句子的成分 五大基本句型.

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1 句子的成分 五大基本句型

2 句子的成分 主语、谓语、宾语、表语 定语、状语、补语（宾语补足语）
???????? ??????.....?????...... 动词，名词，代词，副词， 形容词，介词…

3 词性 句子的成分 动词，名词，代词，副词， 形容词，介词… （孤立地记住一个单词的词性） 主语、谓语（动词）、宾语、表语
定语、状语、补语（宾语补足语）

4 That lady is a well-known scientist.
形容词作定语 That lady is a well-known scientist. 名词作主语 名词作表语 We have finished reading this book. 谓语动词 They are talking about the new student. 名词作宾语 They made her happy. 形容词作宾语补足语 介宾短语做地点状语 He did his homework carefully at home. 副词作方式状语

5 句子的成分 主语、谓语（动词）、宾语、表语 定语、状语、补语（宾语补足语）

6 五大基本句型 简单句五种基本句型列式如下： 基本句型一： Ｓ +Ｖi （主＋谓）SV
基本句型二： Ｓ +Ｖlink +Ｐ （主＋系＋表）SVP 基本句型三： Ｓ +Ｖt +Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）SVO 基本句型四： Ｓ +Ｖt +IO +DO（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）SVOO 基本句型五： Ｓ +Ｖt +Ｏ +Ｃ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）SVOP

7 简单句 复合句 简单句 + 简单句 连词 我听说两个礼拜后我们还能放假五天。
基本句型一： Ｓ +Ｖi （主＋谓）SV 基本句型三： Ｓ +Ｖt +Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）SVO 复合句 简单句 简单句 连词 我听说两个礼拜后我们还能放假五天。 I heard that there would be another 5-day holiday two weeks later.

8 名词性从句 相关概念 1.名词:表示人或事物的名称的词叫名词。 2.名词在句子当中一般可以作什么成分?
The boy is Li Ming. 主语 表语 Mr. Liang , a 24-year-old boy, teaches us English . 主语 同位语 宾语 名词在句中主要作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。 3.名词性从句在功能上相当于名词 His job is important. What he does is important. 主语 This is his job. This is what he does every day. 表语 I don’t like his job I don’t like what he does every day. 宾语 I don’t know about the man, Mr. White. I don’t know about the fact that he is a teacher. 同位语

9 什么叫名词性从句？ 在英语的句子结构中，本来该由名词充当的主语、宾语、表语和同位语，由一个句子来充当,这个句子就叫名词性从句。
名词性从句的功能相当于名词（词组）, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等 因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句

10 主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句 同位语从句 名词性从句

11 What are noun clauses? His story is interesting. What he said is interesting. I heard his story. I heard what he said. I listen to his story. I listen to what he said. This is his story. This is what he said. The idea of going there is good. The idea that we go there is good. Subject clause Object clause Object clause after a preposition Predictive clause Appositive clause

12 Practice time：指出下列各名词性从句的种类
At lunchtime, the radio weatherman reported that the mist would become a thick fog in the afternoon. 2. She wondered if the buses would still be running. 3. The truth is that the fog is too thick for the bus to run that far. 4. When we will start is not clear. 5. I had no idea that you were her friend. Object clause Object clause Predicative clause Subject clause Appositive clause

13 名词性从句中的连词有: 从属连词: that / whether / as if(though);
连接代词: what / who/ which / whose / whatever / whoever / whomever / whichever， 连接副词: where / when / why / how / wherever / whenever。

14 1.They are good doctors. He told us. →
句型转换 1.They are good doctors. He told us. → 2. He hadn’t said anything at the meeting. The fact surprised us.→ He told us that they were good doctors. The fact that he hadn’t said anything at the meeting surprised us. 总结：当从句原来是陈述句时，变成名词性从句用that引导。（在所有名词性从句中that仅仅是引导词，没有任何含义，不做任何成分）。

15 总结：当从句原来是一般疑问句时，变成名词性从句用if或whether引导（多了 “是否”这层含义）。
3.Does your sister get up early? Do you know? → 4.Do animals have the same senses as humans? I often wonder. → Do you know if/ whether your sister gets up early? I often wonder if/ whether animals have the same senses as humans. 总结：当从句原来是一般疑问句时，变成名词性从句用if或whether引导（多了 “是否”这层含义）。

