Paradigm Shifts in Educational Philosophy: 教育哲學的範例轉移

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1 Paradigm Shifts in Educational Philosophy: 教育哲學的範例轉移
Instruction  Construction Changing demographics of learners Elitism v. Egalitarianism Education for control v. for empowerment (e.g., imperialism, colonialism) Reference to Bloom’s Taxonomy of High-Order Thinking and to the Learning Pyramid (lecture, reading, a/v, demonstration)

2 Lower vs. Higher-order Thinking 低層次 vs. 高層次思維技巧（布魯姆的分類法）
Ceng2 si; Si wei2 ji4 qiao2; Bu4 lu2 mu3; Fen le4 fa3 xiu din4 ban3

3 低層次 vs. 高層次思維技巧（布魯姆的分類法修訂版）
創造 產生新的理念、新的看問題的角度、做出新的產品 設計、建構、規劃、生產、發明 評鑑 判斷一個決定或者行動的能力 檢驗、假設、評判、實驗、評價 分析 將資訊分解成部份並且能探究其中隱含的理念和關係的能力 對比、組織、解構、詢問(質疑)、查找 應用 運用資訊和遷移知識的能力 應用、實施、使用、操作 理解 詮釋理念和概念的能力 詮釋、總結、釋義、分類、解釋 記憶 對信息的會議和再認 辨識、列表、描述、再認、命名、查找 Ceng2 si; Si wei2 ji4 qiao2; Bu4 lu2 mu3; Fen le4 fa3 xiu din4 ban3 Ji4 yi4; Li2 jie3; Yi4 yong4; Fen xi4; Ping2 jian4; Chuang4 zao4

4 Classroom Activity 課堂活動
Teacher-Centered  Learner-Centered 以教師為中心 以學習者為中心 Teachers teach the way they learned best v. teaching the way each student learns best Students must adjust to teachers’ teaching style v. teachers must accommodate students

5 Teacher Role 教師角色 Fact Teller  Collaborator 事實的傳遞者 協同者 Always Expert  Sometimes Learner 永遠是專家 有時是學習者

6 Student Role 學生角色 Listener  Collaborator 聽眾 協同者 Always Leaner  Sometimes Expert 永遠是學習者 有時是專家

7 Instructional Emphasis 教學重點
Facts  Relationships 事實 關係 Memorization  Inquiry and Invention 記憶 詢問及創作 Reference to Bloom’s Taxonomy

8 Concepts of Knowledge 知識的觀念
Accumulating Facts  Using Facts 事實的累積 事實的轉化 Analogy to money—accumulation v. use Use it or lose it Facts as building blocks of construction

9 Demonstration of Success 成功的示範
Quantity  Quality 數量 品質 Relative to teachers and students “Did teacher teach a lot of stuff?” v. “Did teacher teach effectively?” “Did students answer many questions correctly?” v. “Did students really understand and learn?” Norm referenced assessment v. standards-based assessment

10 Type of Assessment 評量方法
Norm-Referenced  Criteria/Standards-Based 常模參照 效標參照 Multiple-Choice  Portfolios & Performances 選擇題 檔案及表現 Bell-shaped curve v. rubrics

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13 1.請就您學校中目前以學生為中心的學習情 形作描述?
2.以您學校目前的現況, 您會如何在學校更 進一步的推動以學生為中心的學習?