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Chapter 4 Planar linkages and design of linkages

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1 Chapter 4 Planar linkages and design of linkages
(第4章 平面连杆机构及其设计) F A B C D M E

2 Main points 1.Concepts of linkage mechanisms
Basic contents 1.Concepts of linkage mechanisms 1)The basic types, applications and variation of planar four-bar linkages; 2)Characteristics of planar four-bar linkages 2.Design of planar linkage Main points 1)Characteristics of linkage ; 2)Design planar four-bar linkages by Graphical Method(图解法)

3 Linkages and their transmission characteristics
(连杆机构及其传动特点) Linkage——lower-pair mechanisms 1.Advantages 1)The load spreads on the whole surface of the lower pairs, the contact pressure is lower and the linkage is preferred for heavy load situations; 2)The different motion law can be obtained by changing the relative length of each link; 3) The different path can be obtained.

4 2.Disadvantages 1) Kinematic chain is long,which can lead to big cumulative error. Therefore, efficiency of linkages are lower; 2)The linkages are not suitable for high-speed transmission due to the dynamic load. 3.Contents 1) Basic knowledge of four-bar linkage; 2) Design methods of four-bar linkage.

5 4.1 Types, application and variation of four-bar linkages
(平面四杆机构的基本型式、应用和演化) 4.1 Types, application and variation of four-bar linkages 4.1.1 The types of four-bar linkages 1 4 2 3 composition: links 1、3 — side links link 2 —— coupler link 4 —— frame Crank:A side link can rotate continuously through 360°relative to the frame. Rocker:A side link can oscillate within definite margin of angle.

6 Fully rotating revolute(周转副):Two links connected by a revolute can rotate 360°relative to each other. Partially rotating revolute(摆转副):Two links connected by a revolute can not rotate 360°relative to each other. Basic types: 1.crank-rocker mechanism 2.double-crank mechanism 3.double-rocker mechanism

7 1.Crank-rocker mechanism
4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 Oscillating mechanism of radar antenna Foot-operated sewing machine

8 Link gear of locomotive wheel (机车车轮的联动机构)
2. Double-crank mechanism 4 1 5 3 2 6 Inertial sieve(惯性筛) A E F C D B Link gear of locomotive wheel (机车车轮的联动机构) 1 4 3 2 Parallel-crank mechanism (平行四边形机构:有运动不确定因素) 1 4 3 2 Antiparallel-crank mechanism (反平行四边形机构:车门开闭机构)

9 3.Double-rocker mechanism
Isosceles trapezoid mechanism (等腰梯形机构) 用于汽车、拖拉机的转向机构 Mould turnover mechanism in casting process (铸造用的翻箱机构)

10 4.1.2 Variation of revolute four-bar linkage
1.Replacing a revolute pair by a sliding pair (1)Slider-crank mechanism C 4 1 2 3 A D B 当LCD↑时,bb的曲率↓ 当LCD→∞时,bb →直线。 C 4 1 2 A B 3 4 1 2 3 A D C B

11 In-line slider-crank mechanism (对心曲柄
滑块机构) Eccentric/offset slider-crank mechanism (偏心曲柄 滑块机构)

12 (2)Double-slider mechanism
4 1 2 A B 3 当LBC→∞时,aa →直线。 C 4 1 2 A B 3

13 C 4 1 2 A B 3

14 Types:

15 1 4 3 2

16 C 4 1 2 A B 3

17 2.Enlarging a revolute pair(扩大转动副)
4 C 1 2 A B 3 4 C 1 2 A B 3 将B点转动副扩大

18 取构件1为机架: 当L1>L2时,称为摆 动导杆机构。 3 B 当L1<L2时,称为转 2 2 B C 1 C 3 A 4 1 4 A
3.Taking different links as frame(取不同构件为机架) 4 1 2 B A 3 C 取构件1为机架: 当L1>L2时,称为摆 动导杆机构。 当L1<L2时,称为转 4 C 1 2 A B 3

19 Oscillating guide-bar mechanism (摆动导杆机构)
Rotating guide-bar mechanism (转动导杆机构)

20 取构件2为机架: 取构件3为机架: 称为摇块机构 称为压水井机构 或翻斗车机构。 或定块机构。 2 3 4 1 4 1 2 3 A B A
C 4 1 A B 取构件2为机架: 称为摇块机构 或翻斗车机构。 4 1 2 A 3 C

