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5. Newton's Laws Applications 牛頓定律的應用

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1 5. Newton's Laws Applications 牛頓定律的應用
Using Newton’s 2nd Law 使用牛頓第二定律 Multiple Objects 多個物體 Circular Motion 圓形運動 Friction 磨擦 Drag Forces 拖曳(阻)力

2 Why doesn’t the roller coaster fall from its loop-the-loop track?
為甚麼這雲霄車沒有從它的環路車軌掉下來? Ans. The downward net force is just enough to make it move in a circular path. 答: 向下的淨力剛好足夠使它作圓形運動。

3 5.1. Using Newton’s 2nd Law 使用牛頓第二定律
Example Skiing 滑雪 A skier of mass m = 65 kg glides down a frictionless slope of angle  = 32. Find 一個質量為 m = 65 kg 的滑雪人滑下一個無摩擦,傾角為  = 32 的山坡。求 The skier’s acceleration 滑雪人的加速度 The force the snow exerts on him. 雪加於他的力 x : y n a y : x Fg

4 Example 5.2. Bear Precautions 防熊措施
Mass of pack in figure is 17 kg. 圖中背包的質量為 17 kg 。 What is the tension on each rope? 每根繩子的張力為何? since x : y y : T2 T1 x Fg

5 Example 5.3. Restraining a Ski Racer 頂住一個滑雪選手
A starting gate acts horizontally to restrain a 60 kg ski racer on a frictionless 30 slope. 在一無摩擦,傾角 30  的斜坡上,一起賽閘從水平的方向頂住一個 60kg 的滑雪選手。 What horizontal force does the gate apply to the skier? 閘在水平方向施於選手的力為何? since y n x : y : x Fh Fg

6 Alternative Approach 另一作法
Net force along slope (x-direction) : 沿斜坡 (x-方向) 的淨力 y n Fh x Fg

7 GOT IT 懂嗎? 5.1. A roofer’s toolbox rests on a frictionless 45 ° roof,
secured by a horizontal rope. 一個修理屋頂用的工具箱,由一條水平的繩索縛在一個無摩擦,斜角 45 ° 的屋頂上。 Is the rope tension 繩索的張力比箱子的重量 greater than, 大, less than, or 小,還是 equal to 相同 the box’s weight? n x : T Smaller   smaller T  小些  T 小些 Fg x

8 5.2. Multiple Objects 多個物體  Example 5.4. Rescuing a Climber 拯救一個爬山人
A 70 kg climber dangles over the edge of a frictionless ice cliff. 一個 70 kg 爬山人吊在一片無摩擦的冰崖下 He’s roped to a 940 kg rock 51 m from the edge. 他的繩索縛在一塊 940 kg,離崖邊 51 m 的石頭上。 What’s his acceleration? 他的加速度為何? How much time does he have before the rock goes over the edge? 在石頭掉下冰崖之前,他還有多少時間? Neglect mass of the rope. 忽略繩索的質量。

9 Tension 張力 整條都是 T = 1N throughout

10 GOT IT 懂嗎 ? 5.2. What are 求下列各值 the rope tension and 繩子的張力
the force exerted by the hook on the rope? 掛勾施於繩子的力 1N 1N

11 5.3. Circular Motion 圓形運動 Uniform circular motion 均勻圓形運動 2nd law:
第二定律: centripetal 向心 需有淨力才能轉變運動的方向。 力指向曲線的中心。

12 Example 5.5. Whirling a Ball on a String 揮舞一個縛在繩子上的球
Mass of ball is m. 球的質量是 m。 String is massless. 繩子無質量。 Find the ball’s speed & the string tension 求球的速率 & 繩子的張力。 x : y : y 半徑是 L cos T a x Fg

13 Example 5.6. Engineering a Road 道路工程
At what angle should a road with 200 m curve radius be banked for travel at 90 km/h (25 m/s)? 一條彎曲半徑為 200 m 的道路應該傾斜幾度來支援 90 km/h (25 m/s) 的車速 ? y x : y : n x a Fg

14 Example 5.7. Looping the Loop 繞着圈轉
Radius at top is 6.3 m. 頂點處的半徑是 6.3 m。 What’s the minimum speed for a roller-coaster car to stay on track there? 要雲霄車在該點維持在軌道上的最低速率為何? Minimum speed  n = 0 最低速率