16 总结：当从句原来是特殊疑问句时，变成名词性从句还用原来的特殊疑问词来引导。
5.When did he buy this new bike? Could you tell me? → 6.My question is this: where will the lecture be given? → Could you tell me when he bought this new bike? My question is where the lecture will be given. 总结：当从句原来是特殊疑问句时，变成名词性从句还用原来的特殊疑问词来引导。

17 2.What we need more English dictionaries. is are
两大常见问题： 1. 名词性从句必须用陈述句语序。 2. 一般情况下，名词性从句均看作单数概念。 （主谓一致问题） 3. 宾语从句的时态一般与主句保持一致。 1.What we need more time. 2.What we need more English dictionaries. is are

18 Practice time.单句改错 1.That the earth turns around the sun are known to all. 2.When the meeting will be held haven’t been known yet. 3.I didn’t know that you will come. 4.He said that he is writing a story. 5.Could you tell me when will he arrive? 6.You can begin to see why does English have such strange rules. ___ is ______ hasn’t ____ would ___ was ______ he will __________________ _ English has

19 Object Clauses 宾语从句

20 I know him . 2. I know who he is . （简单句） 主语 谓语 宾语 （复合句） 主语 谓语 连词 从句主语
从句谓语 主 句 宾 语 从 句

21 宾语从句的概念： 宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。 句子结构： 主句 +连词（引导词）+ 宾语从句

22 一、连词（引导词） 1. 当宾语从句是陈述句时（包括肯定句和否定句），连词由that引导，因为that在从句中不作任何成分，也没有任何具体意思，因此在口语或非正式文体中常省略 She says (that) she won’t take part in the sports meeting next Sunday. Jim thought (that) the train was like a big moving party.

23 2.宾语从句中的连接词that在以下三种情况下不能省略：
（1）当that 从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时，第二个that不能省； （2）当that作介词宾语时，that不可省掉。 （3）用it做形式宾语的宾语从句 Everyone knew what happened and that she was worried. The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do. I think it necessary that you should read English aloud.

24 在主句为动词be加某些形容词（如sorry, sure, afraid, glad等）作表语时，后面所跟的省略that的从句也可算是宾语从句
I’m sorry (that) I don’t know . We’re sure (that) our team will win . I’m afraid (that) he won’t pass the exam .

25 2. 当宾语从句是一般疑问句时，由连词whether或if引导（口语中常用if），因为if/whether翻译成：“是否”，具有一定的意义，所以不能省略
Lily wanted to know if /whether her grandma liked the handbag . Let’s see if /whether we can find out some information about that city . She asked me if /whether she could borrow these books .

26 whether与if的辨用 表“是否”时，在下列情况下用whether。 a. 主语从句 b. 表语从句 c. 同位语从句 d. 介词后的宾语从句 e.后接动词不定式 (whether to do sth.) f .whether or not 连在一起引导宾语从句时不用if

27 Practice time if / whether 1. I asked her __________ she had a bike. 3. We’re worried about ________ he is safe. 4. I don’t know ___________ he is well or not. 5. I don’t know ________ or not he is well. 8. I don’t know _______ to go. if / whether whether whether /if whether whether

28 3. 当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时，由连接代词（what, who, whom, which, whose）或连接副词（when, where, how, why）引导，因为连接代词或连接副词在从句中担任一定的句子成分，具有一定的意义，所以不可以省略 Do you know what he said just now ? I don’t remember when we arrived . I asked him where I could get so much money . Please tell me who (whom) we have to see . Do you know what time the plane leaves ?

29 带how的词组也都可以引导宾语从句 Could you tell us how much it costs to fly to Hainan ? Could you tell us how often you go abroad for a holiday ? Could you tell us how long the meeting will last ? I don’t know how far it is to the cinema . Please tell us how many students there are in your school ? Can you tell us how old his brother is ? Please tell us how soon you will be ready .

30 二、时态 1. 如果主句是现在的时态 （包括一般现在时 ， 现在进行时，现在完成时），从句的时态可根
据实际情况而定，（包括一般现在时，一般过 去时，一般将来时，现在完成时等） I know he lives here . I know he lived here ten years ago . I have heard that he will come tomorrow .

31 2.如果主句是过去的时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时），那么从句的时态一定要用相对应的过去的某种时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时， 过去完成时）
I knew who lived here. I saw she was talking with her mother. He asked whether his father would come back tomorrow. He said that he had seen it .

32 3.当从句是客观真理，定义，公理，定理 时用一般现在时。 The teacher said that the sun travels around the earth .

