动词的时态.

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1 动词的时态

2 the present continuous tense
现在进行时

3 1. 现在进行时的基本用法是表示正在发生的动作。 What are you doing? Where are you going?

4 2. 有时它表示一段时间内发生的动作。这种情况下可用现在进行时表示与过去的对比。 -What are you doing these days? -I’m not doing anything at present. He is speaking English much more fluently than he use to.

5 3. 现在进行时表将来常有意图、安排、打算的意思，给人一种期待感。表示最近或较近的将来。 I’m leaving tomorrow
3. 现在进行时表将来常有意图、安排、打算的意思，给人一种期待感。表示最近或较近的将来。 I’m leaving tomorrow. When are you starting?

6 5. 现在进行时常用来描写一种状态，显得生动，具有感情色彩。这种描写性的动词可以与形容词并用。 I am missing you dreadfully. The earth is a ball that is always turning around. He is unconscious and groaning.

7 4. 瞬间动词在现在进行时中常表示重复的动作、刚开始的动作或即将结束的动作。 Someone is knocking
4. 瞬间动词在现在进行时中常表示重复的动作、刚开始的动作或即将结束的动作。 Someone is knocking. The sun is setting. The fruit is ripening.

8 The Present Indefinite
一般现在时

9 1. 表示经常或发生的动作或经常存在的状态。 I go out for a walk in the morning every day
1. 表示经常或发生的动作或经常存在的状态。 I go out for a walk in the morning every day. The boy seldom cleans his room.

10 2. 表示一个人的习惯、能力或心理、情感状态。 He never wears a hat in winter
2. 表示一个人的习惯、能力或心理、情感状态。 He never wears a hat in winter. She is always ready to help others.

11 3. 客观存在的规律、真理。 Time and tide wait for no man. Two and four makes six.

12 4. 表示一个按规定、计划或安排会发生的动作、状态。但这种用法只用于少数几个动词，如：go, come, leave, begin, start, arrive, return, stop, open, close, be, etc. When does the train leave? We start tomorrow.

13 5. 作家或作品，剧本或舞台指示；死者的言论、著作。 The king (walks to the throne and sits down): Where is the Queen? Darwin thinks that natural selection is the chief factor in the development of species.

14 6. 用在特定的时态中。 ①    时间状语从句、条件状语从句 We will not go outing if it rains tomorrow. I will tell him as soon as I see him. ②    hope, suppose等的宾语从句中表将来（有时） I hope it keeps fine for a few days. Suppose he doesn’t come. What shall we do?

15 三种表将来的句型比较

16 1. be going to + 动词原形 这种结构往往表示打算，准备做的事或即将发生的或肯定要发生的事（预测）。 We are going to try it in another way. She is going to have a baby. I think it is going to rain. The president is going to visit Japan.

17 2. be to + 动词原形 这种结构用来表示计划、安排好要做的或必须要进行的动作。 We are to meet at the gate after supper. It is now August 25, the pupils and students are to go to schools and colleges next week.

18 3. be about to + 动词原形 这种结构表示即将发生的情况，不能和表示将来的时间状语连用。 We are about to leave. Be quick, the English evening is about to begin. He is about to resign.

19 be going to + 动词原形和be to + 动词原形还是有区别的。前者表示的计划和安排一般是说话人自己的意图，后者表示的计划和安排一般不是或不强调是说话人自己的意图。前者可以表示说话人根据某种迹象认为可能或必然要发生的情况，即人的意志不能控制的动作或状态，后者不能表示这种人的意志不能控制的动作或状态。

20 We are going to have a meeting this evening
We are going to have a meeting this evening.（说话人自己的意图） We are to have a meeting this evening.（可能是别人的安排） It’s going to rain.（不可避免） She is going to be fat.（不可避免）

21 一般过去时的用法

22 1.一般过去时常用于表示过去某一时间里发生的动作或存在的状态。这是这个时态的基本用法。 I studied German when I was at college. Did you see him today?

23 2.一般过去时用于表示过去发生的一系列动作。 I got up at 7 o’clock this morning, dressed, had breakfast, and then went to work.

24 3.一般过去时常服务于一些时态的需要。

25 △    since引导的时间状语从句常用一般过去时，这时主句多用现在完成时。 You have changed a lot since we last met. He has been a good guy since he was a child.

26 △    有些动作或情况发生的时间我们不清楚，或我们能明显感到是过去发生的动作，在没有具体的表过去的时间状语时也应该用一般过去时。 He is no longer the man he was. I thought you were out.

