第十二章 英语难句和 长句的翻译 一、 英汉翻译中译文句式的重组 1．This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below. 买卖双方同意按下列条款购买、出售下述商品，并签订本合同。(动作的发出者译为主语)

2. But without Adolf Hitler, who was possessed of a demoniac personality, a granite will, uncanny instincts, a cold ruthlessness, a remarkable intellect, a soaring imagination and----until toward the end, when drunk with power and success, he over reached himself----an amazing capacity to size up people and situations, there almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich. 然而,如果没有阿道夫·希特勒， 那就几乎可以肯定不会有第三帝国。因为阿道夫·希特勒有着恶魔般的性格、花岗岩般的意志、不可思议的本能、无情的冷酷、杰出的智力、深远的想象力以及对人和对局势的判断力。这种判断力最后由于权力和胜利冲昏了头脑而自不量力，终于弄巧成拙。

分析：这个句子由一个主句，一个非限定性定语从句和一个状语从句组成。插入主句中间的是一个由who引导的非限定性定语从句。这个从句较长，句中又插入了一个用破折号分开的，由until引导时间状语从句。这个状语从句对非限定性定语从句的后面部分作了些补充说明，因而，虽然具有相对的独立意义，仍可根据逻辑关系，将该句译文置于句尾。（全句有两层主要意思：①如果没有阿道夫·希特勒， 那就几乎可以肯定不会有第三帝国；②希特勒在性格、智力、能力等方面具有的某些特点。原文各句的逻辑关系和表达顺序与汉语大致一致，但因从句是插入成分，和汉语表达习惯不同，所以，翻译时顺中有逆，可以综合处理/重组

3. Applied science, on the other hand, is directly concerned with the application of the working laws of pure science to the practical affairs of life, and to increasing man’s control over his environment, thus leading to the development of techniques, processes and machines. 应用科学则直接涉及应用问题。它研究的是如何将纯科学的工作定律应用于实际生活、应用于加强人类对其周围环境的控制，从而导致新技术、新工艺和新机器的产生。

二、顺译法 1. It was on a Sunday evening, when he was lying in the orchard listening to a blackbird and composing a love poem that he heard the gate swing to, and saw the girl coming running among the trees, with the red-cheeked, stolid Joe in swift pursuit. 一个星期日的傍晚，他正躺在果园里，一面在听画眉鸟的啁啾，一面写一首爱情诗，忽然听得大门砰地关上，接着看见那姑娘从树丛里奔来，后面飞跟着那呆头呆脑的红脸的乔。 分析：这个句子是由一个强调句（时间），一个状语从句和二个现在分词短语表示伴随的时间状语，还有一个介词短语。

2. Four scores and seven years ago our father brought fourth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and the proposition that all men are created equal. 87年前，我们的先辈们在这个大陆上创立了一个新的国家，它以自由为立国之本，奉行所有人生来平等的原则。

三、倒置法（按照汉语的逻辑顺序进行翻译） 1. And he know how ashamed he would have been if he had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born. 他出生在这样一类人中间，他出生在这种地方，他有这样的母亲；这些要是让他知道了的话，他知道该多么丢人。 分析：这个句子由一个宾语从句，一个条件从句（在从句中的主语用and连接另外两个名词词组作宾语）和两个定语从句。

2. In reality, the lines of division between sciences are becoming blurred, and science again approaching the “unity” that it had two centuries ago—although the accumulated knowledge is enormously greater now, and no one person can hope to comprehend more than a fraction of it. 虽然现在积累起来的知识要多得多，而一个人也只可能了解其中的一小部分，但事实上，各科学之间界线却变得模糊不清，科学再次近似于两百年前那样的“单一整体”。

3. And I take heart from the fact that enemy, which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours, has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions, because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way. 吹嘘能在几小时内就能占领战略要地的敌人,由于一路受到顽强抵抗,甚至还没有能占领外围地带.这一事实使我增强了信心.

四、分译法（拆译） 1.When Smith was drunk, he used to beat his wife and daughter; and the next morning, with a headache, he would rail at the world for its neglect of his genius, and abuse, with a good deal of cleverness, and sometimes with perfect reason, the fools, his brother painters. 史密斯喝醉之后常常打老婆和女儿； 第二天带着头痛发牢骚， 抱怨世人不能赏识他的才华。他痛骂同行的画家都是糊涂虫。话很尖刻，有时候也有道理。 分析：这个句子由一个主从复合句（即状语从句）， 一个由And连接起来另一个句子和二个由引起的介词短语作状语。

2. Article I of the GATT is the celebrated most favored nation (MFN) clause under which each member nation must give treatment to other member nations’ imports and exports that is at least as favorable as that applied to the most favored nation. 关税及贸易总协定的第一条是著名的最惠国条款，每一个成员国给予其他成员国的进出口货物的待遇至少和给予最惠国的待遇同样的优惠。

3. The foreign visitors watched in a fascinated manner the tournament held in Beijing, which exhibited a superb performance in smash service, twist service, steady service, high drop and killing and ended in a draw. 外宾观看了在北京举行的这场锦标赛。这场比赛在发扣球、转球、 保险球、吊球和扣杀方面技术都十分精湛，最后打成了平局。他们看得简直人了迷。

五、练习 1.They (The poor)are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty. 2. The United Nations Secretary General say he is sure the Security Council will approve the agreement with Iraq about UN arms inspectors.

3. A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of Beat Generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties. 4. My mother, Jane Lampton Clements, died in her 88th year, a mighty age for one who at 40 was so delicate of body as to be accounted a confirmed invalid destined to pass soon away.

5. The first technical service shall start in the sixth day after the contract comes into effect. Party B shall send a specialist to Party A’s factory to provide technical service for 12 working day/man. 6.All these features are accessible to visitors to the Palace(of nations) who come each year in their tens of thousands from many countries to find out more about a place where history is continually in the making and where efforts to preserve world peace and security are renewed every day.

7.And without question, we must do more to counter a threat that shows more clearly than any other how closely our nations’ facts are linked:the threat of global warming. 8.Freedom of choice is another American value not absent from school life. 9.He couldn’t kill any more. 10.But our growing interdependence hinges on much more than technology and trade.

五、练习 1. They (The poor)are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty. 对于以往的几代人来说，旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫苦的手段，而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动。因此，首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。（重组）

2. The United Nations Secretary General say he is sure the Security Council will approve the agreement with Iraq about UN arms inspectors. 联合国秘书长说他确信安理会会批准与伊拉克达成的有关联合国武器核查人员的协议。（顺译）

3. A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of Beat Generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties. 50年代后期的美国出现了一个真正的奇观： 穷知识分子以“垮掉的一代”这种颇为浪漫的姿态出现而成为美国的典型的穷人。正是在这个时候大批大学毕业生被赶进了知识分子贫民窟。（倒置）

4. My mother, Jane Lampton Clements, died in her 88th year, a mighty age for one who at 40 was so delicate of body as to be accounted a confirmed invalid destined to pass soon away. 我的母亲简.兰普顿.克来门斯是在她88岁那年去世的。这对于一位40岁就身体纤弱、被公认有痼疾缠身注定不久于人世的人来说，是难得的高龄。

5. The first technical service shall start in the sixth day after the contract comes into effect. Party B shall send a specialist to Party A’s factory to provide technical service for 12 working day/man. 第一次技术服务应始于本合同生效之日起第六天.乙方应派遣一名技术人员赴甲方工厂,提供12 工作人/日的技术指导。

6.All these features are accessible to visitors to the Palace (of nations) who come each year in their tens of thousands from many countries to find out more about a place where history is continually in the making and where efforts to preserve world peace and security are renewed every day. 每年有成千上万的各国游客参观万国宫(此处也指 “日内瓦的国际新闻中心”)，所有这些项目都向他们开放，让他们更多地了解这个不断书写历史新篇章、每天都为维护世界和平与安全做出新努力的场所。（根据汉语的习惯，可以将其断为四个短句/ 也叫重组）

7.And without question, we must do more to counter a threat that shows more clearly than any other how closely our nations’ facts are linked:the threat of global warming. 毫无疑问，我们还必须作出更大的努力来对抗全球变暖的威胁，这个威胁最能清楚地体现各国的命运是如何紧紧相连。（由于that 引导的定语从句长，把它放在所修饰名词的后面更符合汉语的习惯。）

8.Freedom of choice is another American value not absent from school life. 选择的自由是体现在学校生活中的另一个美国价值观。 is not absent from译为：“体现在学校生活中”这是翻译中典型的反面着笔法，采取这个译法时被反面处理的可以是词、短语甚至整个句子。用这种译法是因为无法照原文的角度翻译，所以只能掉转方向，从另一个角度着手。（请看第9题） 9.He couldn’t kill any more. 他已经恶贯满盈了。（请看第10题）

much more than…通过反向翻译法译为“不只是”，更符合汉语的习惯。 10.But our growing interdependence hinges on much more than technology and trade. 但我们之间日益相互依赖的绝不只是科技与贸易而已。 hinge on …依…而定。取决于 much more than…通过反向翻译法译为“不只是”，更符合汉语的习惯。

第十三章 语境对译文词义及句子意义的制约 一、语境及其作用 （课文P.115） 第十三章 语境对译文词义及句子意义的制约 一、语境及其作用 （课文P.115） 语境是语言活动在一定的时间和空间里所处的境况。人们在言语交际的过程中要想顺利地交流思想和理解话语始发者的信息，必须运用语言所依赖的各种表现为言辞的上下文或不表现为言辞的主观环境因素，这里所谓的上下文和主客观环境因素就是语境。例如：（下面几个四、六级选择题）

1. Their diplomatic principles completely laid bare their for world conquest. A. admiration B. ambition C. administration D. orientation （2001.1.33） 以上四个选项均为名词。A. 钦佩，赞美；B. 野心，雄心，志气；C. 管理，经营；D. 朝向，定位。根据上下文laid bare 和world conquest 来分析B项与题意相符。全句意为：“他们的外交政策完全暴露了他们征服世界的野心。”

2. For many patients, institutional care is the most and beneficial form of care. A. pertinent B. appropriate C. acute D. persistent (2000.6.41) A. 有关的，中肯的；B.适当的，适合的；C. 敏锐的，急性的；D. 持续的。根据上下文句中patients（病人）和 form of care.（护理方式） 的意义来看，只有B项符合题意。即“对于许多病人来说，慈善机构的护理是最合适并且最有益的一种护理方式。”

3. The design of this auditorium shows a great deal of 3. The design of this auditorium shows a great deal of . We have never seen such a building before. A. orientation B. originality C. illusion D. invention (2003. 6.) A.位置；方向；B.创造性；独特性；C. 幻觉；幻影；D. 创造；发明。 由第二个句子：“We have never seen such a building before.（我们从未见过这样的建筑）” 为线索，抓住题意，可知B.为正确答案。

二、英汉词语特征比较 1. 英语词语的特征 （1）英语是拼音文字 （2）一词多义性 例如“last”这一形容词： 1) He is the last man to come.. 2) He is the last man to do it. 3) He is the last person for such a job. 4) He should be the last (man) to blame. 5) He is the last man to consult. 6) This is the last place where I expected to meet you.

1) He is the last man to come..他是最后来的。 2) He is the last man to do it.他决不会干那件事。 3) He is the last person for such a job.他最不配干这个工作。 4) He should be the last (man) to blame. 怎么也不该怪他。 5) He is the last man to consult. 根本不宜找他商量。 6) This is the last place where I expected to meet you. 我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。

（3）一词多词性 例如“but”一词： （试着翻译下列几个句子） ——He would like to go, but he’s busy. ——There ‘s no one here but me. ——The job is all but finished. ——Not a man but had tears in his eyes. ——I’m tired of your ifs and buts. Do what I tell you. —— But me no buts.

