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Chap. 7 生命中心倫理 Biocentric Ethics

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1 Chap. 7 生命中心倫理 Biocentric Ethics
鄭先祐 (Ayo) 國立臺南大學 環境與生態學院 生態科學與技術學系 Ayo NUTN website:

2 課程大綱 Part I 基本概念 Part II 環境倫理學與應用倫理學 Part III 環境倫理學的理論 1 科學與倫理學
2 倫理學的理論 3 宗教的環境倫理觀 (儒家、道家、佛教、基督信仰) Part II 環境倫理學與應用倫理學 4 倫理學與經濟學: 5 可持續發展:對未來世代的責任 6對自然界的責任:植物和動物權利 Part III 環境倫理學的理論 Ayo NUTN website

3 課程大綱 Part I 基本概念 Part II 環境倫理學與應用倫理學 Part III 環境倫理學的理論
7 生命中心倫理 (Biocentric ethics) 8 荒野、生態學與倫理學 9 土地倫理 (The Land Ethic) 10 深層生態學 (Deep Ecology) 11 社會生態學 (Social Ecology)與 生態女性主義 (Eco-feminism) 12 可持續力(sustainability) Ayo NUTN website

4 Chap.7 Biocentric Ethics (生命中心倫理)
Instrumental value and intrinsic value Biocentric ethics and the reverence (敬愛) for life Taylor’s biocentric ethics Challenges and developments Comments Ayo NUTN website

5 1) Instrumental value and intrinsic value
Instrumental value(工具性價值), is a function of usefulness(利用性). An object with instrumental value possesses that value because it can be used to attain something else of value. Intrinsic value(內在性價值), it is valuable in itself and is not valued simply for its uses. The value of such objects is intrinsic to them. friendships (友誼) 歷史古蹟,美學作品(藝術) 台灣黑熊、雲豹、台灣鮭魚 Ayo NUTN website

6 2) Biocentric ethics Biocentric ethics, views all life as possessing intrinsic value. 早期的biocentric ethics, Albert Schweitzer ( ) ‘reverence for life’ (敬畏生命) principle 他認為大自然具有天賦價值 As being good: to preserve life, to promote life, to raise to its highest value life which is capable of development; and as being evil: to destroy life, to repress life which is capable of development. This is the absolute, fundamental principle of the moral. Ayo NUTN website

7 Schweitzer’s 敬畏生命 Schweitzer 主張不用農藥,不打蚊子、即使是病媒蚊。只是想辦法將蚊子帶離室內。
Schweitzer 只提出面對自然的態度,「自己應該是什麼類型的人?」,但沒有提出具體如何實踐的倫理規範(rule),也就是「我應該什麼?」 Schweitzer 只是描述道德良好的人所具有的「特質」(character)。如同Plato和Aristotle的美德倫理(ethics of virtue)。 Ayo NUTN website

8 3) Taylor’s biocentric ethics (i)
Paul Taylor’s 1986 book, Respect for Nature (尊敬自然) is one of the most fully developed and philosophically sophisticated contemporary defenses of a biocentric ethics. 四項法則: 1.不毒害(不傷害) (non-maleficence)、2.不干擾(noninterference)、3.盡責(fidelity) 和 4.補償公正(restitutive justice) 「不傷害」法則,是我們對自然環境的最基本義務。 Ayo NUTN website

9 3) Taylor’s biocentric ethics (ii)
五個「權重」(priority)原則 自衛(self-defense):當人類基本利益受到威脅時。 比例(proportionality):人類的非基本利益不可超越過其他生物的基本利益。 最少錯誤(minimum wrong):盡量減少違背 分布公正(distributive justice):山區原住民因為耕種不易,未滿足其基本利益而獵殺野生物,這可被允許。 補償公正(restitute justice):受傷害的野生物應給予適當的補償。 當人類和其他生物發生利益衝突時,採用的原則。 Ayo NUTN website

10 4) Challenges and developments
Taylor’s noninterference, 意味著人類與自然世界是分開的。 Taylor’s biocentric ethics,仍是屬於個體論,個別的有機體的存在,才有「天賦價值」。物種,無生命的物體和生態體系,則無此價值。 Taylor 將個體之間的關係,看成是競爭和衝突的關係。( vs. 相互依存和合作) 所有動物和植物都平等,強調「平等主義」(egalitarianism)。道德實踐上,有困難。 Ayo NUTN website

11 4) Challenges and developments
James Sterba, philosopher, Some object, X, has a good of its own if it can be harmed or benefited. Then it would be wrong to harm it unless we have a good reason for doing so. Human interests always override the good of X, 這是有問題的。 Xs have moral standing, subjects to the same fundamental principles of justice that govern human relationships. Liberal justice, a balancing of liberty and equality, is the most defensible principle of social justice to guide human-nonhuman relationships. Ayo NUTN website

12 5) Comments 生物中心倫理,有兩項重要意義: 打破傳統道德理論的「道德階級」,而認為只要具有生命,都值得平等對待(尊重)。
超越傳統道德理論的「延伸主義」。生命中心倫理是一種世界觀,而不僅是行為法則。 Ayo NUTN website

13 Questions and Discussion

14 問題與討論 Taylor relies on distinction between basic and nonbasic interests to mediate conflicting interests. Do you find this distinction helpful? What are some basic human interests? What are some nonbasic human interests? Do basic interests always override nonbasic interests? Sterba 與 Taylor,兩者都被認為是生命中心倫理的主張者,請比較他們兩位主張的異同。 Ayo NUTN website


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