27 △    时间或条件状语从句中，主句是过去将来时的情况下，从句的时态。 They would let us know if they heard any news about her. He told me several times that if he had money he would pay back to me.

28 4. 一般过去时还可以用来代替一般现在时，使语气变得委婉。 I wondered if you could help me
4.一般过去时还可以用来代替一般现在时，使语气变得委婉。 I wondered if you could help me. I thought you might go and see him tonight.

29 5. 在不强调动作的先后、因果关系时，可用于从句的“过去的过去”。 Did you find the pen you lost
5.在不强调动作的先后、因果关系时，可用于从句的“过去的过去”。 Did you find the pen you lost? When the clock struck eleven, we all went to bed.

30 6. 谈到死者多用一般过去时。 Lao She was a great writer
6.谈到死者多用一般过去时。 Lao She was a great writer. My grandmother was kind to us.

31 a. 过去时一般用在： • 过去特定时间发生的事情。 • 过去发生的事情持续一段时间，并已经结束。 • 过去的习惯。 b

32 现在完成时的用法

33 1. 表示一个发生在过去的动作或状态，但对现在有影响或已产生某种结果，而这种影响或结果就是说话人所感兴趣的或要强调的。 The car has arrived. Someone has broken the window.

34 2. 表示过去重复发生或持续到现在的动作或状态，并且还可能重复、持续下去。表示这种意义的动词多是延续性动词，如live, study, teach, be等。常和since或for引导的时间状语从句连用。还可以用在“It be… since”结构中。瞬间动词不能用在完成时态表延续动作，但可用在否定句中。

35 I have lived here for more than thirty years
I have lived here for more than thirty years. He has learned a lot since he came here. It is five years since I have studied English. I haven’t bought anything for three month.

36 3.表示一个发生在不确切的过去时间的动作或状态。这种用法常和时间状语等连用。注意：当单纯谈到一个过去的动作，不涉及它对现在的影响时，常用一般过去时；如果强调它对现在的影响，用现在完成时。

37 Have you got the plan ready yet? Who has turned off the light?

38 4. 表示从过去某个时间到现在这段时间中发生的事情。这种情况可与“现在时刻”在内的时间状语连用。如：now, today, this week, this month, this summer, this year, always, often, etc. Have you seen Jack today? I have been there only once this year.

39 5.现在完成时还可以用在由when, before, after, until, if等引导的时间、条件状语从句中，表示将来的动作。它较之于一般现在时，常强调下列三种情况：

40 △ 强调动作的完成或结果。 Come to my office when you have finished your work.

41 △    强调从句的动作与主句的动作不紧相连，二者之间有时间间隔。 They often play chess after they have had supper.

42 △    强调延续性动词的动作已完成。 You will get to like the subject after you have studied it for some time.

43 注意:如果两个动作同时发生或几乎同时发生，则不用现在完成时。 I will call you as soon as I get to the university.

44 6. 现在完成时可用在when, before, after, until等引导的时间状语从句中，其主句谓语动词用一般现在时。这时从句谓语不是表示将来或现在的“完成”， 而是强调“经常性地”做完某事以后做的事。 We often play football after we have finished our exercises.

45 7. 现在完成时可用来表示所发生的时间先于一般过去时。 He has tried to revenge himself on her for this many times, but I prevented him from doing it at last.

46 一般过去时和现在完成时用法的比较

47 两者相同之处是它们所表示的动作都发生在过去。但从理论上讲，一般过去时属于过去时态，现在完成时属于现在时态。问题的着眼点不同：一般过去时着眼于过去，强调的是过去的动作或状态，而现在完成时的动作虽然发生在过去，但强调的是对现在的影响。

48 所以，当说话人不强调动作对现在的影响时，只单纯地谈论某个动作，就用一般过去时；如果强调动作对现在的影响，谈论的是现在的情况，则用现在完成时。试比较： I have been to Beijing for five times. I went to Beijing last summer.

49 The Present Perfect Continuous
现在完成进行时

50 1.现在完成进行时主要表示某个动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在或离现在不远的时间。动作有可能下去，也可能不继续下去。用于这个时态的动词多数是可延续性动词，如study, live, work, stay, sit, wait, stand等，并常和all this time, this week, all night, all the morning, recently等时间状语及由for和since引导的时间状语连用。

51 例如： He has been living here for ten years
例如： He has been living here for ten years. What have you been doing recently? He has been doing his homework all this morning.

52 2.用于现在以前这段时间内经常反复发生的动作，并不一定在一直不停地进行。 All these years they have been contributing articles to our magazines. I have been working on the night shift for several weeks. I have been writing an article these days.