21 4.2 Characteristics of planar four-bar linkages
(平面四杆机构的特性) 4.2.1 Conditions for having a crank The lengths of the four links are a、b、c and d, discuss the conditions for having a crank a link. C 1 4 3 2 b d c a D B A Suppose a<d,chose d as a frame and discuss the existence conditions for △BCD b + c ≥ BD b - c ≤ BD or c – b ≤ BD

22 { { BDmax=a +d, BDmin=d –a。 These can be rewritten as b + c≥BD
c - b≤BD { C 1 4 3 2 b d c a D B A When the linkage at the different position, BD is a variable value. BDmax=a +d, BDmin=d –a。 b + c≥BDmax=a + d b - c≤BDmin=d - a c - b≤BDmin=d - a { These can be rewritten as

23 { 即 若设a>d,且以d为机架,同理可 a + d≤ b + c (1) a + b≤ d + c (2)
a + c≤ d + b (3) { 将(1) + (2)、(2) + (3)、(3) + (1), 并整理得a≤b, a≤c, a≤d 若设a>d,且以d为机架,同理可 导出d≤a, d≤b, d≤c

24 Conditions for having a crank:
Overall, if a is the crank,to meet the conditions for link length, between the crank and the frame ,there must be a shortest link. Conditions for having a crank: 1)The length sum of the shortest and the longest links must be less than or equal to the sum of the remaining two links; 2)Side link or frame must be the shortest link.

25 Inference(推论) when the length sum of the shortest and the longest links is less than or equal to that of the remaining two links: 1)If the link adjacent to the shortest link is the frame, then a crank-rocker mechanism; 2)The shortest link is the frame, then a double-crank mechanism; 3)If the link opposite to the shortest link is the frame,then a double-rocker mechanism. when the length sum of the shortest and the longest links is longer than that of the remaining two links: Any link is the frame, then a double-rocker mechanism.

26 1)固定最短杆邻边: 得曲柄摇杆机构; 2)固定最短杆: 得双曲柄机构; 3)固定最短杆对边: 得双摇杆机构。

27 Example 1:determine the type of the four-bar mechanism.
Applications: 1)type determination(判断类型); 2)design of link length(设计杆长)。 Example 1:determine the type of the four-bar mechanism. Solution: a+d=40+100=140 a=40 d=100 c=70 b=60 b+c=60+70=130 ∵ a+d>b+c ∴ A double-rocker mechanism

28 b=100 c=90 a=x d=60 LAB+LBC≤LCD +LAD ∴ 0≤LAB≤50mm
Example2: A four-bar linkage in figure below. Sizes of each link are given. Find the range of the value for the length LAB if the linkage is : 1)A crank-rocker mechanism; 2)A double-crank mechanism;3)A double-rocker mechanism. Solution: a=x d=60 c=90 b=100 A D B C 1)For a crank-rocker mechanism, the crank is the shortest link and its adjacent link as the frame. LAB+LBC≤LCD +LAD ∴ 0≤LAB≤50mm 2)For a double-crank mechanism, AD must be the shortest link. LAB is in the middle, LAD+LBC≤LAB +LCD ∴LAB≥70mm

29 LAB is the longest,LAD+ LAB≤LBC +LCD ∴ LAB≤130mm
70mm≤LAB≤130mm 3)For a double-rocker mechanism, if it meets the criteria, the link opposite to the shortest one should be as the frame, it’s not to the point. If it doesn’t meet the criteria, a double-rocker mechanism can be obtained whether which one as the frame. LAB is the shortest, LAB+LBC>LCD +LAD ∴ LAB>50mm LAB is in the middle, LAD +LBC>LCD + LAB ∴ LAB<70mm LAB is the longest , LAB+ LAD>LCD + LBC ∴ LAB>130mm Result :50mm<LAB<70mm or 130mm<LAB≤LBC+LCD +LAD=250mm。

30 4.2.2 Quick return characteristics(急回特性)
D A B C C1 C2 B2 B1 A crank as a driving link y q 2.Crank acute angle between the two limitation positions(极位夹角)θ(当机构处于极位时对应曲柄两位置之间所夹锐角称为极位夹角)。y为摇杆在两极限位置的摆角(angular stroke of the rocker)。 1.Limiting positions(极位):当摇杆处在左、右两极端位置时,对应整个机构所处的位置,即AB1C1D和AB2C2D称为极位。

31 rocker: crank: C2 C B C1 y B2 A D B1
3.Coefficient of travel speed variation(行程速度变化系数)K D A B C C1 C2 B2 B1 y q rocker: crank: AB1→AB2,j1=180o+q,t1 t1>t2 AB2→AB1,j2=180o-q,t2

