-6395N、MS-6395L (5W-30、10W-30) ● Ford WSS-M2C929-A (5W-30) WSS-M2C205-A (10W-30) ● 福特WSS-M2C929-A (5W-30) WSS-M2C205-A (10W-30) ● GM 6094M (5W-30, 10W-30) ● GM 6094M (5W-30、10W-30) ● 76 High Performance Synthetic Motor Oil is a 100% synthetic motor oil especially designed to offer superior protection for today's hotter-running and higher-revving automobile and light truck engines ● 76高性能合成机油是一种特别设计的100%的合成机油，为当期更高温度运行和更高转速的车辆和轻型卡车发动机提供优等保护 ● Features a blend of select synthetic base stocks, detergents, special-purpose additives and antiwear agents to keep engines running cleaner, cooler, longer ● 其特点为选择了合成基础材料、去污剂、特种添加剂和抗磨剂进行混合，使发动机的运行更清洁，冷却性能更好，运行时间更长。

67 76 High Performance Track Full Synthetic Motor Oil
76 高性能路轨全合成机油 ● Recommended for use in racing applications. Racetrack proven in high-performance engines, including the NASCAR® Winston Cup Series. 76 high-performance engine oils have won more NASCAR® races than any other motor oil. ● 竞赛应用推荐使用。高性能发动机证明的赛道，包括NASCAR®温斯顿杯系列。76高性能发动机机油比其他机油赢得更多的NASCAR®竞赛。 ● Meets or exceeds the requirements of: ● 满足或者超过下面要求： -- API Service SJ, CF -- API Service SJ、CF ● Outstanding Features ● 突出的特性 ● Excellent resistance to viscosity and thermal breakdown ● 良好的粘度抗力和热破坏 ● Protects against engine sludge and varnish deposits ● 保护发动机，防止形成泥状和漆状沉积物的形成 ● Outstanding wear protection ● 杰出的磨损保护 ● Excellent rust and bearing corrosion protection ● 良好的生锈和轴承腐蚀保护 ● Outstanding low temperature properties ● 杰出的低温性能 ● Good foam resistance ● 良好的抗泡性 ● Formulated for engines equipped with turbochargers ● 为装配有涡轮增压器的发动机定制

68 76 Pure Synthetic Motor Oil 76纯合成机油
● API SL/CF (5W-40) ● Meets or exceeds the requirements of: ● 满足或者超过下面要求： -- BMW High Performance Synthetic Oil (U.S.) BMW Longlife Oil (outside the U.S.) -- 宝马高性能合成机油（美国）宝马Longlife机油（美国境外） -- Mercedes-Benz Sheet 229.3, 229.1 -- 梅赛德斯-奔驰Sheet 229.3, 229.1 -- Porsche -- 保时捷 -- Volkswagen , , -- 大众505.00, , ● Outstanding resistance to viscosity and thermal breakdown at high temperatures ● 高温时杰出的粘度和热破坏抗力 ● Outstanding wear protection ● 杰出的磨损保护

69 76 High Performance Motor Oil 76高性能机油
● API SM ● Available in 10W-30, 10W-40, and 20W-50 grades ● 10W-30、10W-40和20W-50等级方面可用 ● Offers outstanding oxidation resistance, low volatility for reduced oil consumption and superior high/low temperature protection under extreme operating conditions ● 在极端工作条件下提供杰出的抗氧化性、保证降低燃油消耗时的低挥发性及优异的高/低温保护性 -- Additional anti-foam to aid in lubricating higher revving engines -- 在润滑更高的转速的发动机方面提供额外的抗泡性 -- Specifically formulated for today's higher revving, hotter running engines -- 为当前更高转速和更高温度运转的发动机特别定制 -- Has been used successfully by some of the premier racing teams in their most demanding, highest horsepower engines on the NASCAR ® Winston Cup Circuit -- 成功使用于一些在NASCAR ®温斯顿杯环道上的主要的赛车团队的最苛求的最大马力的发动机上

