Kant on Categorical Imperative

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1 Kant on Categorical Imperative
授課教師：陳嘉銘 【本著作除另有註明外，採取創用CC「姓名標示－非商業性－相同方式分享」台灣3.0版授權釋出】

2 Categorical Imperative的四種表示
1.Universlizability Test (objective ground) Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. 2. Humanity as the end in itself (subjective ground) Act in such as way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end. 3. Autonomy (Self-legislation) (1+2) Every rational being subjects himself only to the law of which it can regard itself as the author(making the law for itself). 4. Human Dignity: ‘if it is exalted above all price and so admits of no equivalent, then it has dignity’; Autonomy is the ground of dignity; the law-making which determines all value.

3 Universlizability Test
Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. 三種可能性 1.通過測試: permissible 2.沒通過測試: impermissible(ought not to) 3.從 1或2 推出: ought to 三種矛盾導致你無法will it to be a universal law 1.Contradiction in the will. Ex. Duty to preserve one’s life. 2.Contradiction in consequences Ex. Duty not to make false promise when in difficult times. 3.Contradiction to the realization of a possible harmony of purposes. Ex. Duty to contribute to others’ happiness while one can.

4 政治上的意涵 1. Kant: Everyone’s external freedom can coexist in accordance with a universal law. 2. John Rawls透過康德式契約論推論出來的正義原則 3. 審議民主 “only those norms can said to be valid, which would be agreed to by all those affected by their consequences of a process of deliberation that had the following features: equality and symmetry…to question…to open debate …arguments about the very rules of the discourse procedure” (Seyla Benhabib) 4. 普世主義(cosmopolitanism): 人權(ex. Thomas Pogge)

5 版權聲明 Act only on ……a universal law.
頁碼 作品 版權標示 作者/來源 2 Act only on ……a universal law. Immanuel Kant, “Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals” in Western Philosophy: An Anthology, ed. John Cottingham (Blackwell, 1996)依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用 Act in such as ……same time as an end.

6 版權聲明 if it is ……then it has dignity
頁碼 作品 版權標示 作者/來源 2 if it is ……then it has dignity Immanuel Kant, “Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals” in Western Philosophy: An Anthology, ed. John Cottingham (Blackwell, 1996)依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用 3 Act only on ……a universal law. 三種可能性……while one can. 文字提供：國立臺灣大學 陳嘉銘

7 版權聲明 Everyone’s ……a universal law.
頁碼 作品 版權標示 作者/來源 4 Everyone’s ……a universal law. Immanuel Kant, “Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals” in Western Philosophy: An Anthology, ed. John Cottingham (Blackwell, 1996)依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用 only those norms ……discourse procedure Arendt, H., Benhabib, S., Bohman, J., Dewey, J., Elster, J., Fraser, N., ... & Lippmann, W. (2010). The Idea of the Public Sphere: A Reader. Lexington Books.依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用