33 The radio says it _______ cloudy tomorrow. (be)
The headmaster hopes everything ______ well. (go) Tom says that they _________ (play) basketball at six o’clock yesterday evening. I hear they __________ (return) it already. He said that they _________ members of the Party since (be) will be goes were playing have returned had been

34 6. I didn’t know what time he _______ the letter. (write)
7. Could you tell me who _________ away the book already? (take) 8. Ling Feng told me he _________ to the Great Wall several times. (be) wrote has taken had been

35 三、语序 宾语从句的语序用陈述语序： 连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分

36 1. When will he go to the library?
His brother asks when he will go to the library . His brother asks when will he go to the library .  2. What does he want to buy ? I don’t know what he wants to buy . I don’t know what does he want to buy . 

37 1．could / would是委婉语气，而不是过去式，因此宾语从句的时态根据实际情况用不同时态。
注意事项 1．could / would是委婉语气，而不是过去式，因此宾语从句的时态根据实际情况用不同时态。 Could you please tell me where we show our tickets ? Could you tell us which gate we have to go to ? Would you like to know when he will come back ?

38 2. 如果主句的谓语动词是ask时，连词不可能是that；如果主句的谓语动词是say时，连词用that
She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk . He said (that) he was going to take care of the child . He asks if I like playing the piano . You may ask the man over there how you can get to the bus station .

39 3. 否定的转移:若主语谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, guess, imagine等,其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义,一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上,从句谓语用肯定式。 I don’t think this dress fits you well. (我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。)

40 4. it常可以放在动词think, find, consider, believe, feel, make等后作为形式宾语:it不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语-that从句则放在句尾,特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 We heard it that she would get married next month.

41 Predicative Clauses 表语从句

42 表语从句是在复合句中作表语的名词性从句, 放在系动词之后,一般结构是“主语+系动词+表语从句”。可以接表语从句的系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。另外,常用的还有the reason why … is that … 和It is because …等结构。例如：

43 . 表语从句：从句在句中充当表语成分，一般放在连系动词之后. 作用:对主语进行解释说明。
连接词：that / whether /as if /as though（ if 不 引导 表语从句) 连接代词：who / whom / whose / which / what 连接副词：when / where / why / how / because The question is whether we can rely on him. That’s because we were in need of money at that time . He looked as if he was going to cry . That’s why I was late .

44 注 意： 在表语从句中，表“是否” 时，只能用 “whether”不能用“If”。 一般情况下，“that”不能省。
注 意： 在表语从句中，表“是否” 时，只能用 “whether”不能用“If”。 一般情况下，“that”不能省。 It is /was because …. It is /was why…. 3. The reason (why…/for…)is /was that…. 4 The reason is because /why… that ….

45 1.The fact is that our team has won the game.
名词主语+be+that引起的表语从句 在这种句型中，常用表示事实，真理的名词，如：fact, truth 或表示看法，观点的名词，如：idea,opinion,belief,view,feeling,suggestion,plan等作主语。 如： 1.The fact is that our team has won the game. 2.The truth is that she was the very person who informed against her husband.

46 表语从句的引导词与主语从句和宾语从句相同. 但: 1. that引导表语从句时不能省. 2. if不能引导表语从句.
注意 表语从句的引导词与主语从句和宾语从句相同. 但: 1. that引导表语从句时不能省. 2. if不能引导表语从句.

47 1. That’s ___ the Party called on us to do.
A. why B. what C. how D. that 2. The reason is ___ he is unable to operate the machine. A. because B. why C. that D. Whether 3 .That is ___ they separated. A. that B. what C. which D. where 4.Jane is no longer ___ she was four years ago. A. what B. which C. that D. when

48 Subject Clauses 主语从句

49 1. 主语从句：从句在句中充当主语成分 1). That he will succeed is certain .
2) Whether he will go there is not known . 3) What he said is not true . 4) Where he hid the money is to be found out . 5) Whoever comes is welcome. 6) It’s certain that he will succeed . 7) How we can help the twins will be discussed at the meeting. 8)When they’ll start the project has not been decided yet.

50 为了避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语.
考点一:主语从句后置! 为了避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语. That we shall be late is certain. -- It’s certain that we shall be late. 1. That the earth is round is known to all. 2. That you missed the chance is a pity. 由连词 whether , 连接代词 what,who,which 和连接副词 when,where,why,how 等引导.也 常常后置: It’s known to all that the earth is round. It is a pity that you missed the chance.

