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第九章 摘要.

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Presentation on theme: "第九章 摘要."— Presentation transcript:

1 第九章 摘要

2 大 綱 前言 9.1 基本內容及組織 9.2 時態

3 前言 摘要(abstract)為對整個論文內容的概述 讓讀者概略瞭解論文的目的、方法、主要結果及 結論 讓讀者決定是否有必要詳讀整篇文章
為一濃縮的研究報告 盡量清楚完整以成獨立的文章

4 摘要長度 查詢期刊的字數規定 參閱期刊曾刊登的文章 盡量完整但不過長

5 摘要內容 應先把研究報告其它部分寫完(至少完成初稿), 才開始寫摘要 論文主要部分所使用的句子常不適合直接在摘要中重 複出現
摘要中,不要直接抄錄文章主要部分的句子,而對句 子結構及內容不做任何修改 應先把研究報告其它部分寫完(至少完成初稿), 才開始寫摘要

6 9.1 基本內容及組織 摘要和研究報告的結構是對稱的,應包括 簡述研究背景(optional) 敘述研究目的或描述主要研究活動 描述研究方法
有時會把第二及第三項目合併成一句

7 概述最重要結果 簡述主要結論或建議(optional) 若無法敘述成簡短、具體結論,可用下列句子概述對 研究結果的討論 The implications of the data are discussed in detail. The results are discussed in comparison with earlier findings. A mechanism is proposed to explain the results.

8 9.2 時態 介紹背景資料時,若句子內容為不受時間影響之 普遍事實,應用現在式
An important variable affecting the comprehension of programs is their psychological complexity. Carbonic acid often has a strong effect on stream water chemistry. Carbonic acid:碳酸

9 若句子內容為對某種研究趨勢之概述,應用現在 完成式
Previous research has shown that during work at visual display units (VDUs) most subjects prefer viewing distances greater than 50cm. Much research has been devoted to investigating the quenching and aging of polymers. Quench:熄滅;撲滅;平息 Polymer:【化】聚合物

10 敘述研究目的或主要研究活動時 如文章採研究導向則應用過去式
This study investigated the distance at at which subjects prefer to work in VDU tasks that require frequent gaze- shifting between the VDU screen and a paper document. Samples of neat solid ozone and ozone trapped in excess ice were subjected to laser proteolysis at 308 nm. Gaze:凝視,注視 Neat:整潔的 Ozone:臭氧 Trap:使落入圈套(或困境) Proteolysis:【生化】蛋白質水解

11 如文章採論文導向則應用現在式 A numeric method is proposed for solving the symmetric matrix eigenvalue problem. This paper presents a social planning model for analyzing the transition to nondepletable fuels. Deplete:用盡;使減少 Fuel:燃料

12 在實驗報告中,實驗程序或方法通常使過去式來 描述
The visual strain of 20 subjects aged years was estimated by means of a questionnaire. Modules were presented to student programmers to memorize.

13 如論文的主要內容為介紹一種模型、演算法、分 析方法或技術,應用現在式來描述
A Monte Carlo model is used to calculate the photoelectron intensity. A numeric method for the systematic matrix eigenvalue problem is developed by reducing the problem to a number of matrix-matrix multiplication. Photoelectron:【物】光電子

14 有時可把對研究目的或主要活動的描述和對研究 方法的描述合成一句
[寫法一] 使用一主要子句表達研究目的,使用片語描述研究方 法 A numeric method for the symmetric matrix eigenvalue problem is developed by reducing the problem to number of matrix-matrix multiplications.

15 [寫法二] 使用位在句首或句尾的片語來表達研究目的,並使用 句子的主要子句來描述研究方法 To study the effect of indentation on program comprehension, programs with three levels of indention were presented to different groups of subjects.

16 當使用研究目的及方法的混合句時,主要動詞的 時態仍需遵循上述基本規則
在描述實驗方法或當文章採研究導向時,應用過去式 在介紹模型或數學分析或當文章採論文導向時,應用 現在式

17 在描述主要結果時,通常使用過去式 The scores of subjects who received a program written with moderate indentation were higher than the scores of the other two groups. On plots seeded with a no-till crop , residue losses ranged from 81% to 88% by harvest time. Crop:作物,莊稼 Harvest:收成,產量

18 若認為結果具普遍之有效性,而非在此特定情況 下才有效,則可使用現在式
Workers with more privacy report a greater degree of satisfaction with their jobs.

19 在敘述結論或建議時可使用現在式、臆測動詞或may, should或could等助動詞
The experimental results indicate that in the presence of mullions wind induced suctions increase dramatically at the wall edge area for almost all geometrical and exposure configurations. The strong seasonal fluctuations of CO2 may explain variations in stream water alkalinity and base-cation concentrations. The pace of capacity in the nondepletable sector has a strong influence on socially optimal energy prices and production rates. Mullion:【建】豎框;輻射狀框 Suction:吸,吸入;抽吸;吸引 Seasonal:季節性的 Fluctuation:波動;變動;動 Alkalinity:【化】(含鹼物質的)鹼濃度;鹼性 Cation:陽離子

20 有時並無敘述具體結論,而只採用如“The implications of the data are discussed
因為這種句子描述論文本身內容(如採用論文導向以描 述研究目的),句子的主要動詞應用現在式


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