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第五部分阅读理解(C) ——英译汉.

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1 第五部分阅读理解(C) ——英译汉

2 一、大纲要求 部分 为考生提供的信息 测试要点 题型 记分 答题卡 类型 Ⅱ.阅读理解(C) 英译汉(10分) 1篇文章(共约400词)
5处划线部分(约150词) 理解的准确性 5 10 答题卡2(人工阅卷,机器登分)

3 (二)基本要求 英译汉的画线部分一般是全文中有一定难度,而且结构复杂冗长的句子。要彻底理解画线部分的意思,要求考生要通读全文,然后联系上下文,用通顺的汉语把原文的意思准确地表达出来。切忌不看上下文,而只看画线部分就着手翻译;英译汉同时还要求考生对汉语的熟练程度,以及对英汉两种语言差异的认识,熟悉各种常见的译法。

4 被测试的翻译技能包括: 1.抽象名词的译法 2.非谓语动词的译法 3.名词性从句的译法 4.定语从句的译法 5.状语从句的译法 6.被动语态的译法 7.英语长句的处理

5 二、命题特点   1.近几年英译汉试题的文章均为议论文,其结构严谨,逻辑性强,文章长度约400词。   2.文章内容涉及政治、经济、社会生活、文化教育或科普知识,难度较大(见下表)。   3.文章中要求翻译的5个句子,或句子较长,包括定语从句、状语从句等从属结构,致使句子结构复杂;或句子虽然不长,但包含较难理解的词、词组或短语以及较复杂的语法现象。   4.常有一些词,要求考生根据上下文选择词义或作词义的引申。

6   5.往往有代词,因此考生应根据上下文准确理解其指代关系并译成汉语。
  6.往往有一些惯用句型或成语。如:not so much…as… 与其————不如————;anything but 根本不。 英汉翻译的应试技巧及考试实例剖析一翻译标准 英译汉是创造性地运用汉语(Target language)将英语(Source language)所表达的思想内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。它不仅要求一定的英语基本功,也要求较好的汉语表达能力,而从卷面看,

7 考生败笔的一个主要原因就是对翻译技巧知之甚少,s不敢放手调整词序、句序、语序,不敢加字、减字,不敢进行词类转换所致。因此,在学习和复习时针对考试中经常出现的一些语言现象,总结一些“破译”的“利器”,对考生来说是非常必要的,而且在短时间内提高自己在该部分的得分也是完全可能的。 翻译创作的标准是“信、达、雅”,而英译汉考试只要求“忠实”与“通顺”即可。“忠实”就是忠于原作的内容,译者必须把原作的思想内容“完整而正确地”表达出来,不得有任何的篡改歪曲、遗漏或任意增补的现象;“通顺”指译文必须明白通畅,不能有文理不通、结构混乱或不合逻辑的现象。

8 在英译汉中,需要特别提醒的是:   (1)汉语所要表达的是英语原文的内容,即句子或文章的意思,而不是句子结构。   (2)在翻译过程中,英语原文的内容要准确而完整地重新表达出来,而不是将两种语言结构进行简单的转换。因此,在做英译汉的题目时,汉语所表达的意思应与原文保持一致,而汉语的句子结构只是为这一表达服务而不应拘泥于原文。   如,wet paint该如何译?如果译成“湿油漆”就很别扭,译成“油漆未干”则符合汉语习惯,听起来也较顺耳。

9 如:“A push of a button, a tiny voltage, and a long lost scene springs to life, complete in every detail-the voice of a dead parent, the smell of cooking, street noise outside a childhood home.” 这句话中parent一词该怎么译?汉语没有一个能兼指父亲和母亲的词。这个词若是复数就好办,可以译成“父母”或“双亲”,而原文偏偏是单数,翻译时只能译成“父”或“母”。译文为:你按一下电钮,加一些微量电压,就可以使忘怀多年的景象又历历在目,栩栩如生,详尽无遗。比如亡母的声音,炒菜的香味,孩提时代街上的喧闹声。