32 K---Coefficient of travel speed variation

33 e≠0 上式可导出 具有急回运 K>1有急回运动,K↑,q↑,急回运动显著。 可以证得: θ≠0,K>1 动的机构有:
The offset slider-crank mechanism; the oscillating guide-bar mechanism C B A θ 可以证得: ∵q =j ≠0, ∴K>1 有急回。 e≠0 θ≠0,K>1 有急回。 A B C

34 4.2.3 Pressure angle and transmission angle (压力角和传动角)
运动输出件上所受驱动力的方向与 该点绝对速度方向所夹锐角,用a 表示。 压力角: B D C A 1 4 3 2 F vC Fn Ft Ft ↑, a↓, 传动性能 好,所以amax≤[a] 在实际机构中,a 不直观, 常用 a 的余角g 表示,g 为传动角。

35 传动角:压力角的余角,用g 表示。 即 g =90o- a 由于 Ft = Fcos a = Fsin g
从受力观点看,g ↑ ,Ft ↑,传力性能好。 一般:gmin≥[g]=40° 传递大扭矩时:gmin≥50°

36 位置的确定 gmin位置的确定 b c a d 当∠BCD >90o时,g = 180o-∠BCD,
当∠BCD <90o时,g = ∠BCD。 ∴最小传动角出现在下列位置之一:

37 位置的确定 b c a d 1)当曲柄AB 与机架AD重叠共线时: 2)当曲杆AB与机架AD拉直共线时: ∴gmin出现在曲柄与机架共线的两
位置之一。 1)当曲柄AB 与机架AD重叠共线时: 2)当曲杆AB与机架AD拉直共线时:

38 4.2.4 Dead-point positions(死点位置)
B C D a b c d B1 B2 C1 C2 F v w 死点位置特点: g =0o,a=90o,从动件不动。 死点位置:在有往复运动构件的机构中, 当作往复运动的构件为主动件时,从动件 与连杆共线的位置即为死点位置。

39 4.3 Design of four-bar linkages
(平面四杆机构的设计 ) 4.3.1 设计的基本问题 1)满足预定的运动规律要求; 2)满足预定的运动轨迹要求。 方法:图解法(Graphic Method) , 解析法(Analytical Method ),实验法(experimental method )。

40 4.3.2 图解法设计四杆机构 1.实现连杆预定位置的设计
(1)Two positions of coupler B1C1 and B2C2 are given below. Design the four-bar linkage. B1 B2 C1 C2

41 解: 1)连接B1B2,作其垂直平分线b12,A点 在b12上任找。 2)连接C1C2,作其垂直平分线c12,D点 在c12上任找。 有无穷多解(若有限制条件,解可唯一)。

42 B1 B2 C1 C2 b12 c12 D A

43 (2)已知连杆的三个位置B1C1、 B2C2和 B3C3,设计满足该三个位置的四杆机构。 B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3 解:步骤同上类似,但有唯一解。

44 B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3 b12 c12 b23 c23 A D

45 (3)A line segment EF on the coupler passing through two positions, lAD is given. Design this four-bar linkage. E1 E2 F1 F2 A D 解:用转换机架法, 将连杆的某一位置 作为机架,如E1F1 为机架,AD为连杆, 刚化机构第二位置, 将四边形E2F2DA的 E2F2 边与E1F1重合, 找到AD为连杆的第 二个位置,后面的步 骤同上。

46 对原有机构分析 F1 E2 E1 F2 C B D2 A D ——相对运动不变性 A2 固定连杆,找固定点相对运动
轨迹,轨迹中心为连杆对应铰链点。 ——相对运动不变性

47 E1 E2 F1 F2 A D C1 d12 B1 D2 a12 A2

48 铰链A,连杆长lBC已知且在EF线上,D点在 水平线上,试设计铰链四杆机构ABCD。

49 ⌒ F1 C1 E1 B2 C2 B1 E2 F2 A D1 A2 1)取位置1固定,作 △AE2F2, 使△AE2F2≌△A2E1F1;
2)AA2圆心为B1,在EF线上; 3)根据lBC确定点C1 ,找出点B2、C2; 4)作C1C2的中垂线,与过点A的水平 线的交点即为D1。 设计结果:AB1C1D1

50 2.实现两连架杆的对应角位移的设计 f1 f2 a2 a1 思路: 借助于上述 已知连杆位置的 求解方法,置换 机架求出C点。
(1)如图所示,已知lAB的两个位置,转角为 a1、a2 ,lCD杆上的标定线ED的两位置f1、 f2,机架长lAD。设计满足上述条件的四杆 机构(即求lBC和lCD) 。 B1 B2 E2 A D E1 f1 f2 a2 a1 思路: 借助于上述 已知连杆位置的 求解方法,置换 机架求出C点。

