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工 程 热 力 学 Engineering Thermodynamics
主 讲 人:赵 蕾 Zhao Lei 西安建筑科技大学环境与市政工程学院 School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology
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教师介绍 赵 蕾, 博士,副教授, 硕士生导师 环境与市政工程学院 Address:环境与市政工程学院实验教学楼206室热工流力教研室
赵 蕾, 博士,副教授, 硕士生导师 环境与市政工程学院 Address:环境与市政工程学院实验教学楼206室热工流力教研室 Tel:
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助教介绍 Name: Address:高层研究生公寓 Tel:
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Introduction (绪论) What does thermodynamics concern?
Main Contents of Engineering Thermodynamics Some Requirements for this course
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Thermodynamics can be defined as a branch of science of energy.
工程热力学是重要的技术基础课 Thermodynamics can be defined as a branch of science of energy. Therme dynamis (Greek words) heat power 热能 Thermal Energy
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§0.1 What does thermodynamics concerns? (热力学涉及哪些内容?)
Thermodynamics is the branch of science which studies the rule that governs the transformation of thermal energy to other forms of energy. Also it studies how to use thermal energy efficiently. 工程热力学是一门研究热能有效利用及热能和其它形式能量转换规律的科学 It includes all aspects of energy and energy transformations(能量转换), including power generation, refrigeration and relationships among the properties of matter.
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(Thermal Energy →Mechanical Energy 汽车 (热能→机械能) Vehicle
热电厂(热能→机械能) Thermal Power Plant (Thermal Energy →Mechanical Energy 汽车 (热能→机械能) Vehicle (Thermal Energy → Mechanical Energy) 飞机(热能→机械能) Aeroplane (Thermal Energy →Mechanical Energy 冰箱 (机械能→热能) Refrigerator (Mechanical Energy → Thermal Energy
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Why do we need to learn Engineering Thermodynamics?
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(Natural energy resources)
2.自然界中的能源 (Natural energy resources) 自然能源的种类 (Categories of natural energy resources) A.化学能(Chemical energy ): such as : 煤炭 (coal) 石油 (crude oil) 天然气( natural gas ) 沼气 (firedamp, etc).
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B. 机械能(Mechanical energy)
such as: 风力资源 (wind resources) 水力资源 (water resources) 潮汐能 (tidal energy), etc. C. 热 能( Thermal energy) 太阳能(solar energy) 地热能(geothermal energy),etc. D. 原子能(Nuclear energy )
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Mechanical energy can be used directly.
(2) 能源的利用(Utilization of Energy Resources ) Combustion(燃烧) Chemical energy Thermal energy Mechanical energy can be used directly. Fusion or fission reaction Nuclear energy Thermal energy (核聚变或和裂变) directly used Thermal energy indirectly used
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能源转换与利用的关系(Relationship between energy transformation and utilization)
生物质 风 能 水 能 化 学 能 核 能 地 热 能 太 阳 能 一次能源 (天然存在) 燃料电池 光电转换 燃烧 聚变 裂变 光热 转换 利用 水轮机 水车 风车 热 能 90% 热机 机 械 能 二次能源 发电机 电动机 直接利用 电 能
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(3) 能量转换的共同点(A rule in common)
90% of energy resources are transformed into thermal energy before it is used. Then, thermal energy is transformed into mechanical energy and used indirectly How can thermal energy be transformed into mechanical energy more efficiently?
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(What does Thermodynamics study?)
3.热力学的研究对象 (What does Thermodynamics study?) transformed Thermal energy Mechanical energy (1) 广泛性 universally Heart the heating and air-conditioning systems, the refrigerator, humidifier, the pressure cooker, the water heater, the shower, the iron and even the computer. automotive engines,rockets, jet engines,and conventional and nuclear power plans, solar collector and the design of vehicles from ordinary cars to airplanes.
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(2)代表性( Representatively )
Disorganized energy organized energy (无序能) (有序能) transformed (3)实用性 (Practicality)
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4.能量转换的一些实例 (Examples of Some energy transformation application ) (1)火力发电装置 (Steam power plant)
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火力发电装置基本特点 1、热源 2、工质 (水,蒸汽) 3、工质状态的变化 (加压、加热、 膨胀做功、放热) 4、冷源 过热器 汽轮机 锅
炉 发电机 凝汽器 给水泵
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热 源 (Hot Reservoir) 冷 源 (Cold Reservoir)
Generalized Representation of Heat Engines (热机工作原理的示意) 热 源 (Hot Reservoir) 冷 源 (Cold Reservoir)
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How many W can be produced by absorbing QH?
Is there any relationship between QH,QL and W? Is QL necessarily to be discharged to its surroundings, becoming waste energy?
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(2) 内燃机装置 Internal combustion engine
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空气、油 废气 吸气 压缩点火 排气 膨胀
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内燃机装置基本特点 1、热源 2、工质(燃气) 3、工质经历状态变化 (加压、加热、 膨胀做功、放热) 4、冷源
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(3)制冷空调装置 Refrigeration System
冰箱 (Refrigerator)
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(3)制冷空调装置 Refrigeration System
1、冷源 2、工质(制冷剂) 3、循环 (加压消耗外界的功量、放热、膨胀、吸热) 4、热源
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(4) Main Factors in energy transformation
(能量转换中的主要因素) Heat source of high temperature (高温热源 hot reservoir) Working substance or working medium (工作介质) C. The change in state of working medium (工质的 状态变化) D. Heat sink of low temperature (低温冷源 cold reservoir) Thermal energy reservoir: heat source heat sink
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§0.2 研究的主要内容 Main Contents
能量转换的基本定律 Basic Principles of Thermodynamics 热力学第一定律 (能量守恒原理) The first law of thermodynamics (conservation of energy principle) For example: a rock falling off a cliff human body It asserts that energy is a kind of thermodynamic property of substance.
