急性肢体缺血 Acute Limb Ischemia, ALI 刘 冰 哈尔滨医科大学附属一院 血管外科
急性肢体缺血 (Acute Limb Ischemia, ALI) 提示肢体危险的5“P”征:疼痛、麻痹、感觉异常、无脉和苍白 (pain, paralysis, paresthesias, pulselessness, and pallor)。 临床诊断动脉栓子的根据: (a)突然发病或症状加重, (b)明确的栓子来源(包括房颤、严重的扩张性心肌病、室壁瘤、大动脉或动脉瘤附壁血栓或动脉粥样硬化斑块), (c)先前无跛行或其他动脉闭塞症状,或 (d)正常动脉搏动和双侧肢体收缩压存在。
外周动脉疾病严重威胁人类健康 西欧 北京 北美 3000万患者,高危人群发病率20-30% 60岁以上人群发病率20% 西欧和北美有近3000万人患PAD,在高危人群中PAD的发病率近20-30%1,3我国PAD也有相当大的人群,北京市60岁以上的老年人,外周动脉疾病患者约为1/5 2,3 Heart 2007;93;303-308 Recent estimates suggest that nearly 30 million people are affected by peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in North America and Western Europe.1 In older patients, or those with risk factors such as diabetes mellitus or smoking, the prevalence of PAD approaches 20–30% Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and its association with smoking in a population-based study in Beijing, China Journal of Vascular Surgery. 44(2):333-338, August 2006. He, Yao MD, PhD a,b; Jiang, Yong MD a; Wang, Jie MD, PhD c; Fan, Li MD d; Li, XiaoYing MD d; Hu, Frank B. MD, PhD b Objective: Although the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and its association with smoking in Western populations has been extensively studied, little information is available in China. The objective of this study was to determine the age-standardized prevalence of PAD and examine the relationship between smoking, quitting, and PAD in elderly Chinese. Methods: We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study in an urban Beijing sample of 2334 subjects aged >=60 years (943 men and 1391 women) in 2001 to 2002. PAD was assessed by symptoms of intermittent claudication (IC) as measured by the WHO/Rose questionnaire and an ankle-arm systolic blood pressure index (AAI) of <0.90. Results: The prevalence of PAD defined by IC was 11.3% (men, 8.0%; women, 13.6%); 15.3% (men, 11.7%; women, 17.7%) by AAI, and 19.8% (men, 14.7%; women, 23.2%) by both criteria. After adjusting for age, gender, marital status, education, alcohol drinking, exercise, body mass index, and histories of hypertension and diabetes mellitus, the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of PAD for current smokers vs never smokers were 1.54 (1.12 to 2.11) and 1.28 (0.91 to 1.79) for former smokers (stopped smoking for at least 2 years). There was a dose-response relation between the number of cigarettes smoked and increasing risk of PAD. Quitting for >=10 years nearly eliminated excess risk associated with smoking. Conclusions: PAD is common in elderly Chinese and the prevalence is higher in women than in men. About 40% of PAD patients were asymptomatic and unaware of their condition. Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for PAD, and smoking cessation substantially reduces the risk. 1. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2000;19(suppla): S1-S250. 2. Journal of Vascular Surgery, August 2006; 44(2):333-338.3. Heart 2007;93;303-308
我国的ALI(Meta, 2011) 47个中心3294名患者 病因主要为房颤(68.4%) 股动脉是最常见病变部位(45.2%) 经导管溶栓(CDT)为代表的腔内治疗逐渐开展(93.4%为2005年以后报道),救肢率98.1%±3.7% 卢勇.我国急性下肢缺血外科治疗现状分析. 北京协和医学院.2011
病因 动脉栓子:80%心源性,20%大血管源性 动脉血栓形成:继发于原有通畅但硬化狭窄的动脉,症状较栓塞轻 动脉创伤:腔内治疗相关(1.5%-9%)——夹层、内膜片 1. Quinones-Baldrich, WJ. Acute arterial and graft occlusion. In: Vascular Surgery. A Comprehensive Review, Moore, WS (Ed), WB Saunders, Philadelphia 1993. p.648. 2. Nasser, TK, Mohler, ER, Wilensky, RL, et al. Peripheral vascular complications following coronary interventional procedures. Clin Cardiol 1995; 18:609.