1）but用作conj.(连) 但是，而是；可是；但也，同时 He would like to go, but he’s busy. 他很想去，可是很忙。 2）“but”用作prep.(介词) “除……外” There ‘s no one here but me.除我以外，没人在这儿。 3）“but”用作adv.(副词)“只是，刚刚；而且；几乎” The job is all but finished.这工作差不多完成了。 4）but用作pron.(代) “that…not;who…not 接于否定词后) Not a man but had tears in his eyes.(= There was no one without tears in his eyes.) 没有谁眼睛不含着泪水的。 5）“but”用作n.（名词） ifs and buts (inf.) “借口；托词”(非正式用语) I’m tired of your ifs and buts. Do what I tell you. 你的托词我听厌了，照着我的话作就是了。 But me no buts.不要更我辩，不要找借口。

2. 汉语词语的特征 （1）一字一词 （2）一个字代表几个词 例如“事”：汉语中“事”的基本意义与英语中“matter, affair, thing, business”等词相近。但在不同的上下文中，此句会有各种不同的含义。 1）遇事和大家商量。 Consult the masses when problems arise. 这里“遇事”的“事”，实际上是“有待解决的问题”，因此译为problems

2）农民所做的事很多…农民在农民协会领导之下总共做了十四件大事，如下所记。（《毛泽东选集》一卷，22页） The peasants have done a great many things… the peasants under the leadership of the peasant associations have the following fourteen great achievements to their credit. 本句中第一个“事”用的是它的一般意义，译做things。第二个“事”是指农民协会所 取得的光辉业绩，故把它译成achievements。 （3）几个字不是一个词

三、原文语境制约译文词义、句义的选择1. 原文语境规约译文词义的选择 由于语境的不同和词的上下文搭配不同，也导致一个词有不同的翻译。 （1）To take off her boots or to put them on was an agony to her but it had been an agony for years. 脱鞋或穿鞋对她是一种痛苦，但这已经是多年以来的痛苦了。

（2）An area the size of the Hornet’s flight deck was marked off on an airstrip and they practiced taking off time after time from this restricted space. 在机场上标出了与大黄蜂号甲板一样大小的一块地方，他们一次又一次地练习从这样一块有限的面积上起飞。 （3）He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working ,as though about to take off. 他工作的上时候，总是坐在椅子边上，好象随时都会跳起来的样子。

（4）Their first major design was a pleated denim jean with external pockets dubbed “baggies” that took off in high school and colleges and soon was imitated by other apparel manufacturers; 他们的头一项重要设计是一种打褶的、缝上明袋的蓝色斜纹粗布裤，这种裤子人们称为“袋子”，在中学和大学中首先流行，接着别的服装商店也都很快仿制起来。

2. 原文语境规约译句子的意义（词的内涵及外延不一样） (1) She has a son you know. He‘s a man now. 你知道，她有个儿子，现已长大成人了。（句中man表示“成年男人”） (2) They can’t stay in the same room if they are not man and wife. 如果他们不是夫妻，就不能同住一屋。（句中man意为丈夫） (3) Very well sir, you are the master and I’m the man. 是的，先生，您是主人，我听从您的吩咐。（句中man意为仆人，随从）

3. 原文语境赋予译文表达以巨大的灵活性和多样性 下面以“figure”为例 (1) The foreign trade has risen to unprecedented figures. 对外贸易的数字有了空前的增涨。 (2) Dr. Eliot was one of the most revered figures in the world of learning. 埃利奥特博士是学术界最受尊敬的人物之一。 (3) On the desk there was a bronze figure of Plato. 书桌上有一尊柏拉图的铜像 (4) He saw dim figures moving towards him. 他隐隐约约看见一些人影在向他跟前移动。 (5) June was good at figure skating. 琼善于花式溜冰。

1. Translating the short passage in page 121 四、练习 1. Translating the short passage in page 121 2. Preparing the chapter fourteen 3. 翻译下列句子，注意划线部分词的译法。 1）他的英语水平比我的高。 2）各级领导干部必须提高领导水平。 4。语意环境选择答案 1）After three months’ training these students can interpret what they have observed. A. irrespectively: B. perpetually： C. explicitly： D. capably：

A. maximize B. contribute： C. facilitate： D. erect 2）The exhibition is designed to further cooperation between Chinese TV industry and overseas TV industries. A. maximize B. contribute： C. facilitate： D. erect 3） . A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is terrible pain, which can no longer be satisfactorily . A. alleviated: B. dwindled： C. abolished： D. relaxed：

1）他的英语水平比我的高。 He knows more English than I. 这里，汉语“水平”一词虽未译出，但其意已暗含在句子之中，因此就不言而喻了。 2）各级领导干部必须提高领导水平。 Cadres at all levels should improve their art of leadership. 这里的“领导水平”，实际上指领导能力，领导艺术，故译作art of leadership。

A. perplexed： B. exhausted： C. exclaimed： D. exceeded 4) Many observers believe that country will remain in a state of chaos if it fails to solve its food shortage problem. A. transient B. starving C. desperate D. chronic 5) His strange behavior greatly me and my friends as well that evening. A. perplexed： B. exhausted： C. exclaimed： D. exceeded

1)After three months’ training these students can interpret what they have observed. A. irrespectively:不考虑地， 不顾地。 B. perpetually：永久地。 C. explicitly：明确地，同义词为clearly。 D. capably：有能力地，与句中can在意思上重复 答案 C

2) The exhibition is designed to further cooperation between Chinese TV industry and overseas TV industries. A. maximize 使最大化。 B. contribute：为……作贡献，接介词 to 。 C. facilitate：促进，推进。 D. erect：建立，不说 erect cooperation，而说 establish cooperation . 答案 C

3) A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is terrible pain, which can no longer be satisfactorily . A. alleviated:减轻痛苦；缓和。 B. dwindled：逐渐变小或减少。 C. abolished：废除；取消。 D. relaxed：松弛；放松。 答案 A.

4. Many observers believe that country will remain in a state of chaos if it fails to solve its food shortage problem. A. transient暂短的；易逝的。 B. starving 饥饿的。 C. desperate 拚命的；不顾一切的 D. chronic（指疾病或情况）延续性的；慢性的。 答案 D

5. His strange behavior greatly me and my friends as well that evening. A. perplexed：使困惑；使费解。 B. exhausted：使筋疲力尽。 C. exclaimed：呼喊；惊叫。 D. exceeded：超过；胜过。 答案： A

第十四章 英汉语言的对比 与翻译 衔接（conhesion）词语可划分下面几种类型： 第十四章 英汉语言的对比 与翻译 英汉两种语言之间异多于同，本章主要就英汉两种语言各自的衔接手段以及英语的形合同汉语的意合进行对比。谈到衔接（conhesion）手段，我们马上就会将它同语篇联系在一起。商务英语的语篇也主要是依靠语法衔接和词汇衔接这两种手段组成的。（阅读课文P.123-125） 衔接（conhesion）词语可划分下面几种类型：

星期日下午，复习功课的复习功课，帮厨的帮厨。 3．连接（阅读课文P.123-125）例如： 1）Jesse opened his eyes. They were filled with tears.(指代) 杰西睁开眼睛，眼里充满了泪水。 2）Come to my office and have a talk with me whenever you are free.（关系副词） 你什么时候有空，就什么时候到我办公室来谈一谈。 3）On Sunday afternoon, some reviewed their lessons, and others helped the cooks in their work.（用some … and others，some…others连用的句子） 星期日下午，复习功课的复习功课，帮厨的帮厨。 3．连接（阅读课文P.123-125）例如：

Nowadays, under the new tuition system, an increasing number of students, especially those poverty-stricken students, now seem to be defeated by the crushing tuition burden. Therefore , many people complain that the new tuition system keeps poverty-stricken students away from college. However , in my opinion, the new tuition system does add much difficulties to the poor students but it will never keeps them away from college. First, in carrying out the new tuition system, the governmental should provide some special policy for poor student. Besides, they are entitled to take a loan from banks or do some part-time jobs during their spare time, such as weekends and holidays. Finally, they can try to win scholarship by additional efforts. In short , man proposes, and God disposes. No one will be kept out of college due to financial burden unless he is defeated by himself. 上面的一段话使用的是过度衔接词

4．替代 例如： 1）Ours will no longer be a nation subject to insult and humiliation. We have stood up. (ours名词性替代) 我们的民族将再也不是被人侮辱的民族了，我们已经站起来了。 2）You should help him since you have promised to do so.（do动词性替代） 你答应了帮助他就应当帮助他。 3）The Chinese people are brave, so is the Communist Party of China, and they are determined to liberate all China.（so替代表语） 中国人是勇敢的，中国共产党也是勇敢的，他们一定要解放全中国。

5.省略（本书第四章讲过增词和减词） 1）Reading makes a full man; conference (…) a ready man, writing (…) an exact man. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，写作使人准确。(汉译时增补原文句子中所省略的动词。) 2）We don’t retreat, we never have (…) and never will (…) . 我们不后退，我们从没有后退过，将来也决不后退。(汉译时增补原文句子中所省略的动词。)

3）Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own. 从别人的失败中吸取教训比从时自己的失败中吸取教训更好。 （汉译时增补原文比较句中所省略部分。 原文全句应是：It is better to be wise by the defeat of others tan to be wise by the defeat of your own.）

4) He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing. 他耸耸（……）肩，摇摇（……）头， （……）两眼看天，一句话不说。 （英语中的物主代词，汉译时往往可以省略。） 5) There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead. 天未下雪，但叶落草枯。（如果不省略而译成“……树叶从树上落下来，草也枯死了”，就远不如“……叶落草枯” 简明洗炼。）

6。练习 1）He sat, cursing himself, till his tea was stewed. 2) His telescope nd his experiments were always bring him new surprises, and he made notes of his work every day.

1）He sat, cursing himself, till his tea was stewed. 2) His telescope nd his experiments were always bring him new surprises, and he made notes of his work every day. 他的望远镜和实验总是给他带来惊奇的新发现，他每天都把这种工作情况记录下来。(省略and )

第十五章 英语重形合与汉语重意合对比 一、以形合为特点的英语同以意合为特点的汉语 对比 一、以形合为特点的英语同以意合为特点的汉语 对比 在所有的语言中,句子的内部连接或外部连接几乎都不外乎使用三种手段: 句法手段、词汇手段和语义手段。使用前两种手段进行句子连接的语言被称为以形合（hypotaxis）为特点的语言，使用后一种手段进行句子连接的语言被称为以意合（parataxis）为特点的语言。

例如： 1．It was a keen disappointment that I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to China in January. 我原打算一月份访问中国，后来不得不推迟，这使我非常失望。 原文充分展示了英语综合性语言的特征，即句法、词汇和语义手段开门见山（It was a keen disappointment）；借助从句（that 和which从句）进行解释说明；利用词的曲折变化实现语法关系（had to postpone ，had intended）。 译文按时间顺序展开，借助副词“原，后来”表示语法关系，发挥动词优势，将整件事情交待得清清楚楚。

2．The isolation of the rural area because of the distance and paucity of transport facilities was compounded by the lack of information media. 由于距离[城镇]远，缺乏交通工具，使得广大农村地区与外界隔绝。这种状况又由于缺乏信息媒介，而变得更加糟糕。 原文是一个典型的英语句子。它的特点是：主干突出：The isolation was compounded；借助介词和连词层层搭架：句中共用了四个of ，一个and ，一个by ；名词见长：句中共用了九个名词。 译文由两个典型的汉语句子组成，层次分明严密紧凑。整个句子按照逻辑顺序展开，先因后果，借助动词（全句共用六个动词），一项一项地交待（由于……使得……隔绝。又由于……而……更加糟糕）。

二、以意合为特点的汉语在翻译过程中可以利用形合法的优势 （阅读本章P.135-136） （1）采用形合句可以明确地再现原句内部所含的清晰的逻辑推理关系和逻辑非推理关系。 例如： During the World Cup the streets were filled with football fans. 世界杯比赛期间，街上挤满了球迷。  （2）采用形合句有利于再现原文所含的强调意味，因为形合透明，意合含蓄，透明的强调意味始终比含蓄的强调意味要显著 （3）采用形合句可以使译文有利于承上启下，前呼后应

三、从形合、意合的角度看英汉互译的方法 例如： 1. He had flown in just the day before from Georgia where 1 he had spend his vacation basking in the Caucasian 2 sun after the completion of the construction job he had been engaged in in the South. 3 他本来在南方从事一项建筑工程；任务完成之后，他 就上格鲁吉亚去度假，享受高加索的阳光，昨天才坐 2 1 飞机回来。

原文里“在南方从事一项建筑工程”放在句子的最后部分。但是事情发生的时间却在最先；在格鲁吉亚度假也是回来以前的事情，但是叙述中却放在回来这一件事之后。而在汉语译文中则几项事情都是按发生时间的先后安排，首先叙述在南方完成一项建筑工程，其次叙述在格鲁吉亚度假，最后才叙述坐飞机回来。

