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The Risk and Term Structure of Interest Rates (利率風險與期限結構)

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1 The Risk and Term Structure of Interest Rates (利率風險與期限結構)
Chapter 6 The Risk and Term Structure of Interest Rates (利率風險與期限結構)

2 Figure 1 Long-Term Bond Yields, 1919–2011
Sources: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Banking and Monetary Statistics, 1941–1970; Federal Reserve;

3 Securities issued by CBC
資本市場利率 -單位:年息百分比率 其中數據係指該月(年)新發行債券之加權平均利率,採浮動利率發行者,以發行時利率為準。 民  國 政 府 公 債 公 司 債  金 融 債 券 央 行 單 券 Government bonds Corporate bonds Bank debentures Securities issued by CBC 年 或 月 CDs SB 5 3年期 5年期 7年期 10年期 15年期 1年期 2年期 4年期 6年期 3-year 5-year 7-year 10-year 15-year 1-year 2-year 4-year 6-year 95 -- 1.890 2.000 1.990 2.150 2.350 2.050 2.130 1.840 96 1.778 2.343 2.469 2.280 2.120 2.928 2.830 2.341 2.306 97 2.310 2.180 2.538 2.547 2.937 2.758 2.567 2.828 2.100 2.274 98 1.070 1.510 2.177 1.708 2.262 1.920 99 1.010 1.390 0.980 1.776 1.522 1.834 1.676 0.710 0.570 1.388 0.698 100 1.107 1.365 1.449 1.408 1.750 1.675 1.668 0.906 1.210 1.467 0.948 101 0.960 3.500 1.430 1.350 1.530 1.490 1.050 1.090 1.250 0.850 102 2.300 3.000 1.340 1.300 1.370 1.540 1.500 1.690 1.330 0.660 0.770 103 1.177 1.610 1.661 1.264 1.474 1.732 1.946 0.847 0.900 1.693 0.575 0.768 104 0.801 0.957 1.383 0.943 1.106 1.166 1.373 1.422 1.634 1.815 0.502 0.617 資料來源:中央銀行金融統計月報 資料來源:中央銀行金融統計月報

4 Risk Structure of Interest Rates
Bonds with the same maturity have different interest rates due to: Default risk Liquidity Tax considerations

5 Risk Structure of Interest Rates
Default risk (違約風險)—: probability that the issuer of the bond is unable or unwilling to make interest payments or pay off the face value U.S. Treasury bonds are considered default free (government can raise taxes). Risk premium (風險貼水): the spread between the interest rates on bonds with default risk and the interest rates on (same maturity) Treasury bonds

6 Figure 2 Response to an Increase in Default Risk on Corporate Bonds

7 Table 1 Bond Ratings by Moody’s, Standard and Poor’s, and Fitch

8 中華信用評等公司長期信用評等定義

9 應用-求違約機率 q為公司債到期償還本金及利息的機率 r為無風險利率,k為放款利率 發生違約的機率 為 p = 1-q

10 Risk Structure of Interest Rates (cont’d)
流動性 指金融資產變現的速度,流動性高的金融資產變現速度快,變現所須支付的成本低 流動性溢酬(liquidity premium) 投資人偏好流動性高的債券,因流動性不同所引起的債券利差稱為流動性溢酬。 Liquidity: the relative ease with which an asset can be converted into cash Cost of selling a bond Number of buyers/sellers in a bond market

11 Risk Structure of Interest Rates (cont’d)
Income tax(所得稅) considerations Interest payments on municipal bonds(地方政府債券)are exempt(免除) from federal income taxes. 當其他條件相同,如果某一債券給付的利息所適用的所得稅率較高,投資人會要求較高的利率作為補償。 美國聯邦政府債券的利率應該要低於地方政府債券,實際情況卻相反,主要原因是地方政府債券的利息所得為免稅。

12 Figure 3 Interest Rates on Municipal and Treasury Bonds

13 Term Structure of Interest Rates(利率的期限結構)
Bonds with identical risk, liquidity, and tax characteristics (相同風險、流動性及稅負) may have different interest rates because the time remaining to maturity is different (到期期間不同) 利率的期限結構 債權工具因為到期期限不同而有不同利率的現象稱為利率的期限結構。

14 Term Structure of Interest Rates
Yield curve (收益曲線或殖利率曲線): a plot of the yield on bonds with differing terms to maturity but the same risk, liquidity and tax considerations Upward-sloping: long-term rates are above short-term rates Flat: short- and long-term rates are the same Inverted: long-term rates are below short-term rates 收益率曲線(yield curve) 以橫軸代表債券的到期期限、縱軸代表債券的到期收益率,將利率的期限結構以一條曲線表示,這條曲線稱為收益率曲線或殖利率曲線。 正斜率 正斜率的收益率曲線代表,到期日長的債券,其利率高於到期日短的債券。 水平 水平的收益率曲線代表,到期日不同的債券,其利率均相同。 負斜率(或反轉型) 負斜率的收益率曲線代表,到期日長的債券,其利率低於到期日短的債券。