处理原则 阻止血栓的蔓延和恶化性缺血。 (1)首先抗凝治疗,标准的方法是静注普通肝素。 (2)立即评估ALI患者动脉闭塞的解剖部位和程度,判断能否通过血运重建挽救肢体。对于可挽救的肢体应立即急诊血管重建(介入或外科手术)治疗。 (3)不可挽救的肢体坏死不考虑血运重建,应评估血管闭塞的解剖部位或行血管内(如溶栓)治疗。 (4) 出现威胁生命的严重感染,不能控制的静息痛或广泛肢体组织坏死,应行踝部以上的截肢(大截肢)手术。决定截肢和截肢水平需考虑伤口愈合、康复和患者生活质量等因素。 下肢动脉粥样硬化疾病诊治中国专家建议(2007)
ACCP指南(9版) 立即系统抗凝治疗:普通肝素 (2C) 血管再通治疗 :手术或动脉溶栓 (2C) 手术优于动脉溶栓 (1B) 动脉溶栓患者:重组组织型纤维蛋白酶原激活剂 (rt-PA) 或尿激酶优于链激酶 (2C) Gordon H. et al. Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. CHEST 2012; 141(2)(Suppl):7S–47S.
分类 可存活肢体 危急的肢体 不可存活肢体
危急肢体 立即行血管再通(4-6小时内) 切开取栓+溶栓+动脉造影术(标准杂交术式) 尽早、彻底、“保肢保功”
林XX,男,40岁 主诉:左下肢发凉,麻木,疼痛1天 既往:左股动脉切开探查取栓术后 查体:双股动脉搏动良好,左腘动脉及以远动脉搏动触之不清 危险因素:吸烟史
导丝通过血栓段
造影下取栓(双腔取栓导管)
可存活肢体 急诊动脉造影: 可能的病因(栓塞或血栓形成) 病变位置和长度 病程 自体静脉移植物的可用性 患者手术耐受性 手术?溶栓?CDT?PTA?支架?
张X,男,62岁 主诉:右下肢间歇性跛行2年,伴疼痛8天 查体:右下肢动脉搏动触之不清 ABI:左腘=1.13,胫后=0.89,足背=0.77;右腘=0.0,胫后=0.0,足背=0. 0 CTA:右髂、腘动脉闭塞 危险因素:吸烟史
切开取栓后置鞘造影
狭窄段球囊扩张,再次造影 术后ABI:右腘=0.94,胫后=0.39,足背=0.39
经导管溶栓(CDT) CDT治疗有效(发病<14天) 动脉溶栓优于静脉(效果好出血少) 导管进入血栓内最佳 大剂量及加压输注加速溶栓,但增加出血风险(并不改善临床结局) 1. Hirsch, AT, et al. ACC/AHA 2005 Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease. Circulation 2006; 113:e463. 2. Kessel, D, Berridge, D, Robertson, I. Infusion techniques for peripheral arterial thrombolysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; 1:CD000985.
不可存活肢体 及时截肢 尽量多保留关节 延迟截肢可能引起感染、肌红蛋白尿、急性肾功能衰竭和高钾血症
并发症 术后最常见的并发症为肾功能不全(35.4%)及骨筋膜室综合症(17.5%) 心脏意外是最常见的死亡原因(32.7%),发生心脏意外者65.4%死亡 卢勇.我国急性下肢缺血外科治疗现状分析. 北京协和医学院.2011
ALI的杂交手术治疗:35例分析 ——我们的经验 结果 术中诊断动脉栓塞15例(42.9%),动脉硬化继发急性血栓形成20例(57.1%),两组的症状改善率分别为93.3%和85.0%,ABI改善分别为0.68±0.34和0.53±0.31。围手术期死亡1例(2.9%)。 结论 杂交手术治疗ALI是安全有效的。
治疗时机 本组病例总体发病时间从8小时至14天不等,围手术期死亡低,随访症状改善率达85.0-93.3%,无严重并发症出现。 因此,只要肢体没有发生坏疽,均应力争早期手术治疗。
治疗方式 单纯取栓术——盲目性 患者在股动脉分叉处多硬化斑块形成,造成腹股沟处动脉切开及缝合难度加大; 切口处行内膜剥脱后夹层/活瓣形成,再次出现ALI; 动脉迂曲或狭窄致导管难以通过而无法取出远处血栓; 取栓过程中损伤内膜或致斑块破裂继发栓塞; 导管无法进入的远端微小血管内血栓残留。
治疗方式 单纯腔内治疗——局限性 适用于缺血程度较轻者; 栓塞时,尤其是陈旧栓子,难以通过药物溶解; 患者制动时间长; 长时间置管后相关并发症较多; 费用较取栓术高。
杂交手术——优势 开放手术减轻血栓负荷,减少CDT溶栓药物用量,降低出血风险; DSA监视下可应用双腔Fogarty导管,配合导丝,达到“超选”取栓的效果; 能直接得到取栓后DSA影像,明确残余血栓位置,评估是否需要再次干预; 可了解动脉基础病变程度,一期行PTA,降低ALI复发率; 一站式干预缩短手术及住院时间,降低费用,减少反复手术和麻醉的痛苦。
结论 ALI的杂交手术可以在最短时间内完成多种方式的救治,达到更好“救肢保命”的疗效。 杂交手术有可能会成为未来治疗ALI的标准术式。
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