2. Now we have solved the problem and have arrived at the same conclusion as they arrived at. 现在我们已经解决了这个问题，并且得出了和他们相同的结论。 汉译时，根据汉语的表达习惯可以作些省略（意合） 3.It serves little purpose to have continued public discussion of this issue. 继续公开讨论这个问题是不会有什么益处的。 （正面表达的句字从反面来表达） 英语句子汉译时，根据汉语的表达习惯以及上下文联系，可以把正面表达的句字从反面来表达，或把反面表达的句子从正面来表达。 四、练习 (本章 P.139)

第十六章 商务英语语篇的特点及其翻译要点 一、商务英语语篇的类型及语篇模式 (1) 问题-----解决型 这类语篇通常首先设计或提出一个与某种情形相关的问题，然后描述或评估这一问题导致的后果，最后提供解决办法或方案。这种语篇模式常见于广告、产品说明、商务信函和调查报告等语篇类型中，其中情景和评估是可选项，可能出现也可能不出现，而问题和解决办法是必选项。如：下面这个广告就采用了典型的问题-----解决型语篇模式。

这则奶油广告的4个句子，就有3个是疑问句。这些疑问句能激发目标群体对新鲜奶油的渴望，因而能达到较好的广告效果。 What’s so special about Lurpak Danish butter? Well, can you remember what butter used to taste like-----real farm-fresh butter? Do you remember how you used to enjoy it when you were young? Today---- the taste of Lurpark bring it all back to you-----that’s why it’s so special. 这则奶油广告的4个句子，就有3个是疑问句。这些疑问句能激发目标群体对新鲜奶油的渴望，因而能达到较好的广告效果。

(2)直接表述型（阅读本章P.142）；(3)间接表述型（阅读本章P.142）；(4)解析型（阅读本章P.142）； (5)比较------对比型 如（1）： A business in millions, a profit in pennies. 这则广告用in millions与in pennies进行对比，即用反义词或词组加强广告的效果，说明该公司薄利多销的原则。

Introducing Tide With Bleach what do you do with a sock this dirty? 如（2） Introducing Tide With Bleach what do you do with a sock this dirty? Wash it in a regular detergent, like the one you’re using now, and it will get only this white. But it’ll get much whiter with Tide with Bleach, because you’ll have the dreaming power of the best Tide ever plus the whitening power of the best liquid bleach, just follow tough laundry instructs. 这则汰渍洗衣粉广告采用了对比手法，把加了漂白剂的新型洗衣粉与一般的洗涤用品相比较，以突出新产品的优点。

(6)等级型（阅读本章P.143）； (7) 时间发展型（阅读本章P.143） 如： After careful consideration, we suggest that at the first stage, business be done by supply us with factory equipment and technology will be delivered to you to set off all the cost of equipment and other charges within 3 years. 经慎重研究，我们建议先按补偿贸易进行，即由贵方负责提供工厂设备和技术，我方负责向贵方提供用这些设备和技术生产的产品，在3年内全部偿清设备等款项。 (8)空间型（阅读本章P.143）

(9)主张------反主张型 如：还盘信函 Dear Sir, Subj. Sheep Shearing Machines We thank you for your Quotation No.97028. A comparison between this Quotation and your Quotation No.97001 for our last order shows that you are now quoting for container shipment and are raising your price by 2%. Admittedly, there is some slight increase for sheep shearing machines in the market price, we would like to point out that since your present Quotation is on C&F terms and freight for container shipment is lower than the usual freight, the increase in price can be well set off by the saving in freight and therefore the unit price of this order should be identical with that of our last order. Please consider our comments and let us have your confirmation by Fax. Yours sincerely Tom William

贵方第97028号报价单已收到，谢谢。我们把它和我方上次订货时贵方的第97001号报价单相比较，发现有两点不同：一是交货改用集装箱；二是价格提高了2%。我们承认剪羊毛机的市场最近略有提升， 但贵方是以成本加运费为基础，而集装箱的运费比普通运费低，该货价格上涨完全可由节省的运费抵消。因此，这次的报价应与上次相同，希贵方予以考虑并请传真确认。 二、商务英语语篇的文体特点 1.词汇的使用特点（阅读本章P.143—144）；2.语句的使用特点： 简洁严密（阅读本章P.144） 3.语篇风格的特点（阅读本章P.144）完整等七个方面的特点

三、商务英语语篇的汉译要点 1. 汇层面必须做到对原文用词准确并在译文中精确传译 例如：在商务英语涉外合同中，offer 只能译为“要约”，相应的“要约人”是offerer，offeree就是“受要约人”；accept只能译为“承诺”，相应的“承诺人”就是acceptor，acceptee就是“接受承诺人”，其他译法都属不妥。 又如：在国际贸易买卖合同中，当事人可以通过信件、数据电文等形式达成协议，这类合同的成立，一般要签订一份“确认书”。在“确认书”中首先规定一条“兹经买卖双方同意按下列条款成交”，翻译为 “The undersigned Sellers and Buyers have agree to close the following transactions according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.”这个译文中的“条款”一词应译成the terms and conditions，短语中的conditions不能漏掉，因为一个合同条款的达成经常包含着若干个条件。

2．语法层面必须做到译文的简洁、严密和庄重 例（1） The shipment time is February or March at option and the goods will be shipped in one lot. 此货可于一月份装运。 例（2） The goods will be delivered in seller’s usual make-up. 货物将按卖方通常装潢装运。

例（3） By irrevocable Letter of Credit available by Sellers documentary bill at sight to be valid for negotiation in China until 15 days after date of shipment, the Letter of Credit must reach the Sellers 30 days before the contracted month of shipment. 原译文： 以不可取消的信用证，凭卖方即期付有单据的票据协商，有效期应为装运期15天后在中国到期，该信用证必须于合同规定的装运月份前30天到达卖方。

原译文有四处翻译不妥。 1）irrevocable Letter of Credit是指：A Letter of Credit which cannot be altered or cancelled once it has been negotiated between the buyer and his bank. 原译文用“不可取消的信用证”也能表达原文，但其行话应该是“不可撤消的信用证”。 2）documentary bill at sight译为“即期付有单据的票据”，概念不清，因为“票据”是指出票人签名于票上，约定自己或委托他人，以无条件支付一定金额为目的的有价证卷。票据本身是广义它包括汇票、本票和支票。那么，在涉外合同支付中的票据主要指“汇票”。因此，该条约中的bill应理解为“汇票”。至于documentary bill是指a bill to which documents are attached,应译为“跟单汇票”。

3）negotiation在涉外票据结算中是指the giving of value for bills(drafts) or documents by the bank authorized to negotiate,其“行话”应该译成“议付”。 4）until 15 days after date of shipment,应该是“装运期后的15天”。 经审校改译为： 以不可撤消的信用证，凭卖方即期跟单汇票议付，有效期应为装运期后15天在中国到期，该信用证必须于合同规定的装运月份前30天到达卖方。

3。语篇层面必须注意译文的规范性、整体性以及礼貌和功能等方面的对等 (P.155 例文) 四、练习 1.The financial statements are the means of conveying to management and to interested outsiders a concise picture of the profitability and financial position of the business.

2

第十七章 涉外商务信函的翻译 一、商务信函的类别及相关知识 涉外商务信函是对涉外商务运作过程中使用的各种函件的总称。在国际商务活动中商务信函是商家、厂家与客户之间用于联系业务、沟通商情、咨询答复的主要途径和工具。 从内容和商务操作过程的角度，涉外商务信函则可以划分为以下几大类：建立业务关系、产品推销类、 资信查询类、询盘类、发盘还盘类、定购类、支付类、装运通知类、保险类、索赔类和邀请致谢类等。 （阅读文中第160-162-页）

如：产品推销函（Sales Promotion Letter） Dear Customer: No other business graphics software can match the versatility and flexibility of Diagraph! Let us prove to you that Diagraph is a breakthrough in business graphics software. Use Diagraph to turn your ideas, plans,and data into organization charts, signs, flow charts, diagrams, forms and maps. Diagraph comes with a money-back gurantee. Use it for 30 days and we’re certain that you will have discovered so many uses for Diagraph that you won’t want to part with it.

And now you have two choices: Diagraph/500 for only 499 or Diagraph And now you have two choices: Diagraph/500 for only 499 or Diagraph?2000 for $395.Diagraph/500 files are fully compatible with Diagraph/2000 so you can upgrade it to Diagraph/2000 at any time. What’s more, the cost of Diagraph/500 is credited towards your purchase of Diagraph/2000. See the enclosed data sheet for additional information. Call use at 800-378-9253 to see how the power of Diagraph can enhance everything you write! Sincerely,

Diagraph是功能最多，使用最方便的商务制图软件！我来向您说明一下Diagraph在商务制图方面的突破吧。 Diagraph能把您的观点、计划和数据转换成结构图、标识图、程图、曲线图、表格和地图。您如果不满意，本公司保证退款。使用30天看看，Diagram的众多功能，定会让您爱不释手。 现在，您可以有两种选择：Diagram500仅售99美元；Diagram2000仅售395美元. Diagram500 能完全与Diagram2000兼容，所以您可以随时把它升级到Diagram2000。另外，您如果购买了 Diagram500后想换成Diagram2000的话，可以扣除购买Diagram500已付的费用。 请参阅随函谨附的说明书，进一步了解Diagraph。请拨800-3789253，看看Diagram的强大功能。

（2）询盘函（Inquiry Letter ） Dear Mr. Frost: We are in bad need of 200 metric tons of sugar and shall appreciate your quoting us your best price. The sugar should be of superior quality, packed first in air tight polythene bags and then in strong gunny bags of 50 kilograms net ech. Besides, the goods should be surveyed by an independent surveyor as to their quality and quantity be fore shipment. As there’s a critical shortage of sugar here, you are expected to get the goods ready for delivery before October 15, If your terms are acceptable, we will place an order of 200 metric tons right away. Please send us by airmail some sample sugar. Thanks Sincerely yours,

我们现在急需购买200公吨蔗糖，请报最优价。 蔗糖应为优质。包装时，首先用漏气的塑料袋装好，然后再装入结实的麻袋每袋净重50千克。另外，蔗糖在装运前需要经过专门的商检机构的检验。因为这里的蔗糖急剧短缺，所以希望你放能够在10月15日前交货。如果你放所报条件可以的话，我们就马上订购200公吨。 请用航空方式给我们寄点样品来。谢谢。

(3)报盘还盘函（Offer Letter） Dear Mr. Wright; Thank you for your interest in our product. We are making you the following offer subject to your acceptance reaching us no later than April 20: Fifty metric tons of Grade One Jiangxi walnut meat at RMB30,000 per metric ton CLF London for shipment during August and September, other terms and conditions same as usual. As no direct steamer is available from here to London, the goods will have to be transshipped in transit. And the additional cost for this transshipment is included in the quoted price.

主题：核桃仁 感谢您对我们的产品感兴趣，现在向您方做如下报盘，该报盘以你放在4月20日前复到我处为有效： 江西产一等核桃仁50公吨，成本保险费、运费到伦敦价为每公吨30，000元人民币，8、9月装运，其他条件与往常一样。 因这里没有直航伦敦的船只，所以中途不得不转船。以上所报价已含转船费用。 最近，市场对核桃仁的需求不断增加，这会导致核桃仁价格上涨，但如果你方能趁价格上涨之机赶快向我们订货的话，你方就能获可观的利润。

二、商务信函的篇章结构 无论是普通信还是商务信函，其格式（如齐头式、缩进式和混合式）和篇章结构都比较固定（见书），并且两者差别不大，但后者比前者正式、严肃得多，即商务信函在篇章结构和行文风格的各个方面都有更具体的要求。一封正式的商务信函一般由以下几个部分构成并按照如下结构组成完整的篇章（见书）。 （阅读文中第162-164-页） 注意商务信函的开首语 1．我们高兴地收到贵方2004年4月30日来函。 We have pleasure in acknowledging the receipt of your letter of the 30th April.

2．谢谢贵方4月30日的询盘，并已获得我们充分 注意。 We thank you for your enquiry of the 30th April, which has had our best attention. 3．我们收到您4月30日第M8301号来函。 We are in receipt of your letter Ref. M8301 dated the 30th April. .