15 Facts Theory of the Term Structure of Interest Rates Must Explain
Interest rates on bonds of different maturities move together over time(不同期限債券利率有相同走向) When short-term interest rates are low, yield curves are more likely to have an upward slope (當短期利率很低,收益曲線很可能是上升型); when short-term rates are high, yield curves are more likely to slope downward and be inverted Yield curves almost always slope upward 殖利率曲線的三種實證特徵: 不同期限的債券,其利率經常朝同方向變動。 利率水準較低時,殖利率曲線經常呈現正斜率;利率水準較高時,殖利率曲線經常出現負斜率(或反轉型)。 殖利率曲線通常為正斜率。

16 Three Theories to Explain the Three Facts
Expectations theory (預期理論) explains the first two facts but not the third Segmented markets theory (市場分割理論) explains fact three but not the first two Liquidity premium theory (流動性貼水理論) combines the two theories to explain all three facts

17 臺灣銀行短期票券利率表 新 台 幣 票 券 資料日期:1050323 時 間:AM 09:00:00 票券市場 期 別 10天期 30天期
   新 台 幣 票 券 資料日期: 時 間:AM 09:00:00 票券市場 期    別 10天期 30天期 60天期 90天期 120天期 180天期 360天期 初級市場 融資性商業本票 0.980% 1.010% 1.070% 1.130% 1.190% 1.290% 1.460% 銀行承兌匯票 次級市場 買    入 0.770% 0.800% 0.870% 0.930% 0.990% 1.050% 1.260% 賣    出 0.370% 0.400% 0.420% 0.440% 0.470% 0.560% 0.570%

18 貨幣市場利率 -單位:年息百分比率 資料來源:中央銀行金融統計月報 民 國 金融業拆款1 商業本業2 可轉讓定期存單 銀 行 承 兌 匯 票
民  國 金融業拆款1 商業本業2 可轉讓定期存單 銀 行 承 兌 匯 票 國 庫 券 公債附條件交易利率 Commercial paper NCDs Bankers' acceptances Treasury bills RP on government bonds 初 級 市 場 次 級 市 場 次 級 市 場 年 或 月 Interbank Primary market Secondary market Secondary market call loans 1-30天 31-90天 91-180天 1-90天 1-91天 92-182天 31-91天 1-30 days 31-90 days days 1-90 days 1-91 days days days 31-91 days 95 1.552 1.60 1.71 1.85 1.53 1.54 1.64 1.52 1.58 1.50 1.57 -- 1.657 1.44 1.40 1.49 1.432 1.481 1.476 96 1.998 2.12 2.18 2.13 1.89 1.90 1.96 1.91 1.83 2.045 1.73 1.69 1.65 1.758 1.809 1.737 97 2.014 2.20 2.25 2.27 1.88 1.92 1.97 1.99 1.87 1.95 1.798 1.873 1.75 1.77 1.82 1.678 1.757 1.784 98 0.109 0.58 0.68 0.71 0.21 0.24 0.29 0.36 0.22 0.19 0.249 0.156 0.257 0.15 0.16 0.158 0.211 0.290 99 0.185 0.47 0.60 0.33 0.38 0.46 0.50 0.31 0.35 0.32 0.323 0.445 0.612 0.27 0.26 0.292 0.326 0.324 100 0.341 0.79 0.85 0.97 0.66 0.70 0.81 0.67 0.73 0.62 0.64 0.52 0.566 0.763 0.832 0.56 0.53 0.604 0.587 0.541 101 0.428 0.90 0.92 0.76 0.77 0.80 0.715 0.694 0.747 0.731 0.730 0.654 102 0.386 0.78 0.69 0.383 0.520 0.552 0.639 0.657 0.590 103 0.387 0.63 0.61 0.447 0.479 0.457 0.45 0.554 0.585 0.557 104 0.353 0.82 0.448 0.403 0.502 0.49 0.510 0.545 0.531 資料來源:中央銀行金融統計月報

19 Figure 4 Movements over Time of Interest Rates on U. S
Figure 4 Movements over Time of Interest Rates on U.S. Government Bonds with Different Maturities Sources: Federal Reserve;