51 It 的用法： （形式主语） It’ possible/important/necessary/clear… that……很可能/重要的是…/必要的是…/很清楚… It’s said/ reported… that..据说/据报道… It’s been announced/declared that..已经通知/宣布… It seems/appears/happens.. that…显然、明显、 碰巧.. It’s no wonder that…并不奇怪/无疑… It’s a pity/a fact /a common knowledge (众所周知） / a common saying….（俗话说）

52 考点二 注意：主语从句中 ，谓语动词一般用单数 What引导的主语从句，可根据表语决定 What he needs _is_ that book. What he needs _are_ some books.

53 what引导名词性从句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语,宾语,表语,而that则不然,它在句子中只起连接作用。例如：
(1) What you said yesterday is right. (2) That she is still alive is a puzzle.

54 that 不可省 由 that 引导: 1. That we shall be late is certain.
2. _____________________ is known to all. (地球是圆的) 3. ________________________ is a pity. (你错过了这次机会) that 无意义, 后接一个完整的句子. that 不可省 That the earth is round That you missed the chance

55 注 意： “if” 不能引导主语从句，应有“whether”引导。 主语从句的 “that” 一般不能省。
注 意： “if” 不能引导主语从句，应有“whether”引导。 主语从句的 “that” 一般不能省。 “what”引导主语从句时，谓语动词： 1）常与其后的名词作表语一致 2）根据句子的语境而定。 What you left are only several old books. What you said is of great importance. What he says and does doesn’t concern me. What he says and does don’t agree.

56 Which; belong to b. As, belonged to
___ he made an important speech at the meeting was true. A. That B. Why C. What D. How 2. ___we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather . A If B Whether C That D Where 3.___ is known to us all is that America is a developed country____the First World. Which; belong to b. As, belonged to c. What; belonging to d. It; belonging to

57 4. It’s known to us all ___ a form of energy .
A. water is B. that water is C. is water D. that water to 5. It worried her a bit ___ her hair was turning gray. A. whether B. that C. what D. when 6.What I say and think ___ none of your business. A. is B. are C. has D have

58 Appositive Clauses 同位语从句

59 同位语从句在句中充当同位语从句成分，其一般跟在一些抽象名词（ idea ；belief ； fact ； truth ； problem ；news 等）后面，对名词作进一步解释说明 n.+ 连接词 + 从句 同位语从句常用 that 引导或用连接副词when / where/why / how / whether 1) The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people . 2).Sydney kept his promise that he would always do anything he could for Lucie to make sure of her happiness.

60 注: 1. 同 位语从句多用that 引导 2. 在have no idea 之后常用wh-引导同位语从句. I have no idea where he has gone. I have no idea when he did it. I have no idea what he did.

61 I have no idea when he will be back. how he can get the treasure.
where the concert will be hold. who can finish the work. why it happened. I have no idea which pen is mine. what we should do next. 引导词，并完成P29，Part4；P96，Ex.2。 whom they are talking about. whether it’ll rain tomorrow. that our football team won the game.

62 1.Two thirds of all girls in Britain are on a diet./ The fact
worries their parents and teachers a lot. _______ ______________________________________________ The fact that two thirds of all girls are on a diet worries their parents and teachers a lot. 2.The Queen of England was on a three-day visit in China./ We heard the news last night. ______________________________________________ ______ _________ We heard the news last night that the Queen of England was on a three-day visit in China.

63 名词demand, suggestion, proposal, advice 等词后的同位语从句的语气要用虚拟语气, 结构为 should + do, should 可省略
He gave me a suggestion that I ( should ) be calm now.

64 Thank you

65 D A B C 1. The young man asked _____ it's summer or winter.
A. either B. that C. weather D. whether 2.  We don't know ______ they did it . A. how B. who C. what D. which 3. The teacher asks us ____ Jim can come back on time . A. that B. if C. when D. what time 4. Does anybody know ______ or not we will have a sports meeting this weekend. A. if B. where C. whether D. that A B C

66 D C B 5. Could you show me ________ ? A. how can I get to the station
B. where is the station C. how I could get to the station D. how I can reach the station 6. Please tell me _______. A. what does he like B. what he does like C. what he likes D. what he like 7. My sister told him ________ . A. what day was it B. when the train arrived C. who she was waiting D. where did you live C B