70 76 Super Synthetic Blend Motor Oil 76超级合成混合机油
● API Service SM, SL, ILSAC GF-4 ● DaimlerChrysler MS-6395N, MS-6395L ● 戴姆勒-克莱斯勒MS-6395N、MS-6395L ● Ford WSS-M2C929-A (SAE 5W-30), WSS-M2C930-A (SAE 5W-20), WSS-M2C205-A (SAE 10W-30) ● 福特WSS-M2C929-A (SAE 5W-30)、WSS-M2C930-A (SAE 5W-20)、WSS-M2C205-A (SAE 10W-30) ● GM 6094M, GM (SAE 5W-20), GM (SAE 5W-30) ● 通用6094M、通用 (SAE 5W-20)和通用 (SAE 5W-30) ● Friction-modified for improved fuel economy ● 用于提供燃油经济性的摩擦改良机油 ● Formulated to help protect vehicle emissions control systems ● 为保护车辆排放控制系统定制 ● Resists viscosity and thermal breakdown at high temperatures ● 高温条件下抗粘度和热破坏 ● Protects against engine sludge and varnish deposits ● 防止发动机泥状和漆状沉积物形成 ● Excellent wear protection ● 良好的磨损保护 ● Excellent rust and bearing corrosion protection ● 良好的生锈和轴承腐蚀保护 ● Low volatility for reduced oil consumption ● 减低油耗的低粘度 ● Excellent low-temperature pumpability for cold starts ● 冷启动用良好的低温泵吸性

71 76 Super High Mileage Synthetic Blend 76超级大里程合成混合机油
● Recommended for use in older vehicles with more than 75,000 miles. Also provides excellent protection for newer vehicles calling for API SM, SJ, SH or SG quality oils. ● 在里程超过75,000英里的老旧车型上推荐使用。对要求使用API SM、SJ、SH或者SG质量要求的机油来说也能够提供了良好的保护。 ● Meets or exceeds the requirements of: API Service SM, SJ, SH, SG ● 满足或者超过API Service SM、SJ、SH和SG的要求 ● Reconditions and revitalizes engine seals reduces oil leaks ● 修复和更新发动机密封性，减少漏油 ● Helps maximize engine performance ● 帮助最大化实现发动机性能 ● Provides wear protection ● 提供磨损保护 ● Excellent resistance to viscosity and thermal breakdown at high temperatures ● 高温时对粘度和热破坏的良好的抗力 ● Protects against engine sludge and varnish deposits ● 防止发动机产生泥状和漆状沉淀物 ● Excellent rust and bearing corrosion protection ● 良好的生锈和轴承腐蚀保护 ● Outstanding low-temperature fluidity for easier cold starts ● 更容易的冷启动的杰出的低温流动性 ● Low volatility for reduced oil consumption. Helps minimize exhaust smoke ● 低挥发性，减少机油消耗。帮助减少排气烟度

72 76 Super Motor Oil 76超级机油 ● API SM (20W-50, 30, and 40)
● Provides easy starting at low temperatures, better fuel economy, low oil consumption and low wear under all driving conditions ● 所有驾驶条件下，提供低温时容易的启动、更好的燃油经济性、较低的机油消耗和和较低的磨损 ● Offers exceptional resistance to oxidation that causes oil thickening ● 提供引起机油增稠的氧化的优良的抗力

73 76 Firebird™ LD Motor Oil 76 Firebird™ LD机油
● API SM/ILSAC GF-4 (10W-30) ● API SM (20W-50) ● Designed for gasoline-powered passenger cars, light trucks and sport utility vehicles ● 针对汽油发动机轿车、轻型卡车和运动型多功能车设计 ● Formulated with high quality re-refined base stocks ● 用高质量再精炼基础材料定制 ● First re-refined to carry API SM ● 一次再精炼以执行API SM ● First re-refined lubricant used in NASCAR® sanctioned events ● 使用于NASCAR®制裁事件中的一次再精炼滑润剂 ● Protected championship cars of Golden West Motorsports in 1995 NASCAR® Featherlite Tour and NASCAR® Winston West Series ● 为1995年NASCAR® Featherlite巡回赛和1996到1998年NASCAR®温斯顿西部系列赛的Golden West Motorsports车队的冠军车辆提供保护

74 76 Custom Motor Oil 76常规机油 ● Available in a straight SAE 30 and 40 grades ● 直接SAE 30和40等级中使用 ● Designed for older passenger cars and light trucks (pre-1989) in light duty service ● 为老旧轿车和轻型卡车（1989年以前）的轻质服务设计 ● Meets the specifications of API SF/CD ● 满足API SF/CD的要求 ● High dispersancy/detergency protects against engine sludge and varnish deposits ● 高去垢性防止发动机产生泥状和漆状沉积物 ● Good resistance to wear and foam ● 良好的磨损和发泡抗性 ● Should not be used in newer cars ● 不可用于较新车型

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