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Summary : 4. Newton's Laws 摘要: 4. 牛頓定律

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1 Summary : 4. Newton's Laws 摘要: 4. 牛頓定律

2 Newton’s 1st law of motion 牛頓第一定律
A body at rest or in uniform motion remains so unless acted on by a nonzero net force. 靜止或在等速運動的物體會維持原狀,直至受到一個非零的淨力為止。 True only in inertia frame. 祇有在慣性框架中才對。

3 Newton’s 2nd Law 牛頓第二定律 (quantity of motion) 運動的數量
Momentum: 動量: (quantity of motion) 運動的數量 Newton’s 2nd law of motion 牛頓第二定律 : The rate of change of momentum is equal to the net force. 動量的變化率等於淨力 True only in inertia frame. 祇有在慣性框架中才對。 For a constant mass : 質量固定時:

4 Special Cases 特別情形 m in f = m a is the inertia mass 慣性質量. Weight = force of gravity on mass: 重量= 萬有引力加於質量的力 m is gravitational mass重力質量 Normal force n : contact force acting normal to contact surface. 正力 n: 垂直於接觸面的接觸力

5 The Fundamental Forces 基本力
Gravity: large scale phenomena 重力: 大範圍現象 Electroweak force 電弱力 Electromagnetic force: everyday phenomena 電磁力:日常現象 Weak (nuclear) force 弱(核)力 Strong (nuclear) force 強(核)力 1025 1036 電磁 1 1038 重力 電弱 大統力 一切的理論

6 Free Body (Force) Diagram 自由體(力)圖
Keep only features relevant to the dynamics. 祇保留與動力有關的東西 Replace all objects by points upon which forces act. 把所有物件都以其力的作用點代替 Represent all forces by vectors. 所有的力都用向量表示

7 Identify all forces on object
找出作用在物體上所有的力 2. Skier reduces to dot 滑雪人簡化成點 Force from ground n 由地來的力 Draw forces as vectors on dot 把力畫成點上的向量 n Gravity Fg 重力 Fg Free-body diagram 自由體圖

8 4.6. Newton’s 3rd Law 牛頓第三定律 Newton’s 3rd law: Action = Reaction
牛頓第三定律 : 作用力 = 反作用力 Forces of 3rd law pair act on different objects. 第三定律成對的力作用在不同的物體上。 Hence, they don’t cancel each other out. 所以他們不會自相抵消。 Book pushes on hand with force FBA. 書以力 FBA 推手。 Rocket pushes on gas. 火箭推氣體。 Hand pushes on book with force FAB. 手以力 FAB 推書。 Gas pushes on rocket. 氣體推火箭。

9 Example 4.4. Pushing Books 推書本
2 books lie on frictionless horizontal surface. 兩本書放在一片無摩擦力的水平面上。 You push with force F on book of mass m1 , 你用 F 力推質量為 m1 的書; which in turn pushes on book of mass m2. 它再推往質量為 m2 的書。 What force does the 2nd book exert on the 1st ? 第二本書加於第一本書的力為何? Acceleration of books : 書本的(共同)加速度: Net force on 2nd book : 第二本書受到的淨力 : Force exerted by 2nd book on the 1st 第二本書加於第一本書的力

10 Normal force n : contact force acting normal to contact surface.
Not a 3rd law pair 不是第三定律的成對力 Normal force 正力 Fnet  0 3rd law also applies to non-contact forces such as gravity. 第三定律亦適用於非接觸力,例如重力。

11 Example 4.5. Helicopter Ride 坐直升機
Helicopter rises vertically. 直升機垂直上升 A 35 kg bag of concrete sits in it on a spring scale of k = 3.4 kN/m. 其內一個 k = 3.4 kN/m 的彈簧秤上放了一個 35 kg 的水泥袋子。 By how much the spring compresses when helicopter is at rest (a) 當直升機靜止時, when it’s accelerating upward at 1.9 m/s2. (b) 當直升機往上加速 1.9 m/s2 時, 彈簧壓縮了多少? (a) (b)

12 Weightlessness 無重狀態 same 同樣的 a
These astonauts feel “weightless” because they are in freefall. 這些太空人覺得 “無重” ,因為他們在自由下墜。 Their weight is about 93% of that on surface. 他們的重量是在地面時的 93%。 same 同樣的 a

13 Parabolic Flight 拋物線形航線
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