4．我们收到贵方上月1日来函及附件。 We acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 1st ultimo with the enclosure. 5．贵方上月22日来函及所附订单第212号一并收到 Your letter of 22nd ultimo, together with the order No.212 enclosed, has been received

6．我们收到贵方5月3日来函及所附的订单356号，谢谢。 We acknowledge your of May 3 enclosing order No. 356, for which we thank you. 7．收到贵方7月31日来函及所签回的售货确认书21850号一份。 We are in possession of your letter of the 31st July enclosing a counter—signed copy of our S/C No.21850. 8．为复贵方2004年1月12日第 号来函，兹告。。。。。。 In response to your letter No.jG/HK dated 12th January, 2004, we wish to state that.

注意商务信函的结尾语 1.殷切地等待贵方早日答复。 We are awaiting your early reply with interest. 2.我们将感谢贵方的迅速答复。 Your prompt reply will be appreciated. 3.对于您在这方面的密切合作预致谢意。 Thank you in advance for your close cooperation in this respect. 4.我们将感谢贵方对上述各点迅速加以注意。 Your prompt attention to the said points will be appreciated.

5.我们将乐于收到贵方来函，并保证给予充分注意。 We shall be pleased to receive your letter and assure you of our best attention. 6.贵方向我提出的任何新的订单都将受到我们的充分注意。 Any further orders that you may place with us will received our best attention. 7.请放心,我们将尽一切努力以满足贵方的要求。 Please be assured that we shall spare no effort to satisfy your requirements. 8.希望收到贵方关于进一步消息的回信。 We hope to receive your further information by return of post.

三、商务信函的文体特点 商务英语信函的是一种公文性质的信函，其主要内容涉及公事，交流目的的主要在于磋商公务，因此每一封商务公函都必须注重表达准确、规范、朴素，并且主题突出、中心明确。 1. 词汇使用特点 (1) 用词规范正式 （阅读文中第164-166页）

(2) 表意准确、专业性强 （阅读文中第166-169-页） 商务信函缩略语举例： B/L ( bill of lading) 提单 C.A.C (credit advice )收款报单 C.A.D (cash against documents)付现交单 C.A.F (cost and freight )运费再内/ （成本加）运费 CARR. PD.(carriage paid)运费已付 C. F. & C. (cost,freight and commission)运费佣金在内价（成本，运费加保险价）

C. F. & I. (cost, freight and insurance)运费保险 在内价（成本，运费加保险价） C & I (cost and insurance) 保险费在内价（成 本，加保险价） D/A ① (document against acceptance) 承兑交单 ② （days after acceptance） 承兑后若干日交单 O. K ( all correct ) 全对 T/R ( trust receipt ) 信托收据 S/N ( shipping note ) 装船通知 (3) 用语朴素、淡于修饰 （阅读文中第170页

例如： Dear Sirs Our stock will comprise the latest models direct from Paris, which will be offered by us at an exceedingly moderate price, and we may be able to count upon your kind patronage. Yours truly 先生： 本公司的存货品均直接由巴黎购入，款式新颖，且能以最公道的价格供应。我们相信将能得到贵公司关照。 敬上

这是一封非常简单的商务信函（推销商品），用词简单明了。 (1) count upon your kind patronage相信将能得到贵方关照。count upon 活译为“相信”，原意为“指望”表达这一意思的词语还有 look to sb., expect sth. from sb., look forward to . (2) patronage 光顾，惠顾。Your patronage is respectfully solicited. 如蒙光顾，无任欢迎

2．句式结构特点 （阅读文中例句第171--173页） (1)句式正规完整 例1： We are in a position to supply Woollen Lady Dress Cloth in attractive and elegant designs/shades, best selling in markets all over the world. Buyers’ designs and shades are subject to our manufactures’ approval. 我们供应的女装呢，花色美观大方，畅销世界各地。可接受买方花色，但以我工厂同意为准。

例2: You letter of August 1,2001 addressed to our sister branch, enquiring for Corduroy, has been passed on to us for attention. As the article enquired for is handled by our Corporation, we shall therefore be glad if you write to us direct hereafter for it. 贵公司2001年8月1日致我兄弟公司函关于询购灯芯绒一事已转给我公司办理。所询品种系我公司经营，故欢迎今后直接来信联系该项业务。 （2）用陈述句表示委婉的祈使意义 （阅读文中例句第172页）

(3)大量使用套语 please be informed that…兹通知你方……；in the market for…欲购……； Your prompt reply will be obliged. 如蒙速复不胜感激。 Something will be sent upon request. 承索即寄XXX。 The offer is subject to our confirmation. 此报盘须经确认有效。 The offer is firm for 3 days. 此报盘有效期为3天。 （4）使用倒装句 （阅读文中例句第172页）

3．礼貌、婉娩语气的准确把握（阅读文中例句第173页） 例如： 1).We shall make you special offer for an order of not less than 1,000Dzs. At a time. 若一次订单量不少于1,000打,我方将为贵方特别报盘. 2). The L/C should be issued at an early time for our prompt shipment. 贵方应尽早开出信用证,以利我方出货.

附寄报价单第72-A301一份,内列有几只我公司经常供应的商品, 但所列价格以我们方最后确认为准。 3). Attached please find a quotation No.72-A301 covering several commodities in regular supply, but all price quoted are subject to our final confirmation. 附寄报价单第72-A301一份,内列有几只我公司经常供应的商品, 但所列价格以我们方最后确认为准。 。

根据商务英语信函的特点，我们在翻译商务英语信函的时应当遵从准确规范、功能对等的原则。 四、商务信函的翻译要点 根据商务英语信函的特点，我们在翻译商务英语信函的时应当遵从准确规范、功能对等的原则。 例如： 1. In case of interest, please let us have your orders indicating quantity, delivery, etc. so that we may send you sales Confirmations. 如感兴趣，请寄我定单，列明所需要数量、交货期等，以便我寄您售货确认书。

2.We are certain that we are offering a sound article at popular price, and we should appreciate an opportunity to substantiate our claims. 本公司断定我们所提供的 货物货色优良，价格公道，感谢贵公司给我们一个机会，使我们的要求得以实现。

五、练习 1.（练习第181页）3、5、8、9、19、20 2. We wish to advice you that the goods under S/C No.12345 went forward per steamer “YUNNAN” on July 31, 2004 to be transshipped in Goteborg and are expected to reach your port early September. 3. In compliance with the terms of the contract, we forwarded you by air a full set of non-negotiable documents immediately after the goods were loaded. 4.It shall not be fair if the loss be totally imposed on us as the liability rests with both parties. We are ready to pay 50% of the loss only.

5.During the Fair time, there will be representatives from all the branches of China Import and Export Corporations present with their commodities exhibited at the Fair. It is much convenient to visitor who wish to see a wider range of Chinese export as well as to hold business talks with the various branches of China Import & Export Corporations. 6.We have received your letter of the 10th November addressed to China National Tea Import & Export Corporation, Shanghai Branch . In order to speed up communication, please never write to others but to our corporation for Woollen & Cotton Fabric business.

2. We wish to advice you that the goods under S/C No 2. We wish to advice you that the goods under S/C No.12345 went forward per steamer “YUNNAN” on July 31, 2004 to be transshipped in Goteborg and are expected to reach your port early September. .兹通知合约12345项下货物业已于2004年7月31日装“YUNNAN”轮， 在Goteborg转船，估计于9月初可抵达贵港。 3. In compliance with the terms of the contract, we forwarded you by air a full set of non-negotiable documents immediately after the goods were loaded. 按照合同条款，我已于货装船后立即航寄贵方一套装船单据副本。

4.It shall not be fair if the loss be totally imposed on us as the liability rests with both parties. We are ready to pay 50% of the loss only. 因为双方都负有责任，如损失全部归我们负担是不公平的，我们只准备偿付50%的损失。

5.During the Fair time, there will be representatives from all the branches of China Import and Export Corporations present with their commodities exhibited at the Fair. It is much convenient to visitor who wish to see a wider range of Chinese export as well as to hold business talks with the various branches of China Import & Export Corporations. 交易会期间，中国各进出口公司所有的分支机构都将有代表出席，他们的商品将在会上展出。对那些希望看到更多出口商品和希望与中国各进出口公司各分公司洽谈业务的来访者都是非常方便的。

6.We have received your letter of the 10th November addressed to China National Tea Import & Export Corporation, Shanghai Branch . In order to speed up communication, please never write to others but to our corporation for Woollen & Cotton Fabric business. 我已收到您11月10日寄给中国茶叶进出口公司上海市分公司的信。为加速函件通讯，今后有关呢绒、棉布业务，请寄信直接寄我公司联系，勿再将信件寄至其他公司。

第十八章 商务合同的翻译 一、商务合同的种类 合同类文件是具有法律性质的文件，主要包括合同、契约、协议和意向等，是双方当事人或单位就某一经济或商业活动过程中协商达成的协议，对当事双方具有约束力，因此也被人称为“契约文体”。这种协议可以是很正规的，也可以是非正式的、民间性质的（如租房协议）。本章讨论的合同主要指正式的涉外商务合同，即中国国内企业或其他经济组织同外国的企业、经济组织或个人之间为实现一定的经济目的、进行商品交换、融资、经济技术合作和交流等活动所依法签订的、明确双方权利义务关系的书面协议。

涉外商务合同范围广泛、种类繁多。例如；在商品交易方面，有国际货物买卖合同、成套设备进口合同、包销合同、代理合同、寄售合同、易货合同、保管合同、补偿贸易合同等。还有在劳务服务方面，投资方面，资金融通方面等等。这些合同虽然种类繁多，但一般都遵循国际惯例旦具有官方性质，因此其篇章结构与格式非常正规且具有程式化、条目化、趋向化的特点。 二、涉外商务合同的结构及篇章特点 前面我们讲过，国际商务合同范围广泛、种类繁多，标的各异，但就其结构而言，一般由三个部分组成：前言、正文、结尾。我们再来回顾一下： 首先，合同的前言（Preamble of a contract）

国际商务合同的前言部分，主要包括两个方面的内容：其一，主要载明合同当事人的名称或者姓名、国际、主营业务或者住所（The corporate or personal names of the parties to the contract and their nationalities, principal places of business or residential address）;其二，合同签订的日期、地点(the dare and place of signing of the contract)。以上两项内容主要解决以下法律问题：订约人是否具有合法主体资格，合同及合同争议应适用的法律；合同履行地点；合同生效、终止、履行日期及争议时的司法管辖权等等。

[例1] 本合同由中国ABC公司， 总公司设于中国上海（以下简称卖方）与美国XYZ公司， 总公司设于美国纽约州纽约市（以下简称买方）于1998年3月29日订立于中国上海，双方同意按下述条件买卖下列货物： This contract is made this 29th day of March, 1998 in shanghai, China by and between ABC Corporation. China (hereinafter referred to as “Seller”), a Corporation having their principal office in Shanghai, China who agree to sell, and XYZ Corporation (hereinafter referred to as “Buyer”), a Corporation having their principal office in New York, N.Y.,USA, who agrees to buy the following goods on the terms and conditions as below:

[例2] 合同号码：（经合字）第0081号 签约日期：1998年3月29日 签约地点：中国上海 Contract Number: JH ZI, No. 0081 Date of Execution of Contract: March, 29, 1998 Place of Execution of Contract: Shanghai, China.  