20 Expectations Theory(預期理論)
The interest rate on a long-term bond will equal an average of the short-term interest rates that people expect to occur over the life of the long-term bond Buyers of bonds do not prefer bonds of one maturity over another(債券買方對各種期限沒有偏好); they will not hold any quantity of a bond if its expected return is less than that of another bond with a different maturity Bond holders consider bonds with different maturities to be perfect substitutes(完全替代) 預期理論: 長期債券的利率等於該長期債券存續期間內所有預期的短期利率的平均值。 假設: 投資人只在乎預期的投資報酬率,只要A債券的預期報酬率高於B債券,投資人就會完全持有A債券,亦即不同期限的債券是完全替代品。

21 Expectations Theory: Example
Let the current rate on one-year bond be 6%. You expect the interest rate on a one-year bond to be 8% next year. Then the expected return for buying two one-year bonds averages (6% + 8%)/2 = 7%. The interest rate on a two-year bond must be 7% for you to be willing to purchase it. 投資人可選擇A、B兩種投資策略: 現在買進1年期的債券並於到期後再買進1年期債券。 現在買進一張2年期的債券,持有到到期。

22 Expectations Theory- A策略投資1元,兩年後可得

23 Expectations Theory (B策略投資1NT,兩年後可得)

24 Expectations Theory (cont’d)

25 Expectations Theory (cont’d)
即2年期債券利率等於1年期債券利率與預期一年後的1年期債券利率的平均值

26 理性預期理論:範例2 投資人以四種策略將1元投資三年:
A. 買進1年期的債券,一年後買進1年期的債券,兩年後買 進1年期的債券,三年後可得? B. 買進3年期的債券,三年後得? C. 買進1年期債券,一年後買進2年期債券,三年後可得? D. 買進2年期債券,兩年後買進1年期債券,三年後可得?

27 理性預期理論:範例 2(續) A策略與B策略的預期報酬相等,可得: B策略與C策略的預期報酬相等,可得: B策略與D策略的預期報酬相等,可得:

28 Expectations Theory Explains why the term structure of interest rates(利率期限結構) changes at different times Explains why interest rates on bonds with different maturities move together over time (fact 1) (為什麼不同期限債券利率有相同走向) Explains why yield curves tend to slope up when short-term rates are low(當短期利率較低時殖利率曲線傾向於正斜率) and slope down when short-term rates are high (fact 2) Cannot explain why yield curves usually slope upward (fact 3) (不能解釋為甚麼殖利率曲線總是正斜率

29 理性預期理論:涵義 理性預期理論的涵義: 理性預期理論可解釋第一個實證現象(fact 1) (不同期限的債券,利率經常同向變動):
收益率曲線為正斜率時,表示投資人普遍預期未來短期利率將上升。 收益率曲線為負斜率時,表示投資人普遍預期未來短期利率將下降。 收益率曲線為水平時,表示投資人普遍預期未來短期利率將不變。 理性預期理論可解釋第一個實證現象(fact 1) (不同期限的債券,利率經常同向變動): 短期債券的利率上升,投資人會出售長期債券轉而購買短期債券,長期債券的利率因而跟著上升。同理,若長期債券的利率上升,短期債券的利率也會跟著上升。

30 理性預期理論:對實證現象的解釋 理性預期理論可解釋第二個實證現象(fact 1) (利率水準較低時,收益率曲線經常呈現正斜率;利率水準較高時,則常呈現負斜率): 利率低時,大家預期利率將上升,即未來的短期利率將高於現在的短期利率,而長期利率是短期利率的平均,因此現在的長期利率高於短期利率,收益率曲線為正斜率。反之,利率水準高時,大家預期利率將下跌,因此現在的長期利率低於短期利率,收益率曲線為負斜率。 理性預期理論無法解釋第三個實證現象(收益率曲線通常為正斜率): 根據理性預期理論,當收益率曲線呈現正斜率時,未來的短期利率將高於目前的短期利率,然而實際上,未來的短期利率可能高於、可能低於、也可能等於現在的短期利率。

31 殖利率曲線幫助預測未來的經濟走勢 正斜率 輕微上揚 水平 負斜率 未來短期利率可能上升,景氣可能較為樂觀 未來短期利率可能持穩
未來短期利率可能微幅下跌,景氣衰退的警訊 負斜率 未來短期利率可能大幅下跌,景氣衰退警訊

32 Segmented Markets Theory(市場區隔理論)
Bonds of different maturities are not substitutes(無替代) at all The interest rate for each bond with a different maturity is determined by the demand for and supply of that bond Investors have preferences for bonds of one maturity over another If investors generally prefer bonds with shorter maturities that have less interest-rate risk, then this explains why yield curves usually slope upward (fact 3) 假設投資人心中已經計畫好投資的期限,因此十分強烈地偏好某一特定期限的債券,導致不同期限的債券無法替代 不同期限的利率是由各個債券市場單獨決定的,因此收益曲線會呈現不同的型態。 市場區隔理論可以解釋解釋第三個實證現象(收益率曲線通常為正斜率): 一般來說,投資人較偏好利率風險低的短期債券, 亦即長期債券的相對需求較低,因此價格較低而利率較高,因而說明了第三個實證現象 。