51 对原有机构进行分析 A C2 C1 B2 B1 D b12 将C2D看做假想机架

52 a 2 a 1 f1 f2 1.已知B点,求C点。固定连架杆 2.已知C点,求B点。固定连架杆 E2 B1 B2 E1 A D
“连杆” “机架” 2.已知C点,求B点。固定连架杆 AB,绕固定铰链点A反转,即求C 点的相对轨迹。 1.已知B点,求C点。固定连架杆 CD,绕固定铰链点D反转,即求B 点的相对轨迹。

53 A C2 C1 B2 B1 D 将C1D看做假想机架 b12′ A2′ B2′ -j12

54 A C2 C1 B2 B1 D B1′ A1′ b12′ j12 将C2D看做假想机架

55 (converting mechanism method):
转化机构法 (converting mechanism method): 将已知连架杆看做假想连杆,未 知连架杆某一位置看做假想机架。将 机构其他位置刚化,绕未知连架杆的 固定铰链点转相应的角度,定出假想 连杆的其他位置,即求已知连杆铰链 点在反转中的相对轨迹。 转化机构法也称为置换机架法。

56 下面再来求解上述题目: a1 a2 f1 f2 E2 E1 A D B1 B2 B2′ C1 b12′

57 a1 转角为a1、a2、a3,CD杆上的标定线ED的三个 对应位置转角为j1、j2、j3及机架lAD。设计满足
(2)如图所示,已知AB杆长lAB及其三个位置, 转角为a1、a2、a3,CD杆上的标定线ED的三个 对应位置转角为j1、j2、j3及机架lAD。设计满足 上述条件的四杆机构(即求lBC和lCD)。 a1 a2 j1 B1 B2 E2 A D E1 a3 j3 j2 E3 B3

58 B1′ 解: b1′2 B2 B1 B3 C2 E2 b23′ E3 E1 B3′ j3 a2 a3 j2 a1 j1 D A
设E2D为假想机 架,刚化机构1、 3位置。 B1 B2 B3 E1 E2 E3 A D a1 a3 j1 j2 a2 j3 C2 b23′ B3′

59 例2:已知lAD=100mm,lCD=40mm,AB杆 B1 与CD杆对应位置如图所示,求满足对应位 置的四杆机构(即求lAB和lBC)。
E2 E1 B1 D A B2 C2 C1

60 C2′ 解: 选ml,以AB1 为假想机架。 A D E1 E2 C2 C1 B1 c12

61 3.按给定的行程速度变化系数K 设计四杆机构 (1) Crank-rocker mechanism
K and rocker length lCD,and angluar stroke of rocker φ are given. Design four-bar mechanism. Solution: Analyze the given crank-rocker mechanism

62 关键问题:A点如何找到 C2 C1 b y c q B2 a A D d B1 ∵∠C1AC2=q,该角始终对应定直线C1C2 ,
∴ A在以q为圆周角的圆上。

63 作图如下: D C1 C2 y E P N M A点任取,有无 穷解。 B2 B1 q A

64 (2)slider-crank mechanism
Suppose that K,stroke H and offset e are known.Find lAB、lBC. H C1 C2 e

65 解:选定ml H C1 C2 e E P N M B2 B1 A q 有一组解。

66 A B 解:如图所示 C j 摆动导杆机构有q =j (3)Oscillating guide-bar mechanism
已知:K及机架长度lAC。 求:lAB=? A C B 解:如图所示 摆动导杆机构有q =j

67 例3:设计一曲柄摇杆机构。 已知K=1,lCD=75mm,摇杆与机架两 极限位置夹角为j1=30°、j2=90°。求满
足条件的lAB、 lAD和lBC。 90° 30° D C1 C2

68 解: 90° 30° D C1 C2 B1 A

69 D A 改变上述题目条件: 已知K=1,lAD=75mm,lAB=10mm,当 曲柄与连杆共线且摇杆处于距A较远的极限
位置时,曲柄与机架夹角为45°。求lCD及 lBC。 45 D A

70 解: 45° A D C1 d12 A2 (B2) D2 B1 B2

71 例4:已知滑块和摇杆的对应位置 如图所示, 偏距为e。求lAB及lBC。 e E1 E2 E3 A C3 C2 C1

72 C3′ e C1 C2 C3 E1 E2 E3 A c23′ B2 c1′2 C1′ 解:


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