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(2) 热力学第二定律 The second law of thermodynamics () It asserts that energy has quantity as well as quality and actual process occur in the direction of decreasing quality of energy. 阐明能量不仅有量的属性,而且也有质的属性,过程总是朝着能量贬值的方向进行。 For example: a cup of hot water
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2.工质的性质 Properties of Working Medium
(1) 理想气体的性质 Properties of Ideal Gases (2) 水蒸气的性质 Properties of Steam or Water Vapor (3) 湿空气 Moist Air
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3. 工程应用 Some applications
喷管中的流动 Flow through Nozzles (2) 动力循环 Power Cycles (3) 制冷循环Refrigeration Cycles
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主要内容 Main Contents 第一章 热力学基础知识 第二章 理想气体的热力性质 第三章 热力学第一定律 第四章 理想气体的热力过程
第一章 热力学基础知识 第二章 理想气体的热力性质 第三章 热力学第一定律 第四章 理想气体的热力过程 第五章 热力学第二定律 第七章 水蒸气 第八章 湿空气 第九章 蒸气的流动 第十章 蒸气的动力循环 第十一章 制冷循环
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√ 4.工程热力学研究方法 (Study Method) (1) 宏观方法 ( Classical Method)
连续体(continuum),用宏观物理量描述其状态,其基本规律是无数经验的总结 特点:可靠,普遍,不能任意推广 经典 (宏观,平衡)热力学 classical (macroscopic, equilibrium) thermodynamics √
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(2) 微观方法(Statistical Method)
从微观粒子的运动及相互作用角度研究热现象及规律。 Microscopic approach is based on the average behavior of large groups of individual particles 特点:揭示本质,模型近似 微观(统计)热力学 microscopic (statistical) thermodynamics
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§0.3 教 学 要 求 Some Requirements for this course
1. Clearly understand and firmly grasp of the basic principles 弄清基本概念,注意每章后的思考题 2. Finish the assignment independently and submit it a week after it is assigned. 独立完成作业,布置作业后的下周按时交
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3、Explore your activeness, think hard, attend to discussion in class
3、Explore your activeness, think hard, attend to discussion in class. 发挥主观能动性,勤于思考,积极课堂讨论, 4、Solve problems as soon as it is discovered 有问题及时解决,不要拖至考试
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Problem Solving Technique (解题方法)
(1) Problem statement (问题陈述) (2) Schematic (示意图) (3) Assumptions (假设) (4) Physical Laws (物理定律) (5) Properties (物性参数) (6) Calculations (计算) (7) Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion (推理、证明和讨论)
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Requirements for writing form
(对作业的要求) Neatness (整洁) Organization (有条理) Completeness (完整) Visual appearance (工整) 请在布置了作业以后的一周内交作业。 作业得分在C及以下的同学可以重新做好之后 请老师另阅。
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Remark on Significant Digits (有效数字)
Reporting results should be rounded to three significant digits. (结果保留三位有效数字) It is more appropriate to retain all the digits during intermediate calculations and to do the rounding in the final step.
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About the Exam 考试成绩 1、Assignment 10% (平时作业10%) 2、Exercise and discussion in class 10% (课堂练习及讨论参与情况 10%) 3、Experiment 10% (实验情况及报告10%) 3、Final Exam 70%( 期末考试70%)
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热力学方面获诺贝尔奖的科学家(1) J.D.范.德瓦尔斯 Johannes van der Waals (1837-1923) 荷兰
气体和液体状态方程 1910年诺贝尔物理学奖
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热力学方面获诺贝尔奖的科学家(2) M.普朗克 Max Planck ( ) 德国 发现能量子(量子理论) 热力学第二定律 1918年诺贝尔物理学奖
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热力学方面获诺贝尔奖的科学家(3) W.H.能斯特 Walther Hermann Nernst ( ) 德国 热化学,熵基准 1920年因发现热力学第三定律获诺贝尔化学奖。(1921年补发)
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热力学方面获诺贝尔奖的科学家(4) L.昂萨格 Lars Onsager ( ) 美国 不可逆过程热力学理论 1968-因创立多种热动力作用之间相互关系的理论获诺贝尔化学奖。
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热力学方面获诺贝尔奖的科学家(5) I.普里高津 Ilya Prigogine (1917-) 比利时 热力学的耗散结构理论 1977年因提出热力学的耗散结构理论诺贝尔化学奖
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热力学方面获诺贝尔奖的科学家(6) K.G.威尔逊 Kenneth G. Wilson (1936-) 美国 临界重整化群理论 1982年诺因提出关于相变的临界现象理论获贝尔物理奖
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References 参 考 书 1、工程热力学 沈维道等 高教出版社 2、工程热力学 曾丹苓等 高教出版社 3、工程热力学 刘桂玉等 高教出版社 4、工程热力学 何雅玲等 5、Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics Gordon J. et al. Fifth ed 6、Thermodynamics, Yunus A. Gengel et al. Fourth Edition 外文教材(每班至少每个宿舍有1本~2本)
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绪 论 完 End of Preface
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