卖方：中国ABC公司 地址：中国上海 街 号 公司属国：中华人民共和国 电传： 传真： 邮编： 电子信箱： Seller: ABC Corporation, China. Address: No. , St., Shanghai, China. Country of Corporation: People’s Republic of China. Telex: Fax: Postcode: E-mail:

买方：美国XYZ公司 地址：美国纽约州纽约市 街 号 公司属国：美利坚合众国 电传： 传真： 邮编： 电子信箱： Buyer: XYZ Corporation, USA Address: No. , ST., New York, N.Y. USA Country of Corporation: United States of America Telex: Fax: Postcode: E-mail:

其次，合同的正文（Main Body of a Contract） 国际商务合同的正文部分是合同的实质性的条款，通常由以下内容组成： （1）合同的类型和合同的种类、范围（The type of contract and the categories and scope of the object of the contract） 翻译这部分内容，应该注意下列问题：第一，合同的类型是指合同属于国际货物销售合同（contract for international sale of goods）、专有技术许可证合同（license/know-how contract）、成套设备技术引进合同（contract for introduction of complete plant and technology）还是其他合同（other contracts）;第二，合同标的是指合同当事人各方权利、义务所指向的对象，没有标的或标的不明确的合同是无法履行的。

（2）合同标的技术条件、质量、标准、规格、数量(The technical conditions, quality, standards, specifications and quantities of the object of the contract) 合同标的质量和数量，是确定合同标的最重要的条件。涉外商务合同要有明确、具体的数量和质量要求。 （3）合同履行的期限、地点和方式（Time limit, place and method of performance） 履行期限主要指履行合同义务的时间界线，这是确定合同是否按时履行或迟延履行的标准。履行地点是指约定履行义务的地方。国际商务合同的履行地点往往涉及到不同的国家或地区，直接关系到当事人个方面所应承担的风险责任和费用。

（4）合同价格条件、支付金额、支付方式和各种附加的费用（The price terms, amount to be paid, ways of payment, and various types of additional charges） 这项内容实质上是由两部分组成，即：价格条款和支付条款。价格条款（terms of payment）往往涉及许多复杂的内容。有时，它不仅是个价格问题，而且涉及合同各方面承担的责任、分险和费用等问题。如国际货物销售合同中常用的两个价格术语：FOB（船上交货free on board or FREE ON BOARD）和CIF(保险运费在内价或者成本，运费加保险费cost, insurance, freight or COST, INSURANCE, FREIGHT)，当事人选择不同的价格术语，其承担的责任是截然不同的。因此，价格条款往往是双方当事人商谈的重点。支付条款也是涉外合同的中较敏感的条款，它不仅涉及到不同国家的货币、外汇制度，还涉及到结算方式等一系列复杂的问题。

（5）合同能否转让和合同转让条件（Whether or not the contract may be assigned or the conditions for assignment） 合同转让实质上是一种特殊的合同变更，即合同条款一方将合同中的权利或义务的全部或部分转让给合同另一方或合同以外第三方，是主体的变更。例如：P41

(6)违反合同的赔偿和其他责任(The compensation and other liabilities for breach of contract) 违反涉外合同的责任是指涉外合同的当事人不履行合同、不完全履行合同、不符合双方在合同中约定的条件时，依有关法律的规定或合同的约定应承担的经济责任，对于保证合同的履行，促使合同当事人全面履行合同中约定的义务有着重要的意义。 至于当事人，若一方违反涉外合同应承担的责任和承担责任的方式，当事人可以在合同中约定违约金（penalty），也可以约定赔偿损失（compensation for losses），也可以约定支付利息（payment of interest）、中止履行合同（suspension of the contract performance）或解除合同（cancellation of the contract）。

(7)合同发生争议时的解决方法(methods for resolving disputes arising under the contract) 《中华人民共和国合同法》第128条规定：“当事人可以通过和解或者调节解决合同争议。 涉外合同的当事人可以根据仲裁机构或者其他仲裁机构申请仲裁。当事人没有订立仲裁协议或者仲裁协议无效的，可以向人民法院起诉。”（The parties may settle their contract disputes through conciliation or mediation….The parties to a contract involving foreign interests may, in accordance with an arbitration agreement, apply to Chinese arbitration organization or other arbitration organizations for arbitration. If the parties have not concluded an arbitration agreement or if the arbitration agreement is invalid, they may file a suit with a people’s court） 根据以上规定，涉外合同发生争议时，其解决的方法有四种，即：和解（conciliation）、调解（mediation）、仲裁（arbitration）和诉讼（lawsuit）。

(8)明确风险责任，约定保险范围(The limits of the risks to be borne by the parties in performing the object and the coverage of insurance of the object) 国际商务合同的履行，大多数时限长，路途远，可能受到多种因素的干扰，产生各种不测的事件，如洪水、水灾、盗窃、海难、经营不善等。这类风险一旦发生，可能造成损失，从而产生承担风险损失的责任问题。因此，明确风险责任，避免引起不必要的争议，对于国际商务合同的各方面都是十分重要的。风险往往和保险是联系在一起的，为了使风险造成的损失及时得到经济上的补偿，就需要办理保险，办理保险的实质是一旦发生风险责任，当事人可以将其转移给保险公司。

（9）合同的有效期限，以及可以延长合同期限和提前终止合同的条件（A period of validity for the contract and conditions for contractual extension and contractual termination before its expiration） 对于需要较长期间连续履行的合同（a contract which needs to be performed continuously over a long period），当事人可以约定合同的有效期限，并可以约定有效期限届满时，延长合同的期限的条件或提前终止合同有效的条件。需要较长期间连续履行的合同，主要指合资经营企业合同（contracts for sino-foreign joint ventures）、合作经营企业合同（contract for sino-foreign contractual joint ventures）、成套设备技术引进合同（contracts for introduction of complete plant and technology）、国际承包工程合同（contracts for works of civil engineering construction）等。

[例3] 1）  货物名称 2）  规格、数量和价格 3）  总金额（按美圆计）4）  生产国和制造商 5）  包装：包装必须适于海上运输、坚固、耐野蛮装运。紧压打包、外加紧箍gu，内层防水，外层为优质帆布。箱子或其他外包装体积要尽量小，并能确保货物安全。每件包装的两侧和一端须完整刷上标志和装运号码，采用优质印色，字大而清晰。每包均须标明“请勿用钩”。 6）  装运唛头 XYZ 0081 NEW YORK No. I—100 Notes: (XYZ—收货人名称代码，0081—合同号，NEW YORK—目的港，No. I—100 包装编号）

7）  装运期：2003年3月下旬装运。但要以卖方2000年1月下旬以前收到可接受信用证为条件，不允许分批装运。 8）  装运港； 9）  目的港； 10）付条款；凭一流银行开出的不可撤消的即期信用证付款，信用证以卖方为受益人，并按照货物金额100%开据。 11）保险：按发票金额100%投保水渍险和偷盗及提货不着险和战争险，若发生索赔，则在纽约以美圆支付。 战争险保费按0.1%计算，若成交后，保费超过0.1%，其超额部分由买方负担；若战争险无人承保，卖方可不保此险。 因此，信用证必须规定：“若战争险保费超过0.1%，受益人有权收取超过信用证金额部分的保险费，或不投保此险。

12）单据：卖方应准备以下单据提交买方： （1）商业发票 份； （2）全套清洁已装船提单，提货人为 ； （3）保险单； （4）质量检验证； （5）原产地证； （6）装箱单； （7）装船通知； （8）以下其他单据： 。 13）过期利息： 如买方未能按期支付到期款项，买方应付卖方从到期日算至实际支付时间，年利率为 %的过期利息。一经卖方提出，买方应支付该过期利息。

14）检验： （1）卖方应在装运前向检验机构申请货物质量、规格、数量、重量、包装及安全和卫生/保健方面要求的检验，该检验将根据 标准。 上述检验机构出具的检验证书将是议付时提交的必备单据之一。 检验机构为： 。 （2）为了确保货物要求和其他要求，买方有权利在货到最终目的地后向检验机构申请货物的复检验。 复检验机构为：

15）违约金： （1）未按期交货 如果卖方由于自身原因未能按合同规定按期交付全部货物，卖方应向买方支付违约金。违约金将在迟延交货后每 天按所迟交货总价的 %收取，但违约金不能超过迟交货物总价的 %。为了便于计算违约金，不足 天的小数按 天计算。 （2）未按期开立信用证 如果买方由于自身原因未能按合同规定及时开立信用证，买方应支付卖方违约金。违约金将在迟延开立信用证 天按信用在金额的 %收取，但违约金不能超过买方应开立信用证总金额的 %。为了便于计算违约金，不足 天的小数按 天计算。 （3）上述迟延所引起的损失的赔偿将仅限于第15条第1款和第15条第2款中所示的违约金。

16） 不可抗力： 任何一方如果由于洪水、火灾、地震、雪暴、雹暴、龙卷风、战争、政策禁令或其 他在合同执行时无法预见并不能控制、不可避免或无法克服的事件致使不能或迟延履行合同的全部或一部分时，该方不承担责任，但是，受不可抗力影响的一方应立即通知另一方，并不晚于事件发生后15天向另一方航空邮寄有关当局或独立的中立第三方出具的发生此种事件的证明书或文件。

17）索赔： （1）除了第三方应负责的索赔，如发现货物的质量、规格、数量、重量、包装及涉及安全或卫生/保险等方面和合同的规定不一致，买方应对卖方发出书面通知并有权根据第14条第2款中所述的有关检验当局出具的检验证书对卖方提出索赔。索赔应该在卸货港卸货完成后21 天内提出。如发生不一致，卖方应立即修理或更换这些货物或者补足数量。 如果买方未在上述期限内提出索赔，则买方将视为放弃对货物数量不足或明显的质量瑕疵索赔的权利。 （2）卖方应不晚于收到第14条第2款中所示的检验机构出具的检验证明后7日内答复买方的索赔，如果卖方未能在上述时限内答复，则视为已接受索赔

18）合同的解除： 除非双方另有约定，该合同将在下述情形之下解除： （1）双方共同达成书面协议； （2）如果另一方未能在合同规定的时限内履行其义务，并且在收到未违约方的通知后7天内消除违约或采取补救措施，在此情况下，未违约方应书面通知违约方解除合同。 19）通知：以后双方之间所有的通知都应书写、或手交、或传真或电传、或快传邮递，当手交时，或传真或电传发出一天后，或邮寄收妥时，将被认为是已交出，通讯地址将是本合同的前言所载的地址，

即：中国ABC公司 地址：中国上海 街 号 公司属国：中华人民共和国 电传： 传真： 邮编： 电子信箱：   美国XYZ公司 地址：美国纽约州纽约市 街 号 公司属国：美利坚合众国

20）国际贸易术语 除非合同中另有规定，本合同的条款将按国际商务制订的《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》（INCOTERMS 2000）来解释。 21）仲裁：一切因执行本合同引起的争议，均应由双方友好协商解决。如协商不能 解决，则应提交仲裁，仲裁应在被告所在国进行。如仲裁在中国，应提交上海中国国际贸易促进委员会对外贸易仲裁委员会，按照其仲裁规则进行仲裁。如仲裁在美国，应提交纽约国际贸易促进委员会对外贸易仲裁委员会，按照其仲裁规则进行仲裁。该仲裁委员会的裁决为终局性的，对双方均有约束力，仲裁费用，除非仲裁委员会另有裁定，即由败方承担。

1. Name of Commodity; 2. Specifications, Quantity and Unit Price; 3. Total Value (USD); 4. Country of Origin and Manufactures; 5. Packing; Packing must be suitable for ocean shipment and sufficiently strong to withstand rough handing. Bales must be press packed and hoped, with adequate inside waterproof protection and the outer wrapping must comprise good quality canvas. Cases or other outside containers must be externally of the smallest cubic dimension consistent with adequate protection of the goods. Package must bear full marks and shipping numbers stenciled in good quality stencil ink in large plain characters on two sides and one end of each package. All bales must be marked “use no hooks”.

6. Shipping Mark: XYZ 0081 New York No. 1—100 7. Time of shipment: Shipment within the last ten-day period of March, 2000, subject to acceptable Letter of Credit reaches sellers before the last ten-day period of January, 2000, and partial shipment is not allowed.

7. Time of shipment: Shipment within the last ten-day period of March, 2000, subject to acceptable Letter of Credit reaches sellers before the last ten-day period of January, 2000, and partial shipment is not allowed. 8. Port of Shipment; 9. Port of Destination; 10. Payment: By a prime banker’s Irrevocable Sight Letter of Credit in Seller’s favor, for 100% value of goods.

11. Insurance: Insurance to cover W’A. plus T. P. N. D. and War Risk for 110% of CIF value and to provide for claims if any, payable in new York in U. s. Currency. War Risk premium is calculated at 0.1%, if it is higher than 0.1% after the conclusion of the contract, the excess premium shall be for the Buyer’s account and if War Risk insurance is not obtainable, the Seller may be exempted from providing such insurance. Therefore, the Letter of Credit must include the following clause: “if War Risk premium is higher than 0.1%, beneficiary is authorized to draw the difference in excess of the letter of Credit amount, or to exempt from providing such insurance”.

12. Documents: The following documents shall be prepared by the Seller and submitted to the Buyer: (1)Commercial Invoice in Copy (ies); (2) Full set of clean on board ocean bills of Lading made out to ; (3) Insurance Policy; (4) Quality Inspection Certificate; (5)Certificate of Origin; (6)Packing List; (7)Notice of Shipment; (8) The following other Documents:

13. If the Buyer fails to pay any amount when due, the Buyer shall be liable to pay to the Seller overdue interest or such unpaid amount from the due date until the actual date of payment at the rate of percent per annum. Such overdue interest shall be paid upon demand of the Seller.