33 市場區隔理論:對實證現象的解釋 市場區隔理論無法解釋第一個實證現象(不同期限的債券,利率經常同向變動):
由於不同期限的債券市場完全獨立,某一期限的債券利率變動將不影響其他期限的債券利率,所以不能解釋第一個實證現象 。 市場區隔理論無法解釋第二個實證現象(利率水準較低時,收益率曲線經常呈現正斜率;利率水準較高時,則常呈現負斜率) : 不同期限的債券市場完全獨立,短期利率與各期債券市場的供需並無明顯的關係存在,因此無法解釋第二個實證現象。

34 Liquidity Premium & Preferred Habitat(棲息地偏好)Theories
The interest rate on a long-term bond will equal an average of short-term interest rates expected to occur over the life of the long-term bond plus a liquidity premium that responds to supply and demand conditions for that bond Bonds of different maturities are partial (not perfect) substitutes(部分替代) 投資人偏好某一期限的債券,但也在乎預期報酬,當可以賺取較高的預期報酬時,他們也會轉而投資非偏好期限的債券,亦即不同期限的債券可以相互替代,但並非完全替代。 長期債券的利率等於債券存續期間內所有短期利率的平均值加上流動性(期間)溢酬

35 Liquidity Premium Theory

36 Liquidity Premium(流動性貼水) & Preferred Habitat(棲息地偏好) Theories
Investors have a preference for bonds of one maturity over another They will be willing to buy bonds of different maturities only if they earn a somewhat higher expected return Investors are likely to prefer short-term bonds over longer-term bonds(喜歡短期勝於長期) 期限偏好理論可以解釋第三個實證現象(收益率曲線通常為正斜率): 由於投資人偏好短期債券,長期債券必須提供足夠的期限溢酬才能吸引投資人購買,而期限溢酬係隨債券期限的增加而上升,因此,期限偏好理論可以解釋為什麼收益率曲線通常呈現正斜率。

37 FIGURE 5 The Relationship Between the Liquidity Premium (Preferred Habitat) and Expectations Theory

38 Liquidity Premium and Preferred Habitat Theories
Interest rates on different maturity bonds move together over time; explained by the first term in the equation(可解釋第一個實證現象) Yield curves tend to slope upward when short-term rates are low and to be inverted when short-term rates are high; explained by the liquidity premium term in the first case and by a low expected average in the second case(可解釋第二個實證現象) Yield curves typically slope upward; explained by a larger liquidity premium as the term to maturity lengthens

39 期限偏好理論:對實證現象的解釋 期限偏好理論可解釋第一個實證現象(不同期限的債券,利率經常同向變動):
短期債券的利率上升,投資人會出售長期債券轉而購買短期債券,長期債券的利率因而 跟著上升。同理,若長期債券的利率上升,短期債券的利率也會跟著上升。 期限偏好理論可解釋第二個實證現象(利率水準較低時,收益率曲線經常呈現正斜率;利率水準較高時,則常呈現負斜率) : 利率低時,大家預期利率將上升,即未來的短期利率將高於現在的短期利率,而長期利率是短期利率的平均,加上正的期限溢酬,因此現在的長期利率將高於短期利率,收益率曲線為正斜率。反之,利率高時,大家預期利率將下跌,現在的長期利率低於短期利率,期限溢酬無法抵銷人們預期的結果,收益率曲線為負斜率。

40 FIGURE 6 Yield Curves and the Market’s Expectations of Future Short-Term Interest Rates According to the Liquidity Premium (Preferred Habitat) Theory

41 FIGURE 7 Yield Curves for U.S. Government Bonds
Sources: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis; U.S. Financial Data, various issues; Wall Street Journal, various dates.

42 Application: The Subprime Collapse and the Baa-Treasury Spread

43 習題-求遠期利率 假定政府公債為零息債券,根據當期的市場交易資訊,可得其市場利率資料如下表:
1年期為10%, 2年期為10.5% , 3年期為10.8% , 4年期為11% , 5年期為11.1% , 請問:根據預期理論求算遠期利率。 Ref:excel:4.1

44 習題 -web exercises 1.進入網站: 下載美國的公司債Aaa、Baa、Conventional mortgages、U.S. government bonds(10year)等data,並繪圖,指出風險貼水較高時點,請問風險貼水穩定嗎? 2.進入網站: 並進入market data-rates and bonds下載U.S. Treasury yield curve,並與ch06之figure 7 比較其差異,可否解釋之?


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