53 现在完成进行时和现在完成时的用法区别

54 1.现在进行时强调动作已经完成或对现在的影响；而现在完成进行时则强调动作一直延续到说话时甚至还会继续延续下去。例如： I have worked here for five years. I have been working here for five years. He has done his homework. He has being doing his homework for two hours.

55 注意：有少数动词如work, study, live, sit, teach等用现在完成时和现在完成进行时的意思差不多。例如： They have lived there all their lives. They have been living there all their lives. How long have you studied here? How long have you been studying here?

56 但大部分的动词不能这样换。试比较： He has written a report. He has been writing a report. They have built a great hall. They have been building a great hall.

57 现在完成进行时和现在进行时的用法区别

58 现在进行时强调某动作正在进行；而现在完成进行时则强调某动作从过去某一时间以前开始一直延续到说话时甚至还会继续延续下去。例如： He is translating the passage into English. He has been translating the passage for three months.

59 The Past Perfect Tense 过去完成时

60 1. 过去完成时表示某个动作或状态在过去某一时刻或过去的某一动作以前已经完成，也就是我们说的“过去的过去”。因此，在用这个时态的时候必须有一个表示过去的时间，如由before, by, for, since等介词引导的时间状语，也可以是由since, when等引导的时间状语从句。

61 By the end of last week, we had finished all the texts
By the end of last week, we had finished all the texts. When we got to the cinema, the film had already started.

62 有时，这个过去的时刻也可以暗含在上下文中而不用表示出来。 The roads were full of people
有时，这个过去的时刻也可以暗含在上下文中而不用表示出来。 The roads were full of people. We hadn’t foreseen that.

63 在使用过去完成时时，我们一定要弄清楚它并不指过去完成的动作（一般过去时多数情况下也指过去完成的动作），而是一个相对的时间概念，表示的是“过去的过去”，强调一个动作发生在另一个动作之前，只有在和过去的某一时刻或某一动作相比较时才用这个时态。

64 2. 过去完成时用在含有when, than, before等引导的过去一般时的句子里。 Scarcely had we left the house when it began to rain. No sooner had I locked the door than the telephone rang.

65 但是当after, as soon as, before, when, until, now that等引导时间状语从句时，如果从句的动作和主句的动作紧接着发生，主句也一般不用过去完成时；如果两个动作在不同时间里发生，先发生的动作要用过去完成时。而since引导的时间状语从句，主句常用现在或过去完成时。

66 He came to see me before he left for Shanghai
He came to see me before he left for Shanghai. He had come to see me before he left for Shanghai.

67 3. 表示由过去某一时间开始，延续到过去的另一个时间的动作。 They showed the new products that they had made recently. He told me that they had known each other since 1949.

68 4. 过去完成时用于intend, hope, plan, think, want, mean, suppose等少数几个动词时，表示本来打算做而没有做成的事或过去未曾实现的设想、意图等。 We had hoped to catch the last bus, but found it was gone. I had meant to come, but something happened.

69 5. 在叙述已故的人或过去的事时，可以用过去完成时表示过去，这样的句子可以看作是复合句的省略形式。 Had you ever seen him? (= Had you ever met him before he died？) This writer had written a few novels.（= He had written a few novels before he died.）

70 6. 过去完成时可以用在时间和条件状语从句中，表示“过去的将来”某一时刻前已经完成的动作。 He said that he would come as soon as he had finished his work. But he made up his mind to go on working at the wireless until he had found out how to send them.

71 过去一般时和过去完成时的用法区别

72 过去一般时强调过去某一时刻发生的动作或状态，而过去完成时则强调到过去某一时刻已经完成的动作或状态，即“过去的过去”。试比较： They discussed the situation in Africa last week. They had already discussed the situation in Africa when I got there.

73 1.They saw empty glasses and cups and realized that three people _______ in the room.
A were B had been C have been Dare 2.The man can’t see where he _____.He ______to fall into the hole in front of him. A is going is going B goes is going C is going will go D goes will go 3.I_____a novel by Dickens last night, and another night I will finish it. A have read B read C have read D was reading

74 4.I don’t smoke now, but I______for almost ten years.
A ever smoked B.have ever smoked C.had ever smoked D.was ever smoking 5.Last week I went to see Mike in the hospital and he _____with great content. A had recovered B.was recovering C.recovered D.would recover 6.I thought Jim would say something about his school report, but he______it A doesn’t mention B.hadn’t mention C.didn’t mention D hasn’t mentioned