14. Inspection: (1) The Seller shall, before the time of shipment, apply to inspection organization for inspection of the quality, specification, quantity, weight, packing and requirements for safety and sanitation/hygiene of the Goods in accordance with standards. The inspection certificate issued by the said inspection organization shall be integral part of the documents to be presented for payment. (2) For the purpose of warranty and other claims, the Buyer shall have the right to apply to the inspection organization for the re-inspection of the Goods after the arrival of the Goods at the final destination. Re-Inspection Organization:

15. Penalty: (1) Failure to Make Timely Delivery. In the event the Seller for its own for its own sake fails to make delivery of all the goods on time as stipulated in this contract, the Seller shal pay a penalty to the Buyer. The penalty shall be changed at the rate of % of the amount of the delayed goods for every days of delay in delivering the goods, however, the penalty shall not exceed % of the total value of goods involved in the late delivery. Any fractional days less than days shall be deemed to be days for calculation of penalty.

(2) Failure to Timely Open the Letter of Credit In the event that the Buyer for its own sake fails to open the Letter of Credit on time as stipulated in this contract, the Buyer shall pay penalty to the Seller. The penalty shall be changed at the rate of % of the amount of the Letter of Credit for every days of delay in opening the Letter of Credit, however, the penalty shall not exceed % of the total value involved in the Letter of Credit of amount. Any fractional days less than day shall be deemed to be days for the calculation of penalty. (3) The penalty provided for in clause 15.1 and/or 15.2 shall be the sole compensation for damages caused by such delay.

16. Force Majeure: Neither party shall be held responsible for failure or delay to perform all or any part of this Contract due to flood, fire, earthquake, snowstorm, hailstorm, hurricane, war, government prohibition or any other events that are unforeseeable at the time of the execution of this Contract and could not be controlled, avoided or overcome by such party. However, the party whose performance is affected by the event of Force Majeure shall give a notice to the other party of its occurrence as soon as possible and a certificate or a document of the occurrence of the Force Majeure event issued by the relative authority or a neutral independent third party shall be sent to the other party by airmail not later than 15 days after its occurrence.

17. Claims: (1) Except those claims for which a third party is liable, should the quality, specifications, quantity, weight, packing and requirements for safety or sanitation/hygiene of the goods be found not in conformity with the stipulations to this Contract, the buyer shall give a written notice to Seller and shall have the Inspection Certificate issued by the Inspection Organization provided in Clause 14.2 to this Contract within 21 days from the date of completion of unloading of the goods at the port of unloading. In the event of nonconformity, the Seller shall promptly repair or replace such goods or supply the quantity that is deficient.

In the event that Buyer does not make such claim within the above-mentioned time-limit, the Buyer shall forfeit its right to make a claim with respect to the quantity deficiency or the apparent quality defect. (2) The Seller shall reply to the Buyer’s claim not later than 7 days after receipt of the inspection certificate issued by the inspection organization provide in Clause 14,2 to this Contract and the claims shall be regarded as having accepted, if the Seller fails to reply within the above-mentioned time-limit.

18.Termination: Except as provided elsewhere, this Contract may be terminated in either of the following case: (1) Through mutual written agreement by both parties; (2) If the other party fails to perform its obligations within the time-limit agreed upon in this Contract within 7 days following the receipt of the notice thereof from the non-breaching party. In such case the non-breaching party shall give a written notice to the other party to terminate this Contract.

19. Notice: Any notice to be given hereunder shall be written or shall be hand-delivered, transmitted by facsimile or telexed or sent by express airmail, and shall be deemed given when so hand-delivered, or if transmitted by facsimile or telex so transmitted, or if sent by mail when received, to the parties at the address specified at the preface to this Contract:

ABC Corporation, China: Address: No. , St. Shanghai, China Telex: Fax: Postcode:   XYZ Corporation, U. S. A. Address: No. , St., New York, N. Y. U. S. A.

20. Incoterms: Unless otherwise stipulated in this Contract, the terms and conditions of this Contract shall be interpreted in accordance with the International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms (INCOTERMS 2000) provided by International Chamber of Commerce. 21. Arbitration: All disputes arising from the performance of this Contract should be settled through friendly negotiation.

21. Arbitration: All disputes arising from the performance of this Contract should be settled through friendly negotiation. Should no settlement be reached through negotiation, the case shall be submitted for arbitration in the Country where the defendant resides. If the arbitration takes place in China, the case shall be submitted to the Foreign Trade Arbitration Commission of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade, Shanghai and the arbitration rules of this Commission shall be applied. If the arbitration takes place in the USA, the case shall be submitted to the Foreign Trade Arbitration Commission of Council for the Promotion of International Trade NY and the arbitration rules of this arbitration organization shall be applied. The award of the arbitration shall be final and binding upon both parties. The arbitration fee shall be by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the arbitration organization.

最后，合同的结尾(Final Clauses) 合同的结尾(Final Clauses)， 也称合同最后条款， 写在合同的结尾部分。结尾条款主要应明确的内容有：合同使用的文字及其效力 (Languages in which the contract is to be written and its validity)。除了明确使用的文字及效力外， 有时还应订立对合同进行修改或补充的内容，并明确在合同的结尾(Final Clauses)部分规定附件为本合同不可分割的组成部分。 根据《中人民共和国合同法》第32条规定：“当事人采用合同书形式订立合同的， 自双方当事人签字或者盖章时合同成立”（If the parties enter into a contract in written form, the contract shall go into effect when the parties sign or stamp it）。国际商务合同的成立一般是以签字为成立要件而不是以盖章为成立要件的。所以，在合同的结尾部分还应明确规定：合同在双方授权代表签字后正式生效。

[例4] 1．本合同正文一式两份，分别以中文和英文书写，两种文本具有同等效力。若对其解释产生异议，则以中文本为准。 2．本合同的任何修改和补充，只有在双方授权的代表在书面文件上签字后才能生效，并成为本合同不可分割的组成部分。 3．本合同将在双方授权代表签字后正式生效。 1.This Contract is made out in two originals, each copy written in Chinese and English languages, both texts being equally valid. In case of any divergence of interpretation, the Chinese text shall prevail.

2.The annexes as listed in Articles 19 to this Contract shall form an integral of this Contract. Any amendment and/or supplement to this contract shall be valid only after the authorized representatives of both parties have signed written documents (s), forming integral part(s) of this Contract. 3.This Contract shall come into force after the signatures by the authorized representatives of both parties. 三、商务合同语篇的文体特点 （阅读文中第192-203页）

四、商务合同的翻译要点 翻译商务合同应当遵循准确严谨、规范通顺的原则。涉外商务合同在术语、条款、篇章结构、类型等方面的专业性越来越强。内容日趋完备精确，这要求我们在翻译商务合同时必须把准确严谨作为合同翻译的首要原则来遵守。 1. 遵循准确严谨（faithfulness and accuracy）的翻译原则 关于“准确严谨”，不仅仅是翻译合同文件的原则问题，还是一个翻译作风问题，它要求译者在翻译文件时严于律己，具有一丝不苟的认真精神和实事求是的科学态度。“准确严谨”的合同译文应具备以下两个要素。

（1）词语准确 （accuracy） 对合同文件中的一些主要词语要准确无误的翻译。 例如：在当前的国际货物买卖合同中，当事人可以通过信件、数据电文等形式达成协议，这类合同的成立，一般要签订一份“确认书”。在“确认书”中首先规定一条“兹经买卖双方同意按下列条款成交”，翻译为：The undersigned Sellers and Buyers have agree to close the following transactions according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.这个译文中的“条款”一词应译成the terms and conditions，短语中的conditions不能漏掉，因为一个合同条款的达成经常包含着若干条件。

再如，合同文件中经常出现的一个条款“承担法律和经济上的责任”，一般都译为“to bear all legal and economic responsibilities arising there from.”这个条款的译文应该是“没有问题”的，但请注意：“合同是双方当事人为了一定的经济目的所签订的协议。”合同中的“承担法律责任”应改译为financial responsibility 较妥，该条后面的分词短语arising there from 最好也改用含情态动词的定语从句which may arise，这样使人觉得承担上述责任是有条件的，是一种“或然性”而不是“必然性”。

（2）译文完整（completeness） 合同文件的翻译一定要保持译文的完整性，决不能只求保持原文与译文在词量上的对等。对一份合同或协议的译者来讲，只求保持原文与译文在词量上的对等，不注意译文的完整性，是对原文的不忠实，是一种失职的表现。同时，又要力戒在翻译中碰到难点，不去深入研究，而是回避矛盾只求“译完”的行为。 例1：如果上述专有技术和技术资料中的部分或全部被出让方或第三方公布，受让方对公开部分则不再承担保密义务。

原译文：In case part of all know-how of the above mentioned technical contents have been published by Licensor or any third party, the licensee shall no longer be responsible for keeping the opened parts secret. 这一条款中“保密”应译成keep secret and confidential译文中漏掉一个confidential显得不很严谨：另外，在In case part of all know-how of the above mentioned technical contents have been published by Licensor or any third party之后要增译一句Licensee obtain evidence of such publication。这样才使得这一条款完整，因为一方不承担保密义务必须有理由，对方坚持要求时，必须出示足够的证据。

例2：从4月1日起到10月20日止这一期间内交货，但以买方信用证在3月20日前到达卖方为限。 原译文：Shipment during the period beginning on April 1 and ending on Oct. 20 subject to Buyer’s Letter of Credit reaching Seller before Mar. 20. 以上条款中交货期间应包括4月1日和10月20日这两天，所以，应补译both date inclusive; 另外，买方信用证到达日期也包括三月20日这一天，因此，Mar. 20之前的介词除用before外还应增加on, 译成subject to Buyer’s Letter of Credit reaching Seller on and before Mar. 20。句中的subject to在这里指“以……为准”，“以……为有效”， （例如：This offer is subject to our final confirmation. 本报价以我方最后确认为准）。

2. 遵循规范通顺（expressiveness and smoothness）的翻译原则 国际商务合同翻译的第二个标准是“规范通顺”。所谓规范通顺，就是要把理解了的东西，用规范通顺的、合乎合同语言要求的文字表达出来。 例如：乙方保证是本合同规定提供的一切专有技术和技术资料的合法所有者，并有权向甲方转让。如果发生第三方指控侵权，由乙方负责与第三方交涉，并承担法律上和经济上的全部责任。(本句是汉译英)

原译文：Party B guarantees that he is the legitimate owner of the know-how and technical documentation supplied to Party A in accordance with the contract and that he has the right to transfer them to Party A. If the third party accuses party B of infringement, Party B shall take up the matter with the third party and bear all legal and economic responsibilities arising therefrom. 分析：一、Party B guarantees that he…该句的宾语从句中主语用he显得有些含混，应重复Party B。 二、supplied to Party A应在分词supplied后加译by Party B,使全句完整明晰。

三、in accordance with the contract，这句原文的含义是指“按合同中规定的条款”，所以应改成in accordance with stipulations of the contract 才能体现出与原文的含义的一致性；he has the right to transfer them to Party A这句译文不大像“行话”。此外，句中的两个代词也应换成名词，因为在英文合同文件中，出现过的名词尽量不用代词代替，以免产生误解。he has the right to transfer应译为Party B is lawfully in a position to transfer, 这样更能强调乙方对技术和资料占有的绝对合法性。

四、if the third party accuses party B of infringement这个句子明显有两处错误;(1) the third party 给人一种甲乙双方似乎都已知道“第三方”是谁的印象，而实际并非如此，所以应改为any/a third party; (2) to accuse sb of sth 一般是指控诉某人触犯刑律，而这句中的“指控”仅指一般的民事侵权，故应改成 to bring a charge of infringement. 五、party B shall take up the matter with the third party，此译文中的take up sth. with sb.是指“口头或书面向某人提出某事”没有能确切地译出原文中，由乙方负责与第三方交涉本意，故应改成Party B shall be responsible for dealing with the third party.

六、bear all legal and economic responsibilities arising therefrom，“全部责任”指的是“由于上述”原因而发生的乙方应承担的责任，所以“全部”应选用full而不用all。另外，“承担由此引起的法律和经济责任”应译为bear the legal and financial responsibilities which may arise therefrom.