15 5.4. Friction 摩擦 Some 20% of fuel is used to overcome friction inside an engine. 大概 20% 的燃料是用來克服引擎內的摩擦。 The Nature of Friction 摩擦的本質 摩擦 摩擦增大

16 Frictional Forces 摩擦力 Pushing a trunk 推一個箱子 :
Nothing happens unless force is great enough. 除非用的力夠大,箱子不會動。 Force can be reduced once trunk is going. 箱子動了之後,用的力可以減少。 Static friction 靜摩擦 s = coefficient of static friction 靜摩擦系數 Kinetic friction 動摩擦 k = coefficient of kinetic friction動摩擦系數 k : < 0.01 (smooth 光滑), > 1.5 (rough粗糙) Rubber on dry concrete : k = 0.8, s = 1.0 橡皮在乾的水泥上 Waxed ski on dry snow: k = 0.04 已上臘的雪橇在乾的雪上 Body-joint fluid: k = 0.003 關節內的液體

17 Application of Friction 摩擦的應用
Walking & driving require static friction. 走路和開車都需要靜摩擦 No slippage 沒有滑動 : Contact point is momentarily at rest 接觸點在瞬時間是靜止的  static friction at work 靜摩擦作用 ground pushes you 地推你 foot pushes ground 腳推地

18 Example 5.8. Stopping a Car 把車子停下來
k & s of a tire on dry road are 0.61 & 0.89, respectively. 一個輪胎在乾路上的 k & s 分別是 & 0.89。 If the car is travelling at 90 km/h (25 m/s), 如果車子的速率是 90 km/h (25 m/s) determine the minimum stopping distance. 找出最短的停車距離。 the stopping distance with the wheels fully locked (car skidding). 輪子完全鎖住時(車子在滑動)的停車距離。 (a)  = s : (b)  = k :

19 Application: Antilock Braking Systems (ABS) 應用 : 防鎖剎車系统
Skidding wheel 滑動的輪子 : kinetic friction 動摩擦 Rolling wheel 滾動的輪子 : static friction 靜摩擦

20 Example Steering 轉軚 A level road makes a 90 turn with radius 73 m. 一條水平的路以半徑 73 m 做 90轉彎 What’s the maximum speed for a car to negotiate this turn when the road is 一輛汽車在下列路況轉此彎時,最高的車速為何? (a) dry 乾 ( s = 0.88 ). (b) covered with snow 積雪 ( s = 0.21 ). 摩擦力 車從紙面出來 曲線的中心 (a) (b)

21 Example Avalanche! 雪崩 Storm dumps new snow on ski slope. 暴風在滑雪坡上倒了一層新雪 s between new & old snow is 新和舊雪間的 s 是 0.46 What’s the maximum slope angle to which the new snow can adhere? 新雪能維持附着的最大坡度為何? y n x : y : fs x Fg

22 Example 5.11. Dragging a Trunk 拖着一個箱子
Mass of trunk is m. Rope is massless. Kinetic friction coefficient is k. 箱子的質量為 m。 繩子無質量。動摩擦系數為 k 。 What rope tension is required to move trunk at constant speed? 如果要箱子以等速移動,繩子的張力為何? y y : x : n T fs x Fg

23 GOT IT 懂嗎? 5.4 less than, 較小 (b) equal to 相等, or 或 (c) greater than 較大
Is the frictional force 摩擦力與 重量乘摩擦系數 比較是 less than, 較小 (b) equal to 相等, or 或 (c) greater than 較大 the weight multiplied by the coefficient of friction? Reason: Chain is pulling downward, thus increasing n. 原因: 鏈子朝下拉,故 n 變大。

24 5.5. Drag Forces 阻力 Drag force: frictional force on moving objects in fluid. 阻力:流體內物體移動時所受到的摩擦力。 Depends on fluid density, object’s cross section area, & speed. 與流體的密度及物體的截面積和速率有關。 Terminal speed: max speed of free falling object in fluid. 終端速率: 流體內自由落體的最高速率 Parachute 降落傘: vT ~ 5 m/s. Ping-pong ball 乒乓球: vT ~ 10 m/s. Golf ball 高爾夫球: vT ~ 50 m/s. Sky-diver varies falling speed by changing his cross-section. 高空跳傘人以改變他的截面積來改變他下墜的速率 Drag & Projectile Motion 阻力和拋體運動


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