China Debate Education Network Constructing Arguments for Leader of Opposition 反方领袖的论点建构 Note: Constructing arguments is not the only job of the First Opposition, but it is the focus of this lesson. Refutation, the other responsibility, is covered elsewhere. 说明：论点建构并不是反上的唯一职责，但本课只关注这一问题。反驳这一 职责将在其它课程中讲解。 翻译：曾庆熹

Responsibilities of Leader of Opposition 反方领袖的职责 General responsibility: To confront the Opening Government case and establish Opposition arguments. 总体职责：反对正方上院立论同时建立反方论点体系。 Specific Responsibilities 具体职责 – To explicitly develop the Opposition stance 明确反方立场 – directly or indirectly refute part or all of the Opening Government case (to be covered in a later lesson) 直接或 间接地反驳正方上院局部或全局的立论（后面课程） – To construct independent Opposition arguments 建构独立 （于正方）的反方论点

Responsibility One: Developing the Opposition Stance 职责一：建立反方立场 Explicitly support the current policies. 明确支持现状 Defend the general direction of current policies with minor changes. 总体上支持现行政策方向同时进行微调 Support a counter proposal or counter model (recommended only for advanced debaters). 相抗政策（仅推荐高年资辩手使用）

Creating Constructive Arguments : Three Common Options 建构本方论点：三个基本选项 The Government model will not solve the problems. 正方模型不能解决问题 The principle supported by the Opposition team is best. 反方所持原则最优 The Government model will create more problems than it solves. 正方模型弊大于利

The Government model will not solve the problems 正方模型不能解决问题 Nations of the world should provide a minimum level of education to all their citizens. 世界各国应当为他们的人民提供最基本 的教育 – Sub-Saharan Africa has a shortage of qualified teachers. 撒哈拉以南非洲合格教师短缺 – This shortage will not be solved by funding and infrastructure. 增加资金和基础设施投入不能解 决这个短缺

The Government model will create more problems than it solves 正方模型弊大于利 Nations of the world should provide a minimum level of education to all their citizens. 世界各国应当为他们的 人民提供最基本的教育 – Providing funding and infrastructure for education is costly. 为教育增加资金和基础设施投入花费巨大 – Those funds will prevent nations from investing more in HIV-AIDS 这样的投入会影响这些国家对防治艾滋病的投 入 – The funds lost to HIV-AIDS are worse than inadequate funds for education 防治艾滋病缺钱比教育缺钱更严重

The Opposition Counterproposal is Better 反方相抗政策更优 Counterproposal: increased funds should go to HIV- AIDS research rather than to education. 相抗政策：增加的资金应投入艾滋病研究而不是教育 The counterproposal is better 相抗政策更优 – Providing funding and infrastructure for education is costly. 为教育增加资金和基础设施投入花费巨大 – Resources are not available for both education and HIV- AIDS research 现有资源不能同时供应教育和艾滋病研究 – Putting limited resources to HIV-AIDS has more advantages than increased funds to education. 将有限资源投入艾滋 病比投入教育效用更大

Role of the Deputy Leader of Opposition 反方副领袖职责 Continue refutation of the 1 st Government Case 继续反驳正上立论 – Continue significant refutation of Leader of Opposition 继续 深化反方领袖的重要反驳 – Refute new argument of Deputy Prime Minister 反驳副首相的新论点 Rebuild argument offered by Leader of Opposition 重构反方领袖的论点 Add at least one new argument to the case of the First Opposition 为反上增加至少一个新论点