经审校改译为： Party B guarantees that Party B is the legitimate owner of the know-how and technical documentation supplied by Party B to Party A in accordance with the stipulations of the Contract, and that Party B is lawfully in a position to transfer the above-mentioned know-how and technical documentation to Party A. If any/a third party brings a charge of infringement, Party B shall be responsible for dealing with the third party and bear the full legal and financial responsibilities with may arise therefrom.

常用词语（Useful Words and Phrases） terms of payment 支付条款 amount of payment 支付金额 instrument of payment 支付工具 time of payment 支付时间 place of payment 支付地点 method of payment 支付方式 pre-emptive right 优先购买权

penalty n. 违约金 compensation for losses 赔偿损失 suspension of the contract performance 中止履行合同 cancellation of contract 解除合同 mediation n. 调解 conciliation n. 和解 arbitration n. 仲裁 arbitration provision 仲裁协议 lawsuit n. 诉讼

eventuality n. 不可测事件，意外事件 waterproof a. 防水的 War Risk premium 战争险保费 Letter of Credit 信用证 Force Majeure 不可抗力 Claim n. 索赔 Submit sth.(to sb./sth) 提交，呈交 Clause n. 条款 Annex n. 副本

五、练习 1．遵照贵公司信用证付款条件，我们已自动以贵公司为付款人开出见票后90日付现之汇票，并附下列船运文件： 。。。。。。 对此付款，如无其他特别规定，收到订货之确认书后，应立即以电报开出信用证。(p290) 2．本合同有效期间双方每年正式会晤一次，以便讨论本合同履行期间存在的问题，以及就技术改进与创新问题进行交流，为加强双方的技术合作奠定基础。双方的会晤应轮流在两国举行。讨论的内容和结论应载入备忘录中，各方参加人员仅限五人，费用自理。

1．遵照贵公司信用证付款条件，我们已自动以贵公司为付款人开出见票后90日付现之汇票，并附下列船运文件： 。。。。。。 对此付款，如无其他特别规定，收到订货之确认书后，应立即以电报开出信用证。(p290) In accordance with the terms of your letter of credit, we have made free to draw upon you at ninety days sight, for the above amount, with following shipping documents attached: … Payment unless otherwise specifically agreed is to be made by letter of credit established telegraphically immediately upon receipt of confirmation of order.

2．本合同有效期间双方每年正式会晤一次，以便讨论本合同履行期间存在的问题，以及就技术改进与创新问题进行交流，为加强双方的技术合作奠定基础。双方的会晤应轮流在两国举行。讨论的内容和结论应载入备忘录中，各方参加人员仅限五人，费用自理。 During the period from the date of effectiveness to the termination of the Contract, the two Party shall hold a meeting every year to discuss problems in the execution of the Contract, to exchange views on technical development and improvement and lay a foundation for further technical cooperation. The aforesaid meeting shall be held in the two countries in turn. The contents and conclusion of such discussions shall be written in memorandum. The number of attendants of each party shall be no more than five persons. Each party shall bear its own expenses.

第十九章 商务广告的翻译 随着我国加入世界贸易组织（WTO）,越来越多的中国企业和商品有机会进入国际市场，但同时也有越来越多的外国企业及产品不断进入国内市场。在种产品市场争夺战中，最有力的武器就是商业广告，各个国家、各个企业每年都会支付一笔庞大的费用用于塑造自己的企业形象、宣传自己的各种产品。 一、商务广告的功能及类型（阅读文中第217页后面两段） 我们这里集中讨论商务广告的特点。

二、商务广告的篇章结构 一则完整的书面商业广告一般由两大部分组成，即语言（verbal）部分和非语言（non-verbal）部分。其中语言部分又叫做广告文案，它一般包括三个组成部分，即标题（headline，包括副标题sub-headline）、正文（body text）以及口号（slogan）；非语言部分包括广告的商标（trade mark）、插图（illustration）和照片、版面编排及字体的选择等，这部分着重于广告的“附加值”。是取得巨大广告效应的添加剂.。（阅读文中第218页）

1．标题（headline，包括副标题sub-headline）、 一般广告都有标题，它位于广告中的醒目位置，通常字体较大，一般为短句或短文，其主要作用是帮助消费者一目了然地了解广告主题。但不是广告都必须有标题，有时广告其他部分能有效地完成标题的职能，这时，标题可省略。例如：Smoothness you can taste. 你能品尝到优雅（Lark香烟广告标题）。再如：What kind of man reads playboy? 什么样的男士要看《花花公子》？（《花花公子》杂志的广告标题）

（1）直接标题 这种标题开门见山，一语道破。比如：WHY Gas give you thankful after thankful of hot water3 TIMES FASTER. 为什么GAS公司以快三倍的速度向你提供一箱又一箱的热水？ （2）间接标题 与直接标题相反，间接标题不直接出现有关商品的情况。读这种标题开始有些莫名其妙 它的目的是引诱你继续下去，才明白厂商到底要推销何种商品。如：NOW YOU LL HAVE TO BLAME SOMEONE ELSE IF YOU ARELATE.今天你若迟到，你只好埋怨别人。 如果只看标题，真不知道是怎么回事，那么往下看吧！

Say that your dog ate your pants, Or that you had a dental emergency Say that your dog ate your pants, Or that you had a dental emergency. But whatever you say, don’t say it was because of Northwest Airlines. It’s not very likely, and the truth is, no one will believe you any more, Among the top five U. S. airlines, we have the best on-time performance this your. We know that in the dog –ate-dog world of business, sometimes there is no excuse for being late. For U. S. reservations, call you travel agent, or call Northwest at 001-800-225-2525.

译：您找到理由说，您的狗咬破了你的裤子，或者您牙痛。无论您怎样解释，您不可以说是因为西北航空公司您才迟到，这是不可能的事！事实上没有人会相信您的话。在美国的五家大航空公司中，今年我们的准点率最佳。在竞争激烈的商海世界中，有时“差之毫厘失之千里”。 美国公民预定本公司航班，请与当地旅行社联系或直接与西北航空公司电话联系。电话：001-800-225-2323 看完上段文字，就什么都清楚了。

（3）综合性标题 顾名思义，这样的标题将前面两者优点综合起来，达到表意清楚、明白，并富有一定的趣味性。 TOO MUCH A GOOD THING IS A GOOD THING The Incredibly Comfortable GRAND MARQUIS It’s like the old Grand-Marquis-only more so, More power, More quiet. And it’s more fuel efficient. More Info.? Call 001-800-466-8888. Mercury 令您爽意舒适的豪华马科思轿车 新型的马科思轿车与老的式样相同，但是品质更好、马力更强、噪音小、更省油。欲知详情吗？请拨001-800-446-8888。 墨丘利公司制造

按句子的交际功能标题还可分为： ※ 陈述式标题 如：This tough Du Pont plastic helps hold laminated safety glass together under impact. 结实的杜帮塑胶能使薄型安全玻璃冲击致碎后，仍粘合在一起。 ※ 疑问式标题 如：How to tell which carpet is best for you? 如何选择你认为最好的地毯？ ※ 祈使式标题 如：Save $ 15 every week. 每星期节省15美元。 （4）有时大标题下还有小标题或副标题

2. 正文（body text）以及口号（slogan） （1）说明体正文 这种广告一开始就介绍该产品的性能及能给消费者带来何种利益，然后逐层说明。其特点为：直截了当、清楚明确、针对性强，往往能引起消费者的消费欲。

如：Toshiba复印机广告： Feel the Power of the World’s First Turbo copier. Introducing the new Toshiba 2230 Turbo. The first turbocharged copier in history. Beneath its sleek exterior is a copying system. So remarkable it’s actually patented. With it, you can produce 22 copier a minute. Or hit the turbo button and turn out 30 copier a minute. So now you have the power to work 40% more efficiently. While using 33% less toner. And what’s even more revolutionary, we’ve managed to do it without turbo charging the price. To arrange for a free demonstration, just call 1—80—Go—TOSHIBA. The world’s first 2-speed copier.

译：请君感受世界首创涡轮式复印机的力量。 隆重推出有史以来第一台涡轮启动式复印机—新型Toshiba 2230 Turbo。在精秀的机壳下，是一套业已授予专利的先进复印系统。 拥有它，你一分钟能复印22份材料。如果按下涡轮键，则一分钟可复印30份。现在你可以提高工效40%， 同时节约33%的增色剂。更具创新精神的是，我们并没有因为增加涡轮启动式而提高价格。 如需安排免费的示范表演，只需拨1—800转Toshiba。

例如：Four Good Reasons Why Johnson’s Bay Lotion Is the Prefect “Grown- up” Body Lotion (1)Thicker and richer than other lotions. (2)Absorbs fast. Goes to work instantly. (3)Unique combination of 10 skin softeners. (4)Leaves you feeling beautifully soft all over. 这则强生公司婴儿润肤露广告，列出了该产品的四大优点，即目标群体购买该产品的四大理由。

（2）描述体正文 对产品或服务进行描绘性叙说，如写得得体，会以亲切感人给人鲜明与深刻的印象。如： EXPERIENCE THE ALLURE OF A SECLUDED COVE…BY DAYLIGHT OR STARLIGHT DAKAK In the ocean wildness, a tower of rock crowns a vary private cove. A cove untouched by the world, yet replete with world luxuries, with only the murmur of waves to break the solitude. Exotic blooms…quiet strolls… fests of fresh – caught seafood, create an experience of pure magic. Let Dakak in Dapitan city, north of Zamboanga, Charm you… the way Era and Maila will on board Philippine Airlines. Dakak of the Philippines Philippines Airlines Shining Through

译： 体验海湾是晨曦时或黄昏后恬静的神韵 在一望无垠的海洋深处，一座石塔静静地耸立在海湾之颠。这是个人烟罕至的海湾，却充满着人世间的豪华奢侈，静悄悄只有海浪在喃喃细语。 飘逸着异国情调的鲜花，默默蹒跚的游侣们，烹香甘美的海鲜盛宴……构成魔术般的奇境享受。 塔毗郸市的塔卡令您如此痴迷，就同您登上菲律宾航班一样。 菲律宾航空公司 处处闪耀着光芒

（3）问答式正文 此类正文通过二人或更多的人相互对话的形式，说明产品、商品或提供服务项目的特点。如：Q: Where in America can you find a better pair of Men’s Twills for $32.50? A: Nowhere that we know of. 问： 在美国其他地方你还能花32.50美圆买到更好的男式斜文衣服吗？ 答：据我所知，不能。

（4）证言式正文 这类广告提供权威人士或著名人士对商品的鉴定、赞扬、使用和见证等，使人深信不疑，有很强的说服力。有些证言是虚构的，一般消费者也不去调查，大都深信。 如：What is soap doing to you face? Listen to women who stopped using it. 肥皂在你的脸上产生了怎样的效果呢？听听那些不再使用肥皂的妇女们怎么说吧（这里是标题，下面是三种证言）。

You know that tight, drying feeling you get after you wash with soap You know that tight, drying feeling you get after you wash with soap? I didn’t feel that with Dove. 你知道用肥皂洗浴后那又绷又紧的感觉吧？使用Dove我没有那种感觉。 When I stopped using soap and started using Dove., my face just wasn’t dry anymore, I feel 20 years younger. 当我不再使用肥皂而开始使用Dove后，我的脸便不再干燥了，我觉得年轻了20岁。 Soap made me feel like I had a mask on. Tight and pulling. Dove is 100% better than soap. 肥皂使我觉得像戴着面具一样，又绷又紧，Dove.百分之百地比肥皂好

（5）叙述式正文 它是用故事形式写成的广告，往往可将枯燥无味的广告写得很有趣味。它往往以某人遇到困难而感到苦恼开始，以找到解决办法而圆满结束。此办法则是广告中的商品或服务。 如：Most diets fail because they’re unrealistic. They expect you to eat the foods you don’t like and resist the ones you do. Psychologically, forbidden foods look better than ever. You cheat. You feel guilty. You abandon the diet completely. Till the next time. What Weight Watchers Frozen Meals offers you is 28 dishes specially made for a sensible weight loss program. 28dished you never in your wildest dreams thought you cold eat without feeling guilty. Dishes like Lasagna…