10 二、翻译方法   英译汉的基本翻译方法包括理解、表达和校核三个阶段。   (一)理解   这一阶段的目的主要是读懂英语原文,弄清原文的意思。它包括以下几点: 1.通读全文   目的在于从整体上把握整篇文章的内容,理解画线部分与文章其他部分之间的语法和逻辑关系。在段落中要搞清画线的句子和其他句子之

11 间的关系,特别要弄清代词it, they, them, this, that, these, those和other等所指代的词或词组。
2.分析画线部分的句子结构   从翻译试题来看,画线部分一般来说句子结构都比较复杂,如果不搞清楚它的语法结构,很难达到正确完整地理解原文的要求。在分析画线部分的句子结构时,要首先注意把句子的主、谓、宾找出来,明确句子的骨干结构;同时要注意分析句子成分是否有省略的地方,主句和从句之间的关系是否明确等等。

12 3.理解画线部分的含义   不仅要弄清句子中所有实词和虚词的词汇意义,还要理解全句的整体意思及该句子所处的具体的语言环境。在此阶段应弄清楚下列问题:   (1)句子中是否含有代词和其他具有指代意义的词,如果有,应根据上下文确定它们指代的内容是什么。   (2)句子中的短语和一些常用的词具有多种含义和用法的,应结合它的“左邻右舍”,确定具体含义是什么。   (3)该部分的意义是否与全篇文章的内容一致,是否相互矛盾。

13   (二)表达   就是译者把自己从英语原文理解的内容用汉语表达出来,表达的好坏取决于译者对英语原文的理解程度以及汉语的修养。在表达上有许多具体的方法和技巧,一般分为直译和意译。 1.直译。就是在译文语言条件许可时,在译文中既保持原文的内容,又保持原文的形式。但是也不能生搬硬套地硬译,如果这样来译一篇文章,结果可想而知是不伦不类了。

14 2.意译。就是不拘泥于原文的形式以及格式,重点在于正确表达原文的意思。当然,意译并不等于我们可以乱译,还是要忠于原文材料。
在考试中一般提倡直译法,但我们可以在考试中把直译和意译结合起来;直译为主,意译为辅,就是先把句子直译,再把直译出来的译句中的某些比较生硬的词加以意译,使之符合汉语语言习惯,变成比较通顺圆滑的句子。

15 (三)校核   校核也是翻译过程中一个重要的过程,即在英译汉过程中,考生从英语到汉语、从汉语到英语反复推敲的过程,以使译文达到“忠实”、“通顺”的要求。校核过程中我们应注意以下几点: 1.校核修改翻译过程中译错或表达不够准确的词组、词汇和句子。 2.校核汉语译文中的词和句有无错漏。 3.校核原文中的时间、日期、人物名称、地点,以及有关数字等是否和译文相符合。

16 4.校核标点符号的正确性。 三、翻译技巧 翻译过程包括两个阶段:正确理解和充分表达。理解是表达的前提,而表达是理解的目的和结果,二者缺一不可。因此,考生在做英译汉部分试题时: (1)切记不可急躁,一定要先通读全文,把握全文的主旨、内容, 把握画线部分的语境。

17 (2)在着重理解画线部分时,首先要在语义上弄清全句的整体意思和每个单词的意思;其次要分析清楚句子结构,理出句群,找出各分句之间的关系。
(3)可考虑先打一份翻译草稿,再根据文章意义和汉语结构进行调整。

18 2004年真题 The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. (1) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be. Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. (2) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples

19 who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from "exotic" language, were not always so grateful. (3) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.

20 Sapir's pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages. (4) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. (5) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a

21 language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages ,Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.

22 1.The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be. [参考译文] 希腊人认为,语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。 2. We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.

23 [参考译文] 我们之所有感激他们(两位先驱),是因为在此之后,这些(土著)语言中有一些已经不复存在了,这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡了,或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言。 3. The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data

24 [参考译文] 这些新近被描述的语言与已经得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著,以至于有些学者甚至指责Boas和Sapir编造了材料。 4. Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.

25 [参考译文] Whorf对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣,逐渐形成了这样的观点:在一个社会中,语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。 5. Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.

26 [参考译文] Whorf进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点,其极端说法是:语言禁锢思维,语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。


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