75 7.I know he is getting on well recently. He _____ me regularly.
A.writes to B.has written to C.wrote to D.in writing to 8.Let’s go out now. It _____ A.doesn’t rain B.hasn’t rained C.isn’t raining D.wasn’t raining

76 9. She ______ her mother with the housework
9.She ______ her mother with the housework. At this time she usually ______her homework. is helping does B.helps is doing C.is helping is doing D. helps does 10.I didn’t catch the train . It ______at 9:45 am. A. had left B. has left C.was leaving D.leaves 11.We want to sit at the table near the window. I’m sorry,but it ______already. A.was taken B.has been taken C.will be taken D.has taken

77 12.He was so near-sighted that he didn’t see the notice which _______”Wet paint!”
A.was told B. read C. told D.was read 13.The telephone had been ringing for several minutes before it______ A.answered B. had answered C.was answering D.was answered 14.The door _____.Better get someone to have it repaired right now. A.isn’t open B. hasn’t been open C.isn’t be open D.won’t open

78 15.I don’t know if he _____.If he _____, I’ll let you know.
Will come will come B. comes comes C.will come comes D. comes will come 16.Before I _______ him a week he tried to borrow money from me. A.knew b. have known C.know D.had known 17.Kate has come back home from her long holidays abroad. Oh, really ?I_____ ____ visit her. A.didn’t know; I’ll go and B.don’t know; I’ll go and C.don’t know ; I,m going to C.didn’t know; I ‘m going to

79 18.The computers made by our company sell best,but several years ago no one could have imagined the role in the markets that they _______ A.were playing B. were to play C.had played d. played 19.I really don’t think ketty will mind it,but you’d better go and see her in case she _______. A.does B.do C.will mind D. has minded 20. _____Hey. Look where you are going! ______Oh, I am terribly sorry,_______. A.I am not noticing B.I wasn’t noticing C.I haven’t noticed D.I don’t notice

80 21.My watch has stopped .What time is it now?
Sorry , my watch _____.It ______at the shop . A.was broken;was repaired B.is broken; is repaired C.is broken; is being repaired D.was broken was being repaired 22.I am terribly sorry for being late, but I ______in the traffic jam. A.had been caught B. had caught C.was caught D.caught 23.Jimmy said that he would come to pick me up, but he _____by now. A.hasn’t turned up B.doesn’t turn up C.won’t turn up D.hadn’t turned up

81 24.She ______tennis quite well ,but she hasn’t had time to play since she moved to the new school.
A.will play B.have played C.played D. plays 25.To find the street where my former English teacher used to live is no easy task because the city _______so rapidly all these years. A.is changing B.has changed C.will have changed D.will change

82 26.____You are drinking too much.(2000)
____Only at home. No one _____me but you. A.is seeing B. had seen C.sees D.saw 27.All the preparations for the task_____and we’re ready to start. A.completed B.complete C.had been completed D.have been completed 28.____You”ve left the light on. Oh,so I have _____and turn it off. A.I’ll go B. I’ve gone C.I go D. I’m going

83 29.How are you today? Oh, I have _____as ill as I do now for a very long time. A.didn’t feel B.wasn’t feeling C. don’t feel D. haven’t felt 30.The reporter said that the UFO___east to west when he saw it. A.was traveling B.traveled C.had been traveling D. was to travel 31.Hundreds of jobs _____ if the factory closes. A.lose B.will be lost C.are lost D.will lose

84 32.I’ve won a holiday for two days to Floridu. I_____my mum
A am taking B.have taken C.take D.will have taken 33.A new cinema _____here. They hope to finish it next month. A.will be built B.is built C.has been built D is being built 34.Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology________so rapidly. A.is changing B. has changed C. will have changed D.will change

85 35.I_____Ping-pong quite well ,but I haven’t had time to play since the new year.
A.played B. will play C.have played D. play 36.Visitors____not to touch the exhibits. A.will request B.request C.are requesting D.are requested 37.John and I ____friends for eight years. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party . But we ____each other a couple of times before that. A had been ; have seen B.have been ; have seen C.had been ;had seen D.have been; had seen

86 38. This is Ted’s photo. We miss him a lot
38.This is Ted’s photo. We miss him a lot. He ____trying to save a child in the earthquake. A.killed B.is killed C.was killed D.was killing 39.How are the team playing? ___They are playing well ,but one of them ____hurt. A. got B.gets C.are D.were 40.You haven,t said a word about my new coat,Brenda. Do you like it? ____I’m sorry I___anything about it sooner. I certainly think it’s pretty on you. A.wasn’t saying B.don’t say C.won’t say D didn’t say