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The Two Faces of Adam Smith Vernon L. Smith

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1 The Two Faces of Adam Smith Vernon L. Smith
包家蔚 羅亦婷 鄭宇晴 蘇匯文

2 作者簡介 弗農·史密斯 (Vernon L. Smith,1927 - ) 2002年諾貝爾經濟學獎得主 實驗經濟學之父
實驗設計以「人」為研究對象,來支持或反駁經濟模型和理論的預測能力

3 市場只有一隻手? 為Adam Smith 做說明 《國富論》:人是「自利」的 《道德情操論》:人有「互惠」的傾向
自利 v.s 互惠 是矛盾的嗎? → 不,其實它們是一體兩面的

4 交易的源起 利己 v.s 利他 (Self-regarding and other-regarding)
財產權 (property right) 互惠行為 (reciprocity behavior) “human nature”

5 生物學為例 黑猩猩(chimpanzee)的互惠行為 積極互惠行為 消極互惠行為

6 人類學為例 部落關係 在契約經濟關係之前,逐步發展的互惠行為成了社會交換行為的基礎 禮物 (EX: Eskimo) 親屬

7 小結 作者試圖為亞當斯密看似兩個矛盾的觀點做出合理的解釋,並以自己的觀點,融以生物、人類和歷史的脈絡,企圖為經濟學開拓一個多元的面向,而以「人」為研究對象,則為抽象的經濟模型理論,注入了「人際關係」的變因。 古典經濟學觀點:人和人 弗農實驗經濟學觀點:人和團體;我和你和他

8 Evolutionary Psychology and “Mindreading:” Implications for Property Right as Natural Order
Aware of one’s own thoughts and desires “all we do in life is discover what is already built into our brains” The autistic child is not aware of mental phenomena in others This enables me to see not only the value to me of possessing certain rights to act but also to know intuitively the value of such rights for others

9 The Experimental Record Shows that Human Nature is both Self-regarding and Other-regarding
Noncooperative Behavior Makes Impersonal Markets Work The key is to distinguish impersonal market exchange from personal social and economic exchange, and to understand that efficiency in the former is based on Noncooperative Behavior while efficiency in the latter requires reciprocity

10 In impersonal markets, people behave noncooperatively, and this maximizes the gains from exchange

11 實驗經濟學:合作實驗 實驗假設:在合作實驗中,人們會壓倒性地選擇不與他人合作(FOR SURE)
實驗結果:有一半的人願意冒險,選擇與他人合作(TRUST) Why? Many people are programmed for repeated social exchange. This is part of their NATURAL INSTINCTS.

12 實驗經濟學:權力分配實驗

13 實驗經濟學:權力分配實驗 隨著權力正當性的提高,分配越來越不公平,但人們普遍接受(Each correctly “reads” the mind of the other) 公平性FAIRNESS Why are people fair? The Theory of Moral Sentiments

14 獨裁者賽局Dictator Game 實驗一: 人有利他性行為 實驗二: 人是自利的

15 互惠行為 和 他人vs.自己人 Reciprocity behavior and outgroup vs. ingroup
 人容易正面對待自己人,負面對待他人 人會微妙偵測這人是朋友還是敵人(內或外),行為也會無意識的產生差別 實驗結果:  個人交易(personal exchange)   vs.  客觀交易(impersonal exchange)

16 總結 亞當斯密問題: 道德情操論-互惠 vs. 國富論-私利
藉由個人交易和客觀交易之間的區別,這兩者其實不相矛盾,例:友誼經驗(互惠也是自利)。 人看得見互惠所造成的好處  積極的互惠:交易,消極的互惠:懲罰 人天生會交易,就如同人天生會學習一樣。


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