译：大多数节食方法之所以失败，是因为不实际。总让你吃不爱吃的东西，而不许吃爱吃的。从心理学的角度讲，食物被禁食时，它会比任何时候都更有吸引力。所以你开始偷吃并且欺骗自己，然后又感到负疚。可这样你已完全放弃了节食，直到下次又重新开始。 而Weight Watchers Frozen Meals能提供给你28种佳肴，它们是专门为实用的减肥方案而制的。这28种佳肴可以任你选用而不再后悔，这是你梦中也难以想象的。这些佳肴包括意大利烤面……。

（6）口号（slogan） 很多个广告都是一些被证明为非常成功的标题演变而来。因此，它一般很简明易记。其目的是为了牢固树立企业形象和商品形象，在消费者心目中产生很深的印象。口号一般只有少数名牌才有。如： Things go better with Coca-Cola. 饮用可口可乐，你会事事如意。 Fresh up with Seven-up. 君饮七喜，提神醒脑。

Quality never goes out of style. 质量永与款式为伴。（李威牛仔装） Above all in refreshment. 心旷神怡的极品。（雪乐门香烟） Become a women of the world with OLAY. OLAY护肤油，使您美貌如人间仙女。 It changed our well water to wonderful water! 安威净水器，变井水为圣水。 With Nuprin, I can play without arthritis pain. 有了钠必啉，运动时关节不疼。

三、商务广告的文体特点 1． 商业广告英语的用词特点 （1）简明、通俗、易记 频繁使用大量动词，特别是单音节动词，最常用动词有be, get, buy, like, love, need, use, feel, start, come, go, take, taste, keep, 形容词new, good, better, best, nice, fresh, rich, real, great, extra, delicious 例如1：Do More. Work Less 这是一则电脑广告中出现的对比型标题，该标题把Do More.和Work Less进行对比式排列，强调了操作者能使用该电脑轻松地做很多事的优点。

例如2：The Only Sound You’ll Hear Is Praise. 这是一则汽车广告，以值得骄傲或赞美的语言显示产品、服务或企业的成绩和优点。 例如3：“I couldn’t believe it, until I tried it!” “I’m impressed!” “I’m really impressed!” “You’ve gotta try it.” “I love it.” 译：“这种微波炉用了才能信。” “我相信它”。“我真的相信它。” “你试了如何？” “不错，好极了！” 这是一则微波炉广告，出现了gotta口语词汇。此外，还有You bet, My Goodness等口语词汇。目的是使广告通俗易懂。

（2）新奇与创意 例如1：200 Years. Six Generations. One Family. 这是一则酒类广告，使用了200年、6代、1家三个数据，突出了该种酒历史悠久的特点。 例如2：The Orangemostest Drink in the world. (取自饮料广告) 句中使用的Orangemostest一词非常特别，容易引起人们注意，且其结构方式Orange + most +est旨在引起众人的注意，突出表示产品的高质量。

例如3：“I couldn’t believe it, until I tried it!” “I’m impressed!” “I’m really impressed!” “You’ve gotta try it.” “I love it.” 译：“这种微波炉用了才能信。” “我相信它”。“我真的相信它。” “你试了如何？” “不错，好极了！” 这是一则微波炉广告，出现了gotta口语词汇。此外，还有You bet, My Goodness等口语词汇。目的是使广告通俗易懂。

（3）强烈的针对性 例如：We know eggsactly how to tell eggs. 在这则鸡蛋广告中，eggsactly是根据exactly巧构出来的词，与后面的eggs相呼应，既有强烈的针对性又达到了“幽默中见智”的效果。 2．商业广告英语的句法特点（阅读文中第223页） （1）使用单词或短语代替整句 例1：Do More. Work Less（上面讲过） 例2：My Goodness! My Guinness! 这是Guinness牌啤酒广告的口号，每个词的口号特色都非常明显。My Goodness是口号中表示惊讶的常用语，与后面的My Guinness既押头韵，又押尾韵。 （2）大量使用简短的简单句、不完整句和省略句

3．商业广告英语的修辞特点（阅读文中第225页） （1）拟人 例1：Flowers by Interflora speak from the heart. 这则Interflora花店的广告把鲜花拟人化为能表达真情的使者。 例2:We are proud of the birthplace of our children, the grapes of Almaden. 这则广告把葡萄酒拟人化为在葡萄种植者和酿酒工人爱抚下生长的孩子，使之富于人情味，给人以无穷的亲切感。

（2）双关 例1：Make Time For Time. 这是一则《时代》杂志为自己所做的广告标题，这则广告就是运用了同形异义，第一个意为时间，第二个则指《时代》这本杂志，这条广告的意思是要争取时间就要阅读《时代》杂志。 例2：Money doesn’t grow at trees. But it blossoms at our branches. 这则广告是为英国劳埃德银行所做的户外路牌广告，广告大意是：树上是长不出钱来的，但它会在我们的树枝上开花结果，这里branch这个词有两层含义，第一层含义为字面意义，即树枝，而更深一层含义是指该银行的各个分行。这个广告的真正含义是：只要顾客把钱存到劳埃德银行，他们的钱就会不断增加。

（3）仿拟 （4）比喻 例1：Pick an Ace From Toshiba. 这是东芝公司为自己的微机所做的广告标题。Ace是扑克牌中最大的一张牌，以之隐喻东芝公司产品的高质量。 例2：Fly smooth as silk and enjoy award winning fool and service. 这则航空公司的广告采用了明喻的修辞手法，把安全、平稳的飞行比作丝绸一般。

（5）重复 例1：You can’t Xerox a Xerox on a Xerox. 这则施乐公司的广告，用了三个Xerox。第一个Xerox是个动词，意思是“复印”。第二个Xerox是个名词， 表示“复印件”。第三个Xerox是个名词，表示“施乐复印机”。广告的意思是说，Xerox这个词是施乐公司的品牌，不能表示复印这个动作，也不能表示复印件，但实际上是对Xerox品牌的有力宣传。 （6）押韵 例1：Health, humour & Happiness Gifts we’d love to give. 健康、幽默、幸福……这就是我们的赠礼。（头韵）

3．  Exercises 1) Forget hot taste. Only Kool, with pure menthol has taste of extra coolness. Come up to Kool. 2) Is microwave cooking fast? ---You bet. 3) DRINK A PINT MILKA DAY 4）It’s for a lifetime. 5）Look again. Colors that last so long. Blend so smooth. Stay so true. (That’s no lie!) 6）Spare, shapely and sensational. One-stop dressing, at it’s very best. 7) Taste that beats the other cold.

8) Bright ties, ties for the cool, and certainly the confident. 9）Mr Kipling makes exceedingly good cakes. 10）Flash. Dash, Classic splash. 11）Designed with a computer Silenced by a laser Built by a robot 12）THE CORDIA, shaped by the wind, born for the road.

1) Forget hot taste. Only Kool, with pure menthol has taste of extra coolness. Come up to Kool. 译：忘掉辛辣的滋味，只有Kool，包含纯粹的薄荷，带有特别的凉爽，来支Kool香烟吧。 这里Kool与cool同音，商标改变普通单词字母容易注册。 2) Is microwave cooking fast? ---You bet. 这种微波炉热得快吗？----当然 You bet.是口语词汇。目的是使广告通俗易懂。 3) DRINK A PINT MILKA DAY （每天喝杯牛奶吧！） 这个有名的广告，起初有不少人并不知道是“Drink a pint milk a day.”演变来的。 4）It’s for a lifetime. 你的人生伴侣。（钟表）

5）Look again. Colors that last so long. Blend so smooth. Stay so true 5）Look again. Colors that last so long. Blend so smooth. Stay so true. (That’s no lie!) 请再看，经久不褪的色彩，匀称平滑的调和，形象逼真。（绝非谎言！） 6）Spare, shapely and sensational. One-stop dressing, at it’s very best. 省料、匀称而且能激发情感。最佳的一步裙。 7) Taste that beats the other cold. 其他饮料无法比拟的口味。 8) Bright ties, ties for the cool, and certainly the confident. 生气勃勃的领带，献给那些沉静而且有信心的人们。 （广告使用省略句最精炼的语言使消费者对广告的要点一目了然。）

9）Mr Kipling makes exceedingly good cakes 9）Mr Kipling makes exceedingly good cakes. Mr kipling（蛋糕牌子，又是对人的称呼）烤制出绝好的蛋糕。（双关） 10）Flash. Dash, Classic splash. 闪光、炫经典的飞溅。（尾韵） 11）Designed with a computer Silenced by a laser Built by a robot 电脑设计，激光消音，机器人制造。（重复） 12）THE CORDIA, shaped by the wind, born for the road. CORDIA汽车，流线型设计，天生地适于道路行驶。（排比）

四、商务广告的翻译的要点 1．商务广告翻译的两大原则（阅读文中第229页） 2．商务广告翻译的标准（参阅文中第230页） 3．商务广告翻译的策略（参阅文中第231页） （1）直译（Literal Translation） 如1：Good teeth, good health. 这是（高露洁）牙膏的广告词。译成汉语为：“牙齿好，身体就好”。无论是从内容还是形式都保留了原文简洁、押韵、对仗工整的特点。因此，它的翻译流行甚广。

（2）意译(meaning implication) 如1：If you’re doing business in the Philippines, It pays to set the pick of the crop!（来菲律宾从事多种事业，保管发财）。此条广告就字面来看，If…条件句泛指商务贸易，主句是“可获大丰收”，实义则为一家银行劝说经商人与其建立业务往来关系。 （3）再创型翻译/创译 （4）增补型翻译 （5）浓缩型翻译 （6）不译

除了上述几种译法外，还有“音译（transliteration）、绎译（Free translation）等” 音译（transliteration）如：Parker派克（笔）、Sony索尼、Kodak柯达、Nomede乐满第（西德的电视机）、Kent健牌（香烟）。 绎译（Free translation） 绎译（Free translation）是择广告常规翻译方法（音译、意译、直译等）的一种补充，旨在另辟蹊径，以一种非常手法理性地解决广告中的一些“老大难”。

如：有一幅街头广告中，以切开的新鲜橘子为背景的画面上写着：We live up to our word 又如：我国钻石牌手表的广告语“出手不凡钻石表”被传译为“Buy a Diamond Brand-watch, if every second counts for you”,此翻译被视为译苑经典，其译法也是采用了“出笔不凡”的绎译法。

五、Ads Gone Bad问题广告 千万不要以为这些是笑话！它们可是美国分类广告中的真实语言。由于这些句子语言模棱两可，可以这样理解，也可以那样理解，因此很容易引人发笑。 ★     裁缝广告 We do not tear your clothing with machinery. We do it carefully by hand. 我们不使用机器撕毁您的衣服。我们会小心翼翼地用手撕。 （原意：我们不使用机器，以免撕毁您的衣服。我们会用手工小心地修补衣服。） 你们可真够很的！ 不用机器撕我的衣服，非要用手一点一点、仔细地撕。你们安的什么心啊！

★     家政广告 Tired of cleaning yourself? Let me do it. 厌倦自己洗澡了吗？让我来帮你洗吧。 （原意：厌倦自己打扫房间了吗？让我来帮你做吧。） 就算我自己厌倦了洗澡，我也会自己洗。让你洗？你认为我是小孩吗？ ★     宠物广告 Dog for sale: eats anything and is fond of children. 出售小狗：不挑食，喜欢吃小孩。 （原意：出售小狗：不挑食，喜欢与儿童相处。） 我的天啊！我可不想让我的孩子成为这只狗的盘中餐。

★     二手车广告 Used Care: Why go elsewhere to be cheated? Come here first! 二手车公司：为什么要去其他地方受骗？还是先来这里吧！ （原意：二手车公司：为什么要选择去别的地方？当心受骗！还是先来我们这里看看吧！） 难道非要让你们先把我骗一回，你们二手车公司才会开心吗？

★     招聘广告 Three-year-old teacher needed for pre-school. Experience preferred. 幼儿园招聘三岁大的老师。有经验者优先。 （原意：幼儿园招聘照看三岁孩子的老师。有经验者优先。） 三岁大的老师？可能是个神童吧！。

Illiterate? Write today for free help. 不识字吗？今天就写信请求得到免费帮助吧。 ★     公益广告 Illiterate? Write today for free help. 不识字吗？今天就写信请求得到免费帮助吧。 （原意：我们可以为不识字的人提供免费帮助。） 我都不认字了，你还让我写什么啊？ 六、练习