67 D B C 8. Someone is ringing the doorbell . Go and see _______ .
A. who is he B. who he is C. who is it D. who it is 9. Could you tell me how long __________ ? A. you have bought the watch B. you have kept this science book C. have you been away from China D. have you been a member of Greener China 10. He says that if it _______ tomorrow , he _______ fishing . A. will rain , won't go B. rained , wasn't go C. rains , won't go D. rain , will go B C

68 1. ____made the school proud was ____more than 90%of the students had been admitted to key universities . A What / because B What / that C That / what D That / because 2.___she couldn’t understand was ___ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons . A What / why B That / what C What / because D Why / that B A B 3. He is absent from school . It is __ he is seriously ill. A. why B. because C. that D. the reason

69 4 ___has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising .
A Who B The one C Anyone D Whoever 5. Information has been put forward __ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities . A that B how C where D what D A

70 6 – I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week .
-- Is that ___you had a few days off ? A why B when C what D where 7 Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game ? --- Oh ,that’s ___. A what makes me feel excited B whatever I feel excited about C how I feel about it D when I feel excited A A

71 .__ fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences from one aspect .
A What B That C This D Which 10. When you answer questions in a job interview ,please remember the golden rule :Always give the monkey exactly __ he wants . A what B which C when D that 11. We made the suggestion that he ___ his work . A continues B continue C continued D had continued B A B

72 12.There will be a special price for ____ buys things in large number here.
A. who B. whom C. whoever D. Whomever 13. Mary wrote an article on ____ the team had failed to win the game . why B. what C. who D. that (05) 14.The poor young man is ready to accept __ help he can get. (05) A. whichever B. however C. whatever D.whenever

73 14.Many newspaper printed the governor’s statement _____ would support a tax cut.
and he B. was that he C which he D that he 15._____ man must fear when traveling in space is radiation from the sun. Which B. How C. What D. That 16.It is generally considered unwise to give a child ____ he or she wants. A. However B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever

74 3. ______ breaks the law should be punished.
1. Can you make sure ___ the gold rings? A. where she had put B. where had she put C. where she has put D. where has she put 2.The reason that has been such a success ___ he never gives up. A. is B. is because C. is that D. is what 3. ______ breaks the law should be punished. A Whoever b. No matter who c. anyone d. who

75 4. That is ___ I had to take the risk of being washed away.
A. why B. reason why C. how D. what 5. Do ___ you think is right ___ difficulties you may have. A. what ;however B. that ;whatever C. whatever ; whoever D. what; whatever 6.The workers considered it important ___ the boss would agree to give them a rise. A. whether B. how C. where D. which

76 A. that B. in that C. in the fact D. in the fact that
7. Along with the letter was his promise ____ he would visit me this coming Christmas. A. which B. that C. what D. whether 8. Difficulty lies ___ we have no money. A. that B. in that C. in the fact D. in the fact that 10. I don’t think the question of ___ they are old or young is important. A. which B. whether C. how D. why

77 13. The news ____ Lincoln was murdered filled the American people’s hearts with deep sorrow.
A. which B. when C. that D. how 14. ____ he said at the meeting astonished everyone present. A. What B. That C. The fact D. The matter 15. I don’t trust his promise ___ he will buy me a new car. A. which B. what C. when D. that

78 16. She received the message ___ he would come by plane.
A. that B. which C. what D. when 17. Energy is ___ makes things work. A. what B. something C. anything D. that 18.Our city has changed a lot ,and now it is quite different from __ a few years ago. A. what it used to be B. that it used to be C.which it used to be D. what was it

79 19. We all know the truth ___ there are air ,water and sunlight,there are living things.
A. wherever B. where C. that D. that wherever 20.The true value of life is not in ___ , but____. A. how you get ;that you give B.which you get;what you give C.what you get ;what you give D. what do you get ;what do you give 21.___ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. A. There B. This C. That D. It

80 I have heard the news that he visited our factory .
I have heard the news that he told you the other day . 同位语从句和定语从句的区别： 1 同位语从句——that 只起连接作用，不作任何成分 定语从句 —— that 是关系代词，起连接作用和充 当宾语和主语 2同位语从句——同位语从句和前面的名词是同位关系，对名词进行补充说明 定语从句 ——定从和前面的名词是所属关系，对名词进行修饰，加以限定 3同位语从句——that 不能省 定语从句 ——that 在从句中作宾语时，可以省

81 Practice :判断下列各句是同位语从句还是定语从句
1.They expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again. 2. The hope that she expressed is that they would come to visit China again. 3.The fact that she works hard is well known to us all. 同位语从句 定语从句 同位语从句